Royal Hamilton Light Infantry | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:21 1 Badge
00:00:29 1.1 Description
00:00:55 1.2 Symbolism
00:01:24 2 Lineage
00:04:36 3 Perpetuations
00:04:46 3.1 War of 1812
00:04:57 3.2 The Great War
00:05:27 4 Alliances
00:05:39 5 Operational history
00:05:48 5.1 The Fenian raids
00:06:17 5.2 South African War
00:06:37 5.3 The Great War
00:09:29 5.4 Second World War
00:10:41 5.5 Post-war
00:11:29 5.6 War in Afghanistan
00:11:51 6 History
00:12:41 6.1 History 1862–1913
00:14:56 6.2 History 1914–1938
00:17:46 6.3 History 1939–1945
00:20:21 6.4 History 1945–1999
00:22:11 6.5 Recent activities
00:24:07 6.6 Serving in Afghanistan
00:24:51 7 Battle honours
00:25:31 8 Royal Canadian Army Cadets
00:26:11 9 Notable soldiers
00:27:04 10 Traditions
00:28:35 11 Media
00:28:44 11.1 Books
00:29:27 11.2 Music
00:30:11 11.3 Other media
00:30:38 12 Royal Hamilton Light Infantry Heritage Museum
00:31:05 13 Contact information
00:31:32 14 External links
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Speaking Rate: 0.9544838367161765
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment) (RHLI) is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army, based at John W. Foote VC Armoury in Hamilton, Ontario. The RHLI is part of 31 Canadian Brigade Group which is part of 4th Canadian Division.
36th Ulster Division, gable wall Memorial at Clonduff Belfast
A poigniant local gable end picture, tribute, memorial to all those from E Belfast and beyond who gave their lives at the 1st WW 1914 Battle of the Somme when the 36th Ulster Division suffered massive casualties. There were 10 V C awarded to men from Ulster in the !st WW. Some are below. Others are found
Link
'Victoria Cross Heroes of World War One'. by Robert Hamilton is published by Atlantic Publishing at £40 in hardcover!
Robert Morrow
Private (September 7, 1891-April 26, 1915)
Royal Irish Fusiliers (Princess Victoria’s), Messines, Belgium, April 12, 1915
Robert Morrow, from Dungannon, joined the 1st Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers in 1911. As a regular soldier he was mobilised as part of the British Expeditionary Force at the very start of the war and embarked for France. On April 12, 1915, below the Messines Ridge, a German onslaught was decimating the Allied line and men and officers were being buried under the collapsing trenches. Despite the heavy shelling, Private Morrow managed to dig out and rescue six of his comrades and carry them to safety. He did not live to hear of his VC award, as he died two weeks later after being badly wounded in action at St Julien. As well as the Victoria Cross, he was awarded the Russian Medal of St George for his selfless act of bravery. Robert Morrow is buried in White House Cemetery at St Jean-Les-Ypres in Belgium. His VC is held at The Royal Irish Fusiliers Museum in Armagh.
Edward Barry Stewart Bingham
Commander (July 26, 1881-September 24, 1939)
HMS Nestor, Jutland, Denmark, May 31, 1916
Son of the Fifth Baron of Clanmorris and born at Bangor Castle, the Honourable Edward Bingham entered the Royal Navy in 1895 and, by the outset of war, had reached the rank of commander. During the Battle of Jutland, off the coast of Denmark, Bingham was in command of a destroyer division and it was on May 31, 1916, that he led his division in their attack, first on enemy destroyers and then on their battle cruisers. As soon as the enemy was within sight, Bingham ordered his own destroyer, HMS Nestor, and HMS Nicator, the only other remaining destroyer of his division, to close to within 3,000 yards of the enemy and thereby gain a favourable position for firing his torpedoes. During the attack, both Nestor and Nicator came under concentrated fire from the secondary batteries of the German High Seas Fleet; Nestor was subsequently sunk. Having been picked up from the sea by the enemy, Bingham remained a prisoner of war until 1918. After the war, his career with the Royal Navy continued until 1932, when he retired with the rank of Rear Admiral. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1919. Commander Bingham died in 1939 and is buried in Golders Green Cemetery in north-west London. His VC is held at the North Down Heritage Centre in Bangor Castle — former seat of the Baron of Clanmorris.
