Dolmens history of Abkhazia, Georgia by Dr Badri Gogia, Paris, 2009
Abkhazia is Georgian (Mingrelian) word : ABXA (back, hill) and ZANI (Mingrelian), i. e. ABXAZANI (hiller Mingrelian). After XV c. the North caucasian ABAZE tribe came down in AbkhazeTi and has assimilated Anciant Abkhazians : nowodays 80 % Abkhazs has Georgian Surnames, origin.
A Soviet Legacy ( national conflict in Georgia)
The national conflict in Georgia from 1992 to1993 was waged chiefly between Georgian government forces on one side and Abkhaz separatist forces supporting independence of Abkhazia from Georgia, Russian armed forces and North Caucasian hired fighters on the other side.
The separatists were supported by Russian citizens of the North Caucasus, Cossack militants and by the Russian Federation forces stationed in and near Abkhazia. Significant human rights violations and atrocities were reported on all sides and peaked in the aftermath of the Abkhaz capture of Sukhumi on 27 September 1993, which was followed by a large-scale campaign of ethnic cleansing against ethnic Georgian population according to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. The UN SG's fact-finding mission reported numerous and serious human rights violations. From 13,000 to 20,000 ethnic Georgians and approximately 3,000 Abkhaz have been reported to be killed, more than 300,000 Georgians became internally displaced or refugees and 2,000 are considered missing. Post-Soviet Georgia was heavily affected by the war and suffered considerable financial, human and psychological damage. Throughout the conflict, the Security Council issued resolutions condemning any attempts to change the demographic compilation of Abkhazia. Before the conflict Abkhaz represented around eighteen percent of the population in Abkhazia, and Georgians represented about fifty percent of the population. Georgia's permanent representative to the United Nations says that genocide and ethnic cleansing took place during and after the 1992-1993 war with the result that today there are almost no ethnic Georgians left in Abkhazia.
While Russia officially supported the territorial integrity of Georgia, what has taken place in Abkhazia is fundamentally different. Trade in Abkhazia is conducted in Russian rubles and the Abkhazian economy is tied to the Russian economy. Russia provided Abkhazia with practical support in the form of pensions and railway infrastructure. Russia has also provided Russian passports to a large number of Abkhazian citizens.
On August 26, 2008, after the Russian invasion of Georgia, President Medvedev signed decrees recognizing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as sovereign states. Approximately 10.000 Russian troops still occupy the Georgian provinces of South Osetiya and Abkhazia. This occupation represents 20% of Georgia's internationally recognized territory and is in direct violation of the Six Point Ceasefire Agreement brokered by the French President Nicolas Sarkozy.
Georgian independence in Abkhazia - From Moscow to Magadan
Every year on 29 September, Abkhazia celebrates the independence of Georgia, acquired after the bloody Georgian Civil War in the early 1990s. This time, the party is even more exuberant because of its recognition as an independent state by Russia. But what is the importance of Russia in Georgian lives? In addition, Jelle visits the dacha (second home) of Joseph Stalin.
Original title: Van Moskou tot Magadan - Abchazië, de lange arm van Rusland
What's left of communism? How big are the differences between the poor and the rich? What is the influence of corruption? Is Russia a young democracy (as former Dutch prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende previously said)?Is it a sovereign democracy (according to Putin) or a fascist regime (as read in The Economist)? Jelle Brandt Corstius is looking for the topics that rule the life of ordinary Russians in Russia.
Presented by: Jelle Brandt Corstius
© VPRO February 2009
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Abkhazia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Abkhazia
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Abkhazia ( (listen); Abkhazian: Аҧсны́, translit. Apsny [apʰsˈnɨ]; Georgian: აფხაზეთი Apxazeti [ɑpʰxɑzɛtʰi]; Russian: Абха́зия, tr. Abházija, IPA: [ɐˈpxazʲɪjə]), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a de facto and partially recognized republic on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in northwestern Georgia. It covers 8,660 square kilometres (3,340 sq mi) and has a population of around 240,000. Its capital is Sukhumi. The separatist Abkhazian polity, formally the Republic of Abkhazia, is recognised as a state by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru and Syria. While Georgia lacks control over Abkhazia, the Georgian government and most United Nations member states legally consider Abkhazia part of Georgia, whose constitution designates the area as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian–Abkhazian conflict and Georgia–Russia relations. The region had autonomy within Soviet Georgia at the time when the Soviet Union began to disintegrate in the late 1980s. Simmering ethnic tensions between the Abkhaz—the region's titular ethnicity—and Georgians—the largest single ethnic group at that time—culminated in the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia which resulted in Georgia's loss of control of most of Abkhazia, the de facto independence of Abkhazia, and the ethnic cleansing of Georgians from Abkhazia. Despite the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations, the dispute remains unresolved. The long-term presence of a United Nations Observer Mission and a Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping force failed to prevent the flare-up of violence on several occasions. In August 2008, Abkhaz forces fought against Georgian forces during the Russo-Georgian War, which led to the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement, and the termination of the UN mission. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia declared Abkhazia a Russian-occupied territory, a stance supported by the vast majority of the international community.