John Alexander Sinton
Captain (December 2, 1884-March 25, 1956)
Indian Army, Orah Ruins, Mesopotamia, January 21, 1916
The third of seven children in a family of Quaker linen manufacturers from Cookstown, John Sinton returned with them from his Canadian birthplace to their native Ulster in 1890, where he studied medicine at Queen’s University, Belfast. In 1911, he entered the Indian Medical Service, serving with the military branch from 1912. In 1916, Captain Sinton was serving as a medical officer to an Indian cavalry regiment fighting in the Mesopotamian campaign and it was here that he saw the military action leading to his award of the Victoria Cross. By the beginning of 1916, this Middle Eastern theatre of war had been waged for almost 18 months, with casualties arising as much from disease as from battle. On January 21, 1916 at the Orah Ruins, Mesopotamia, Captain Sinton was attending to the wounded under severe enemy fire. Although shot through both arms and through the side, he refused to go to hospital and remained until daylight ran out, making sure that the wounded were brought in and treated. In three previous actions Captain Sinton had displayed the utmost bravery. Having survived the war, Sinton’s interests led him into the study of malaria, for which he earned himself an international reputation. This expertise was put to good use during the Second World War by the War Office. In 1945, he retired to Cookstown, where he died at the age of 73 and was buried with full military honours in Claggan Presbyterian Cemetery. John Sinton’s VC medal is held by the Army Medical Services Museum at Aldershot in Hampshire. He is the only man ever to have been both a holder of the Victoria Cross and a Fellow of the Royal Society
Hamilton, Ontario | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:20 1 History
00:08:09 2 Geography
00:12:29 2.1 Climate
00:14:34 3 Culture
00:17:31 3.1 Sports
00:20:38 3.2 Attractions
00:20:47 4 Economy
00:23:18 5 Demographics
00:28:15 6 Crime
00:28:54 7 Government
00:31:49 8 Education
00:36:01 9 Infrastructure
00:36:09 9.1 Transportation
00:39:05 9.2 Health
00:40:12 10 Notable people
00:40:21 11 Sister cities
00:40:58 12 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.9998786887522011
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Hamilton () is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario. An industrialized city in the Golden Horseshoe at the west end of Lake Ontario, Hamilton has a population of 536,917, and its census metropolitan area, which includes Burlington and Grimsby, has a population of 747,545. The city is about 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Toronto, with which the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) is formed.
On January 1, 2001, the current boundaries of Hamilton was created through the amalgamation of the original city with other municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth. Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians. Since 1981, the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario.
Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, the Bruce Trail, McMaster University, Redeemer University College and Mohawk College. McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 77th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2018–19.
Remembrance Day 2019: Canada Remembers
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Army Corp of Engineers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:41 1 History
00:01:51 1.1 Early history
00:05:01 1.2 Formerly separate units
00:06:13 1.3 Civil War
00:08:39 1.4 20th century
00:11:33 1.5 Notable dates and projects
00:14:44 2 Organization
00:14:54 2.1 Headquarters
00:16:03 2.2 Divisions and districts
00:23:30 2.3 The Engineer Regiment
00:24:58 2.4 Other USACE organizations
00:29:12 2.5 Directly reporting military units
00:30:25 3 Mission areas
00:30:34 3.1 Warfighting
00:32:53 3.2 Homeland security
00:34:01 3.3 Infrastructure support
00:36:35 3.4 Water resources
00:41:49 3.5 Environment
00:44:30 4 Operational facts and figures
00:49:06 5 Environmental protection and regulatory program
00:53:47 6 Research
00:55:21 7 Insignia
00:57:10 8 Controversies
00:57:19 8.1 Civil works
00:59:36 8.2 Military construction
01:00:28 8.3 Greenhouse whistleblower suit
01:01:29 9 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.8800680544142385
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of Defense and a major Army command made up of some 37,000 civilian and military personnel, making it one of the world's largest public engineering, design, and construction management agencies. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, USACE is involved in a wide range of public works throughout the world. The Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U.S. hydropower capacity.
The corps' mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services; partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nation's security, energize the economy and reduce risks from disasters.Their most visible missions include:
Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, and dredging for waterway navigation.
Design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates.
Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies.
Environmental regulation and ecosystem restoration.
Harry S. Truman | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Harry S. Truman
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953), taking office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. A World War I veteran, he assumed the presidency during the waning months of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. He is known for implementing the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, for establishing the Truman Doctrine and NATO against Soviet and Chinese Communism, and for intervening in the Korean War. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He used the veto power 180 times, more than any president since, and saw 12 overridden by Congress; only Grover Cleveland and Franklin D. Roosevelt used the veto more often, and only Gerald Ford and Andrew Johnson saw so many veto overrides. He is the only world leader to have used nuclear weapons in war. He desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces, supported a newly independent Israel and was a founder of the United Nations.
Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his family's 550-acre (220 ha) farm near Independence. In the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he briefly owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party and the political machine of Tom Pendergast. Truman was first elected to public office as a county official in 1922, and then as a U.S. Senator in 1934. He gained national prominence as chairman of the Truman Committee, formed in March 1941, which aimed to find and correct waste and inefficiency in Federal Government wartime contracts. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri (1935–1945) and briefly as Vice President (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Truman approved the use of atomic bombs to end the fighting and to spare the U.S. and Japanese lives that would inevitably be lost in the planned invasion of Japan and Japanese-held islands in the Pacific. This decision and the numerous resulting issues remain the subject of debate to this day. Critics argue that the nuclear bombings were unnecessary since conventional methods could have achieved surrender, while defenders assert that it ultimately saved more lives that would have been lost during an invasion. Truman presided over an unexpected surge in economic prosperity as the U.S. sought readjustment after long years of depression and war. His presidency was a turning point in foreign affairs as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy and renounced isolationism. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and got the $13 billion Marshall Plan enacted to rebuild Western Europe. His political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally these groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election and win a surprise victory that secured a presidential term in his own right.
The Soviet Union, then led by Joseph Stalin, became an enemy in the Cold War. Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China in 1949. In 1950, he survived unharmed from an assassination attempt. When Communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U.S. troops and gained UN approval for the Korean War. After initial successes in Korea, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention and the con ...
SECOND BOER WAR - WikiVidi Documentary
The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa. It is also known variously as the Boer War, Anglo-Boer War, South African War or Anglo-Boer South African War. Initial Boer attacks were successful, and though British reinforcements later reversed these, the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare, until harsh British counter-measures brought them to terms. The war started with Britain overconfident and under-prepared. The Boers were very well armed and struck first, besieging Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking in early 1900, and winning important battles at Colenso, Magersfontein and Stormberg. Staggered, Britain brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back. General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener. They relieved the three besieged cities, and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900. The onward marches ...
____________________________________
Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:46: Name
00:04:26: Origins
00:09:30: Phases
00:12:15: Background
00:16:01: Jameson Raid
00:20:33: Escalation and war
00:21:02: Arming the Boers
00:22:10: British case for war
00:24:48: Negotiations fail
00:27:27: First phase: The Boer offensive October–December 1899)
00:27:55: Boer organization and skills
00:31:19: Boers besiege Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley
00:37:32: First British relief attempts
00:42:30: Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900
00:55:43: POWs sent overseas
00:57:03: Oath of neutrality
00:57:30: Third phase: Guerrilla war September 1900 – May 1902)
01:00:31: British response
01:04:06: Peace committees
01:04:56: Joiners
01:05:13: Orange Free State
01:06:49: Western Transvaal
01:09:05: Eastern Transvaal
01:10:36: Cape Colony
01:13:29: Nonwhite roles
01:15:25: Concentration camps 1900–1902)
01:18:59: Public opinion and political opposition
01:22:24: The Fawcett Commission
01:26:38: Kitchener's policy and the post-war debate
01:29:54: The end of the war
01:34:21: Aftermath and analysis
01:37:46: Union of South Africa
01:39:20: Effect of the war on domestic British politics
01:42:01: Horses
01:43:22: Imperial involvement
01:46:08: Australia
01:49:34: Canada
01:53:44: New Zealand
01:55:02: South Africa
01:57:16: Notable people involved in the Boer War
02:01:28: Victoria Cross recipients
02:03:56: Final overview
02:07:43: Did the British deliberate on the use of encampments?
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
Dieppe Raid | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dieppe Raid
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dieppe Raid was an Allied assault on the German-occupied port of Dieppe, France on 19 August 1942, during the Second World War. The main assault lasted less than six hours until strong German defences and mounting Allied losses forced its commanders to call a retreat.
Over 6,000 infantrymen, predominantly Canadian, were supported by The Calgary Regiment of the 1st Canadian Tank Brigade and a strong force of Royal Navy and smaller Royal Air Force landing contingents. It involved 5,000 Canadians, 1,000 British troops, and 50 United States Army Rangers.
Objectives included seizing and holding a major port for a short period, both to prove that it was possible and to gather intelligence. Upon retreat, the Allies also wanted to destroy coastal defences, port structures and all strategic buildings. The raid had the added objectives of boosting morale and demonstrating the firm commitment of the United Kingdom to open a western front in Europe.