Abkhazia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Abkhazia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Abkhazia ( ( listen); Abkhazian: Аҧсны́, translit. Apsny [apʰsˈnɨ]; Georgian: აფხაზეთი Apxazeti [ɑpʰxɑzɛtʰi]; Russian: Абха́зия, tr. Abházija, IPA: [ɐˈpxazʲɪjə]), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a de facto and partially recognized republic on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in northwestern Georgia. It covers 8,660 square kilometres (3,340 sq mi) and has a population of around 240,000. Its capital is Sukhumi. The separatist Abkhazian polity, formally the Republic of Abkhazia, is recognised as a state by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru and Syria. While Georgia lacks control over Abkhazia, the Georgian government and most United Nations member states legally consider Abkhazia part of Georgia, whose constitution designates the area as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian–Abkhazian conflict and Georgia–Russia relations. The region had autonomy within Soviet Georgia at the time when the Soviet Union began to disintegrate in the late 1980s. Simmering ethnic tensions between the Abkhaz—the region's titular ethnicity—and Georgians—the largest single ethnic group at that time—culminated in the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia which resulted in Georgia's loss of control of most of Abkhazia, the de facto independence of Abkhazia, and the ethnic cleansing of Georgians from Abkhazia. Despite the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations, the dispute remains unresolved. The long-term presence of a United Nations Observer Mission and a Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping force failed to prevent the flare-up of violence on several occasions. In August 2008, Abkhaz forces fought against Georgian forces during the Russo-Georgian War, which led to the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement, and the termination of the UN mission. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia declared Abkhazia a Russian-occupied territory, a stance supported by the vast majority of the international community.
YANA ZERKALOVA // NATURE // PARIS NOV 2019. #nature #photo #paris #art #exhibition #ecology
Nature by @yanazerkalova
The project Nature “ is devoted to the circulation of the precious #waters of Mother #Earth.
#Protection of our #planet against #Pollution and Human factors.
By focusing on that moment,our planet and it’s wondrous nature,it is only just one general source for our future life .
We must think about how to save this #precious resource from our influence on it ......
Yana Zerkalova is a Paris based photographer born in Sukhumi the capital of the former state of Abkhazia in Georgia. In 1991, after the war in Abkhazia, she moved to Greece, then to Ukraine, and finally settled in France.
Russian Army near Gudauta Abhazia
Russian Army near Gudauta Abhazia
ABKHAZIA - Is it really Eastern Cote d'Azur? (Pitsunda, Gagra)
Good morning!
Today I'm showing you two popular Abkhazian resorts - Pitsunda and Gagra. You can find out here that one of the Jesus' apostles is buried in one of the churches here and see the most creepy playground in your life. Ready?
Zapraszam na:
facebook.com/abletr
instagram.com/abletr
Snapchat: abletr
Russia's Ossetians and Abkhazians join celebrations
Celebrations haven't only been held in the newly-independent republics - South Ossetians and Abkhazians living in Russia are holding their own parties to mark the recognition of their homeland.
History of the Jews in Georgia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Georgia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Georgian Jews (Georgian: ქართველი ებრაელები kartveli ebraelebi) are one of the oldest communities in Georgia, tracing their migration into the country during the Babylonian captivity in 6th century BC. Prior to Georgia's annexation by Russia, the 2,600-year history of the Georgian Jews was marked by an almost total absence of antisemitism and a visible assimilation in the Georgian language and culture. The Georgian Jews were considered ethnically and culturally distinct from neighboring Mountain Jews. They were also traditionally a highly separate group to the Ashkenazi Jews in Georgia, who arrived following the Russian annexation of Georgia.