Virtually none of these objectives were met. Allied fire support was grossly inadequate and the raiding force was largely trapped on the beach by obstacles and German fire. Less than 10 hours after the first landings, the last Allied troops had all been either killed, evacuated, or left behind to be captured by the Germans. Instead of a demonstration of resolve, the bloody fiasco showed the world that the Allies could not hope to invade France for a long time. Some intelligence successes were achieved, including electronic intelligence.
Of the 6,086 men who made it ashore, 3,623 (almost 60%) were either killed, wounded or captured. The Royal Air Force failed to lure the Luftwaffe into open battle, and lost 106 aircraft (at least 32 to anti-aircraft fire or accidents), compared to 48 lost by the Luftwaffe. The Royal Navy lost 33 landing craft and one destroyer. The events at Dieppe influenced preparations for the North African (Operation Torch) and Normandy landings (Operation Overlord).
Richard Mentor Johnson | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Richard Mentor Johnson
00:02:45 1 Early life and education
00:05:03 2 Career
00:05:34 3 Marriage and family
00:10:37 4 Political career
00:10:47 4.1 Early years
00:15:51 4.2 War of 1812
00:16:00 4.2.1 Initial service
00:19:21 4.2.2 Battle of the Thames
00:23:34 4.2.3 Return to Washington
00:25:20 4.3 Post-war career in the House
00:31:46 4.4 Senator
00:31:55 4.4.1 Monroe years (1819–1825)
00:37:09 4.4.2 Adams opponent (1825–1829)
00:42:14 4.5 Return to the House
00:44:37 4.6 Election of 1836
00:48:25 4.7 Vice presidency
00:50:23 4.8 Election of 1840
00:52:06 5 Later life and death
00:54:01 6 Legacy
00:54:39 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Richard Mentor Johnson (October 17, 1780[a] – November 19, 1850) was the ninth Vice President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. He is the only vice president ever elected by the United States Senate under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment. Johnson also represented Kentucky in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate; he began and ended his political career in the Kentucky House of Representatives.
Johnson was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1806. He became allied with fellow Kentuckian Henry Clay as a member of the War Hawks faction that favored war with Britain in 1812. At the outset of the War of 1812, Johnson was commissioned a colonel in the Kentucky Militia and commanded a regiment of mounted volunteers from 1812 to 1813. He and his brother James served under William Henry Harrison in Upper Canada. Johnson participated in the Battle of the Thames. Some reported that he personally killed the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, which he later used to his political advantage.
After the war, Johnson returned to the House of Representatives. The legislature appointed him to the Senate in 1819 to fill the seat vacated by John J. Crittenden. As his prominence grew, his interracial relationship with Julia Chinn, an octoroon slave, was more widely criticized. It worked against his political ambitions. Unlike other upper class leaders who had African American mistresses but never mentioned them, Johnson openly treated Chinn as his common law wife. He acknowledged their two daughters as his children, giving them his surname, much to the consternation of some of his constituents. The relationship is believed to have led to the loss of his Senate seat in 1829, but his Congressional district returned him to the House the next year.
In 1836, Johnson was the Democratic nominee for vice-president on a ticket with Martin Van Buren. Campaigning with the slogan Rumpsey Dumpsey, Rumpsey Dumpsey, Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh, Johnson fell one short of the electoral votes needed to secure his election. Virginia's delegation to the Electoral College refused to endorse Johnson, abstaining instead. However, he was elected to the office by the Senate. Johnson proved such a liability for the Democrats in the 1836 election that they refused to renominate him for vice-president in 1840. President Van Buren campaigned for re-election without a running mate. He lost to William Henry Harrison, a Whig. Johnson tried to return to public office but was defeated. He finally was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1850, but he died on November 19, 1850, just two weeks into his term.
Loyalist (American Revolution) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Loyalist (American Revolution)
00:02:23 1 Background
00:03:11 2 Motives for Loyalism
00:05:03 3 Loyalism and military operations
00:07:28 3.1 Numbers of Loyalists
00:10:49 3.2 Slavery and Black Loyalists
00:13:51 3.3 Loyalist women
00:14:51 3.4 Loyalism in Canada
00:18:17 3.5 Military service
00:19:26 4 Emigration from the United States
00:26:16 5 Return of some expatriates
00:29:16 6 Impact of the departure of Loyalist leaders
00:31:15 7 Loyalists in art
00:32:05 8 Loyalists in literature
00:32:57 9 Notable Loyalists
00:33:07 9.1 A
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Loyalists were American colonists who stayed loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War, often called Tories, Royalists, or King's Men at the time. They were opposed by the Patriots, who supported the revolution, and called them persons inimical to the liberties of America. Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the British government that many thousands of them would spring to arms and fight for the crown. The British government acted in expectation of that, especially in the southern campaigns in 1780-81. In practice, the number of Loyalists in military service was far lower than expected since Britain could not effectively protect them except in those areas where Britain had military control. The British were often suspicious of them, not knowing whom they could fully trust in such a conflicted situation; they were often looked down upon. Patriots watched suspected Loyalists very closely and would not tolerate any organized Loyalist opposition. Many outspoken or militarily active Loyalists were forced to flee, especially to their stronghold of New York City. William Franklin, the royal governor of New Jersey and son of Patriot leader Benjamin Franklin, became the leader of the Loyalists after his release from a Patriot prison in 1778. He worked to build Loyalist military units to fight in the war, but the number of volunteers was much fewer than London expected.