As a result of a major emigration wave in the 1990s, the vast majority of Georgian Jews now live in Israel, with the world's largest community living in the city of Ashdod.
Abkhazia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Abkhazia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Abkhazia ( ( listen); Abkhazian: Аҧсны́, translit. Apsny [apʰsˈnɨ]; Georgian: აფხაზეთი Apxazeti [ɑpʰxɑzɛtʰi]; Russian: Абха́зия, tr. Abházija, IPA: [ɐˈpxazʲɪjə]), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a de facto and partially recognized republic on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in northwestern Georgia. It covers 8,660 square kilometres (3,340 sq mi) and has a population of around 240,000. Its capital is Sukhumi. The separatist Abkhazian polity, formally the Republic of Abkhazia, is recognised as a state by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru and Syria. While Georgia lacks control over Abkhazia, the Georgian government and most United Nations member states legally consider Abkhazia part of Georgia, whose constitution designates the area as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian–Abkhazian conflict and Georgia–Russia relations. The region had autonomy within Soviet Georgia at the time when the Soviet Union began to disintegrate in the late 1980s. Simmering ethnic tensions between the Abkhaz—the region's titular ethnicity—and Georgians—the largest single ethnic group at that time—culminated in the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia which resulted in Georgia's loss of control of most of Abkhazia, the de facto independence of Abkhazia, and the ethnic cleansing of Georgians from Abkhazia. Despite the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations, the dispute remains unresolved. The long-term presence of a United Nations Observer Mission and a Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping force failed to prevent the flare-up of violence on several occasions. In August 2008, Abkhaz forces fought against Georgian forces during the Russo-Georgian War, which led to the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement, and the termination of the UN mission. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia declared Abkhazia a Russian-occupied territory, a stance supported by the vast majority of the international community.
Snowden Flaunts 'Spy' Role: NSA whistleblower accused of helping Russia invade Crimea
Controversial whistleblower Edward Snowden, the former US National Security Agency contractor who fled the United States after leaking classified intelligence documents, has said during a TV interview that he is much more than just a low-level analyst
War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
00:01:53 1 War
00:04:56 1.1 Georgian offensive
00:09:27 1.2 Fall of Gagra
00:12:10 1.3 Abkhaz offensive on Eshera, Gulripshi, Kamani and Shroma
00:13:52 1.4 Bombing and siege of Sukhumi
00:17:54 1.5 Fall of Sukhumi
00:22:24 1.6 Refugee exodus
00:23:57 1.7 Ethnic cleansing campaign
00:26:38 1.8 Russia's role in the conflict
00:36:49 1.8.1 Humanitarian actions
00:37:48 1.9 Results
00:41:42 2 Conflict mediation
00:44:04 2.1 UN involvement
00:44:50 3 Weapons
00:45:27 4 See also
00:45:44 5 Notes
00:45:53 6 Further reading
00:47:17 7 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The War in Abkhazia from 1992 to 1993 was fought between Georgian government forces for the most part, and Abkhaz separatist forces, Soviet Russian government armed forces and North Caucasian militants. Ethnic Georgians who lived in Abkhazia fought largely on the side of Georgian government forces. Ethnic Armenians and Russians within Abkhazia's population largely supported the Abkhazians, and many fought on their side. The separatists received support from thousands of North Caucasus and Cossack militants and from the Russian Federation forces stationed in and near Abkhazia.The handling of this conflict was aggravated by the civil strife in Georgia proper (between the supporters of the ousted Georgian president, Zviad Gamsakhurdia – in office 1991–1992 – and the post-coup government headed by Eduard Shevardnadze) as well as by the Georgian–Ossetian conflict of 1989 onwards.
Significant human-rights violations and atrocities were reported on all sides, peaking in the aftermath of the Abkhaz capture of Sukhumi on 27 September 1993, which (according to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) was followed by a large-scale campaign of ethnic cleansing against the ethnic Georgian population. A fact-finding mission dispatched by the UN Secretary General in October 1993 reported numerous and serious human rights violations committed both by Abkhazians and by Georgians.
From 13,000 to 20,000 ethnic Georgians and approximately 3,000 Abkhaz have been reported killed, more than 250,000 Georgians became internally displaced or refugees and 2,000 are considered missing.
The war heavily affected post-Soviet Georgia, which suffered considerable financial, human and psychological damage. The fighting and subsequent continued sporadic conflict have devastated Abkhazia.
Forgotten Leaders. Episode 7. Lavrentiy Beria. Part 1. Documentary. English Subtitles. StarMediaEN
All Episodes of Forgotten Leaders
The project provisionally titled “Forgotten Leaders” is a series of seven films, each featuring an individual from the leaders of the Soviet state in power during the time period from 1920 to 1953. Each episode is a filmed portrait depicting the story of life, political and public activities of its hero. The heroes of “The Forgotten Leaders” are
individuals ambiguous from the perspective of the Russian and world’s history and odious and often sharply negative in the eyes of public consciousness. Unfortunately, when labeling, we often forget that “each individual
is a tangle of contradictions” and that “history is written by the victors”. Seven men. Seven lives. One era. What was behind their decisions and at what was the price they paid for their deeds?
Type: historical reenactment
Genre: docudrama
Year of production: 2016
Number of episodes: 8
Directed by: Pavel Sergatskov
Written by: Aleksandr Kolpakydy, Egor Vasilyev, Aleksandr Lukyanov, Vasiliy Shevtsov, Inna Nechaykyna
Production designer: Aleksandr Khilyarevskiy
Director of photography: Aleksandr Kiper
Music by: Boris Kukoba
Producers: Valeriy Babich , Vlad Ryashin
Cast: Farid Takhiev, Roman Vusotskiy, Sergey Tishin, Aleksandr Suvorov, Anton Morozov, Aleksey Ustinov, Adam Bulkhuchev
Forgotten Leaders. Episode 7. Lavrentiy Beria. Part 1. Documentary. StarMediaEN
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Zugdidi | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Zugdidi
00:00:45 1 Etymology
00:01:34 2 History
00:03:15 3 Architecture and landmarks
00:04:05 3.1 Shalva Dadiani Zugdidi State Academic Drama Theater
00:04:40 3.2 Climate of Zugdidi
00:04:49 3.3 Botanical Garden
00:05:18 4 Demography and population
00:06:42 5 Education
00:08:33 6 Annual events
00:08:43 6.1 Vlakernoba
00:09:32 6.2 Zugdidoba
00:09:59 7 Sports
00:10:08 7.1 Football
00:10:27 8 Notable citizens
00:11:09 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Zugdidi (Georgian: ზუგდიდი; Mingrelian: ზუგდიდი or ზუგიდი) is a city in the Western Georgian historical province of Samegrelo (Mingrelia). It is situated in the north-west of that province. The city is located 318 kilometres west of Tbilisi, 30 km from the Black Sea coast and 30 km from the Egrisi Range, at an elevation of 100–110 metres above sea level. Zugdidi is the capital of the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, which combines Samegrelo (Mingrelia) and upper part of Svaneti, and the center of the Zugdidi Municipality within.
The city serves as a residence of Metropolitan of Zugdidi and Tsaishi Eparchy of the Georgian Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church.
Georgian wine | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Georgian wine
00:00:46 1 History
00:04:55 2 Viticulture in Georgia today
00:06:02 3 Growing conditions
00:06:47 4 Georgian grape varieties
00:07:16 5 Georgian wine varieties
00:07:50 5.1 White
00:14:10 5.2 Red
00:22:53 5.3 Fortified
00:26:09 6 Wine styles
00:27:35 7 Wine-producing regions of Georgia
00:28:31 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Georgia is one of the oldest wine regions in the world. The fertile valleys and protective slopes of the Transcaucasia were home to grapevine cultivation and neolithic wine production (Georgian: ღვინო, ɣvino) for at least 8000 years. Due to the many millennia of wine in Georgian history and its prominent economic role, the traditions of wine are considered entwined with and inseparable from the national identity.Among the best-known Georgian wine regions are Kakheti (further divided into the micro-regions of Telavi and Kvareli), Kartli, Imereti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Adjara and Abkhazia.
UNESCO added the ancient traditional Georgian winemaking method using the Kvevri clay jars to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
Open lesson in Russian Military college
здесь также присутствует парень- Мистер Бин
Greek colonisation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Greek colonisation
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Greek colonisation was an organized colonial expansion by the Archaic Greeks into the Mediterranean Sea and Pontus in the period of the 8th–6th centuries B.C (750 and 550 B.C)
This colonisation differed from the migrations of the dark ages in that it consisted of organized direction by the originating metropolis instead of the simple movement of tribes which characterized the earlier migrations. Many colonies that were founded in this period evolved into strong city-states and became independent of their metropoleis.