When their cause was defeated, about 15 percent of the Loyalists (65,000–70,000 people) fled to other parts of the British Empire, to Britain itself, or to British North America (now Canada). The southern Loyalists moved mostly to Florida, which had remained loyal to the Crown, and to British Caribbean possessions, often bringing along their slaves. Northern Loyalists largely migrated to Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. They called themselves United Empire Loyalists. Most were compensated with Canadian land or British cash distributed through formal claims procedures. Loyalists who left the US received £3 million or about 37 percent of their losses from the British government. Loyalists who stayed in the US were generally able to retain their property and become American citizens. Historians have estimated that between 15 and 20 percent of the two million whites in the colonies in 1775 were Loyalists (300,000-400,000).
Second Boer War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Second Boer War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa. It is also known variously as the Boer War, Anglo-Boer War, or South African War. Initial Boer attacks were successful, and although British reinforcements later reversed these, the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare, until harsh British counter-measures brought them to terms.
The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared. The Boers were very well armed and struck first, besieging Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mahikeng in early 1900, and winning important battles at Colenso, Magersfontein and Stormberg. Staggered, the British brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back. General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener. They relieved the three besieged cities, and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900. The onward marches of the British Army, well over 400,000 men, were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defence of their homeland. The British quickly seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile. In conventional terms, the war was over. The British officially annexed the two countries in 1900. Back home, Britain's Conservative government wanted to capitalize on this success and use it to maneuver an early general election, dubbed a khaki election to give the government another six years of power in London. British military efforts were aided by Cape Colony, the Colony of Natal and some native African allies, and further supported by volunteers from the British Empire, including Southern Africa, the Australian colonies, Canada, India and New Zealand. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to the British. Inside the UK and its Empire there also was significant opposition to the Second Boer War.
The Boers refused to surrender. They reverted to guerrilla warfare under new generals Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Christiaan de Wet and Koos de la Rey. Two more years of surprise attacks and quick escapes followed. As guerrillas without uniforms, the Boer fighters easily blended into the farmlands, which provided hiding places, supplies, and horses. The UK's solution was to set up complex nets of block houses, strong points, and barbed wire fences, partitioning off the entire conquered territory. The civilian farmers were relocated into concentration camps, where very large proportions died of disease, especially the children, who mostly lacked immunities. Then British mounted infantry units systematically tracked down the highly mobile Boer guerrilla units. The battles at this stage were small operations with few combat casualties (most of the dead were victims of disease). The war ended in surrender and British terms with the Treaty of Vereeniging in May 1902. The British successfully won over the Boer leaders, who now gave full support to the new political system. Both former republics were incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910, as part of the British Empire.
Winston Churchill | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Winston Churchill
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory in the Second World War. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and British imperialist, he began and ended his parliamentary career as a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but for twenty years from 1904 he was a prominent member of the Liberal Party.
Of mixed English and American parentage, Churchill was born in Oxfordshire to an aristocratic family. Joining the British Army, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War, and the Second Boer War, gaining fame as a war correspondent and writing books about his campaigns. Elected an MP in 1900, initially as a Conservative, he defected to the Liberals in 1904. In H. H. Asquith's Liberal government, Churchill served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, and First Lord of the Admiralty, championing prison reform and workers' social security. During the First World War, he oversaw the Gallipoli Campaign; after it proved a disaster, he resigned from government and served in the Royal Scots Fusiliers on the Western Front. In 1917 he returned to government under David Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, and was subsequently Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, then Secretary of State for the Colonies. After two years out of Parliament, he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Stanley Baldwin's Conservative government, returning the pound sterling in 1925 to the gold standard at its pre-war parity, a move widely seen as creating deflationary pressure on the UK economy.
Out of office during the 1930s, Churchill took the lead in calling for British rearmament to counter the growing threat from Nazi Germany. At the outbreak of the Second World War, he was re-appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill replaced him. Churchill oversaw British involvement in the Allied war effort, resulting in victory in 1945. His wartime leadership has been widely praised; however, several of his decisions have proved controversial. After the Conservatives' defeat in the 1945 general election, he became Leader of the Opposition. Amid the developing Cold War with the Soviet Union, he publicly warned of an iron curtain of Soviet influence in Europe and promoted European unity. He was elected prime minister in the 1951 election. His second term was preoccupied with foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War and a UK-backed Iranian coup. Domestically his government emphasised house-building and developed an atomic bomb. In declining health, Churchill resigned as prime minister in 1955, although he remained an MP until 1964. Upon his death in 1965, he was given a state funeral.
Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Churchill remains popular in the UK and Western world, where he is seen as a victorious wartime leader who played an important role in defending liberal democracy from the spread of fascism. Also praised as a social reformer and writer, among his many awards was the Nobel Prize in Literature. In more recent years however, his imperialist views and comments on race, as well as his sanctioning of human rights abuses in the suppression of anti-imperialist movements seeking independence from the British Empire, have generated considerable controversy.
History of the United States Marine Corps | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:13 1 Background
00:11:42 1.1 Colonial era
00:16:49 2 Continental era
00:45:42 3 Establishment of the modern Marine Corps
00:50:42 3.1 Henderson's era
00:55:17 4 Civil War
00:59:24 4.1 Confederate Marines
00:59:42 5 Latter 19th century
01:02:50 5.1 Spanish– & Philippine–American Wars
01:04:52 6 Early 1900s
01:08:18 6.1 Banana Wars
01:14:35 7 World War I
01:18:19 7.1 A new amphibious mission
01:23:54 8 World War II
01:27:32 8.1 Interim: WWII-Korea
01:33:24 9 Korean War
01:35:07 9.1 Interim: Korea-Vietnam
01:36:31 10 Vietnam War
01:37:30 10.1 Interim: post-Vietnam War
01:41:24 11 The 1990s
01:41:33 11.1 Gulf War
01:42:11 11.2 Bosnian War
01:43:26 11.3 Other
01:45:34 12 Twenty-first century
01:46:42 12.1 War in Afghanistan
01:47:51 12.2 Iraq War
01:49:26 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9459519294267857
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) begins with the founding of the Continental Marines on 10 November 1775 to conduct ship-to-ship fighting, provide shipboard security and discipline enforcement, and assist in landing forces. Its mission evolved with changing military doctrine and foreign policy of the United States. Owing to the availability of Marine forces at sea, the United States Marine Corps has served in nearly every conflict in United States history. It attained prominence when its theories and practice of amphibious warfare proved prescient, and ultimately formed a cornerstone of the Pacific Theater of World War II. By the early 20th century, the Marine Corps would become one of the dominant theorists and practitioners of amphibious warfare. Its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises has made and continues to make it an important tool for U.S. foreign policy.In February 1776, the Continental Marines embarked on their maiden expedition. The Continental Marines were disbanded at the end of the war, along with the Continental Navy. In preparation for the Quasi-War with France, Congress created the United States Navy and the Marine Corps. The Marines' most famous action of this period occurred in the First Barbary War (1801–1805) against the Barbary pirates. In the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed assault on Chapultepec Palace, which overlooked Mexico City, their first major expeditionary venture. In the 1850s, the Marines would see service in Panama, and in Asia. During the U.S. Civil War (1861–1865) the Marine Corps played only a minor role after their participation in the Union defeat at the first battle of First Bull Run/Manassas. Their most important task was blockade duty and other ship-board battles, but they were mobilized for a handful of operations as the war progressed. The remainder of the 19th century would be a period of declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. Under Commandant Jacob Zeilin's term (1864–1876), many Marine customs and traditions took shape. During the Spanish–American War (1898), Marines would lead U.S. forces ashore in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. Between 1900 and 1916, the Marine Corps continued its record of participation in foreign expeditions, especially in the Caribbean and Central and South America, which included Panama, Cuba, Veracruz, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Nicaragua.
In World War I, battle-tested, veteran Marines served a central role in the United States' entry into the conflict. Between the world wars, the Marine Corps was headed by Major General John A. Lejeune, another popular commandant. In World War II, the Marines played a central role, under Admiral Nimitz, in the Pacific War, participating in nearly every significant battle. The Corps also ...
Hans-Hermann Hoppe - Democracy: The God That Failed - Audiobook (Google WaveNet Voice)
The core of this book is a systematic treatment of the historic transformation of the West from monarchy to democracy.
Source: (PDF available)
Information about the book:
Music at the Beginning:
Bass Walker - Film Noir
Kevin MacLeod
Jazz & Blues | Funky
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Sunday Stroll by Huma-Huma
Toronto | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Toronto
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Toronto ( (listen) tə-RON-toh) is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016. Current to 2016, the Toronto census metropolitan area (CMA), of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), held a population of 5,928,040, making it Canada's most populous CMA. Toronto is the anchor of an urban agglomeration, known as the Golden Horseshoe in Southern Ontario, located on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, situated on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest, for more than 10,000 years. After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase, when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown, the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by United States troops. York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto. It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 (243.3 sq mi).
The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group, and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, over 160 languages are spoken in the city.Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Its varied cultural institutions, which include numerous museums and galleries, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities, attract over 25 million tourists each year. Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the CN Tower.The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks, and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations. Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, business services, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:28 1 History
00:01:37 1.1 Early history
00:04:22 1.2 Formerly separate units
00:05:25 1.3 Civil War
00:07:28 1.4 20th century
00:09:58 1.5 Notable dates and projects
00:12:43 2 Organization
00:12:53 2.1 Headquarters
00:13:55 2.2 Divisions and districts
00:20:27 2.3 The Engineer Regiment
00:21:44 2.4 Other USACE organizations
00:25:24 2.5 Directly reporting military units
00:26:29 3 Mission areas
00:26:39 3.1 Warfighting
00:28:38 3.2 Homeland security
00:29:39 3.3 Infrastructure support
00:31:53 3.4 Water resources
00:36:26 3.5 Environment
00:38:48 4 Operational facts and figures
00:42:49 5 Environmental protection and regulatory program
00:46:57 6 Research
00:48:20 7 Insignia
00:49:54 8 Controversies
00:50:04 8.1 Civil works
00:52:03 8.2 Military construction
00:52:49 8.3 Greenhouse whistleblower suit
00:53:43 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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Speaking Rate: 0.9138628191808592
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of Defense and a major Army command made up of some 37,000 civilian and military personnel, making it one of the world's largest public engineering, design, and construction management agencies. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, USACE is involved in a wide range of public works throughout the world. The Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U.S. hydropower capacity.
The corps' mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services; partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nation's security, energize the economy and reduce risks from disasters.Their most visible missions include:
Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, and dredging for waterway navigation.
Design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates.
Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies.
Environmental regulation and ecosystem restoration.
Edmonton | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:30 1 History
00:08:27 1.1 History of municipal governance
00:10:41 2 Geography
00:13:04 2.1 Climate
00:20:00 2.2 Metropolitan area
00:23:54 2.3 Neighbourhoods
00:27:50 3 Demographics
00:33:16 3.1 Ethnicity
00:35:32 3.2 Religion
00:37:46 4 Economy
00:41:24 4.1 Retail
00:43:17 5 Arts and culture
00:44:03 5.1 Performing arts
00:46:51 5.2 Festivals
00:50:10 5.3 Music
00:52:04 5.4 Nightlife
00:54:58 6 Attractions
00:55:08 6.1 Parkland and environment
00:59:26 6.2 Museums and galleries
01:05:18 7 Sports and recreation
01:09:16 8 Government
01:09:25 8.1 City council
01:10:48 8.2 Provincial politics
01:11:44 8.3 Policing
01:12:50 8.4 Military
01:15:32 9 Infrastructure
01:15:42 9.1 Transportation
01:15:52 9.1.1 Aviation
01:16:53 9.1.2 Rail
01:18:01 9.1.3 Public transit
01:20:53 9.1.4 Roads
01:21:53 9.1.5 Trail system
01:22:15 9.2 Electricity and water
01:23:05 9.3 Waste disposal
01:24:15 9.4 Health care
01:26:18 10 Education
01:26:28 10.1 Primary and secondary
01:28:07 10.2 Post-secondary
01:30:14 11 Media
01:32:01 12 Sister cities
01:33:50 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7672868121391566
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Edmonton ( (listen); Cree: ᐊᒥᐢᑲᐧᒋᐊᐧᐢᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ; Blackfoot: Omahkoyis) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor.The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016, making it Alberta's second-largest city and Canada's fifth-largest municipality. Also in 2016, Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426, making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada. Edmonton is North America's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian.Edmonton's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities (Strathcona, North Edmonton, West Edmonton, Beverly and Jasper Place) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982, and the annexation of 8,260 ha (82.6 km2) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1, 2019. Known as the Gateway to the North, the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories.Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre. It hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname Canada's Festival City. It is home to North America's largest mall, West Edmonton Mall (the world's largest mall from 1981 until 2004), and Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum.
Toronto | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:52 1 History
00:04:01 1.1 Before 1800
00:07:29 1.2 1800–1899
00:14:07 1.3 Since 1900
00:20:48 2 Geography
00:21:52 2.1 Topography
00:26:30 2.2 Climate
00:30:27 3 Cityscape
00:30:36 3.1 Architecture
00:32:38 3.2 Neighbourhoods
00:34:23 3.2.1 Old Toronto
00:36:09 3.2.2 Suburbs
00:39:03 3.2.3 Industrial
00:43:14 3.3 Public spaces
00:47:17 4 Culture
00:50:45 4.1 Media
00:52:19 4.2 Tourism
00:55:19 4.3 Sports
00:56:13 4.3.1 Professional sports
01:00:24 4.3.2 Collegiate sports
01:01:16 4.3.3 Events
01:03:28 5 Economy
01:06:18 6 Demographics
01:08:22 6.1 Ethnicity
01:10:21 6.2 Religion
01:11:23 6.3 Language
01:12:29 7 Government
01:15:45 8 Crime
01:19:08 9 Education
01:21:40 10 Infrastructure
01:21:50 10.1 Health and medicine
01:25:27 10.2 Transportation
01:26:00 10.2.1 Public transportation
01:28:37 10.2.2 Airports
01:30:07 10.2.3 Intercity transportation
01:31:07 10.2.4 Road system
01:33:19 11 Notable people
01:33:28 12 Sister cities
01:33:38 12.1 Partnership cities
01:34:11 12.2 Friendship cities
01:34:43 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7068480815879895
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Toronto ( (listen) tə-RON-toh) is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016. Current to 2016, the Toronto census metropolitan area (CMA), of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), held a population of 5,928,040, making it Canada's most populous CMA. Toronto is the anchor of an urban agglomeration, known as the Golden Horseshoe in Southern Ontario, located on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, situated on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest, for more than 10,000 years. After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase, when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown, the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by United States troops. York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto. It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 (243.3 sq mi).
The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group, and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, over 160 languages are spoken in the city.Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Its varied cultural institutions, which include numerous museums and galleries, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities, attract over 25 million tourists each year. Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the CN Tower.The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks, and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations. Its economy is highly diversified with strengths ...
Toronto | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Toronto
00:03:05 1 History
00:03:14 1.1 Before 1800
00:06:02 1.2 1800–1899
00:11:22 1.3 Since 1900
00:16:42 2 Geography
00:17:34 2.1 Topography
00:21:17 2.2 Climate
00:24:34 3 Cityscape
00:24:43 3.1 Architecture
00:26:20 3.2 Neighbourhoods
00:27:45 3.2.1 Old Toronto
00:29:12 3.2.2 Suburbs
00:31:33 3.2.3 Industrial
00:34:54 3.3 Public spaces
00:38:09 4 Culture
00:40:58 4.1 Media
00:42:14 4.2 Tourism
00:44:39 4.3 Sports
00:45:24 4.3.1 Professional sports
00:48:45 4.3.2 Collegiate sports
00:49:25 4.3.3 Events
00:51:12 5 Economy
00:53:30 6 Demographics
00:55:11 6.1 Ethnicity
00:56:49 6.2 Religion
00:57:42 6.3 Language
00:58:37 7 Government
01:01:12 8 Crime
01:04:02 9 Education
01:06:05 10 Infrastructure
01:06:14 10.1 Health and medicine
01:09:08 10.2 Transportation
01:09:36 10.2.1 Public transportation
01:11:43 10.2.2 Airports
01:12:58 10.2.3 Intercity transportation
01:13:47 10.2.4 Road system
01:15:33 11 Notable people
01:15:42 12 Sister cities
01:15:51 12.1 Partnership cities
01:16:18 12.2 Friendship cities
01:16:44 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Toronto ( (listen) tə-RON-toh) is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016. Current to 2016, the Toronto census metropolitan area (CMA), of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), held a population of 5,928,040, making it Canada's most populous CMA. Toronto is the anchor of an urban agglomeration, known as the Golden Horseshoe in Southern Ontario, located on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, situated on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest, for more than 10,000 years. After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase, when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown, the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by United States troops. York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto. It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 (243.3 sq mi).
The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group, and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, over 160 languages are spoken in the city.Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Its varied cultural institutions, which include numerous museums and galleries, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities, attract over 25 million tourists each year. Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the CN Tower.The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks, and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations. Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, business services, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism.