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Grantley Adams International Airport | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Grantley Adams International Airport


00:01:29 1 Overview and geography
00:02:50 2 History
00:02:59 2.1 Early years
00:05:20 2.2 2000–2006 Expansion project
00:06:16 2.3 Expansion after 2006
00:07:48 3 Facilities
00:07:57 3.1 Terminals
00:08:58 3.2 Runway and taxiways
00:10:06 3.3 Navigation
00:10:23 4 Airlines and destinations
00:10:33 4.1 Passenger
00:10:42 4.2 Cargo
00:11:22 5 Statistics
00:11:31 6 Other facilities
00:11:54 7 Incidents and accidents
00:13:43 8 Concorde Museum
00:14:58 9 Awards
00:15:34 10 See also
00:15:52 11 Notes



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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Grantley Adams International Airport (GAIA) (IATA: BGI, ICAO: TBPB) is the international airport of Barbados, located in Seawell, Christ Church. It is the only designated port of entry for persons arriving and departing by air in Barbados and operates as one of the major gateway to the Eastern Caribbean. The airport has direct service to destinations in the United States, Canada, Central America and Europe and serves as the second hub for LIAT. In 2016, the airport was the 8th busiest airport in the Caribbean region and the third busiest airport in the Lesser Antilles after Queen Beatrix International Airport on Aruba and Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport on Guadeloupe. GAIA, also remains an important air-link for cruise ship passengers departing and arriving at the Port of Bridgetown, and a base of operations for the Regional Security System (RSS), and the Regional (Caribbean) Police Training Centre.
The airport's former name was Seawell Airport before being dedicated posthumously in honour of the first Premier of Barbados, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams in 1976. The airport's timezone is GMT −4 and is in World Area Code region No. 246 (by the US Department of Transportation). It was a hub for now-defunct Barbadian carriers Caribbean Airways and REDjet, the home for the charter carrier West Indies Executive Air, and former home to the flight training school Coconut Airways.

Barbados | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Barbados

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
Barbados ( ( listen) or ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America. It is 34 kilometres (21 miles) in length and up to 23 km (14 mi) in width, covering an area of 432 km2 (167 sq mi). It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, Barbados is east of the Windwards, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 13°N of the equator. It is about 168 km (104 mi) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 400 km (250 mi) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.
Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century, and prior to that by other Amerindians, Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown. It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511. The Portuguese visited the island in 1536, but they left it unclaimed, with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. An English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados in 1625; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England, and it became an English and later British colony. As a wealthy sugar colony, it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807, with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833.
On 30 November 1966, Barbados became an independent state and Commonwealth realm with the British monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) as hereditary head of state. It has a population of 284,996 people, predominantly of African descent. Despite being classified as an Atlantic island, Barbados is considered to be a part of the Caribbean, where it is ranked as a leading tourist destination. Forty percent of the tourists come from the UK, with the US and Canada making up the next large groups of visitors to the island.

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George Washington | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
George Washington


00:02:30 1 Early years (1732–1752)
00:08:04 2 Early military career (1752–1758)
00:10:14 2.1 French and Indian War
00:17:24 3 Marriage, civilian life and political beginnings (1759–1774)
00:22:38 3.1 American Revolution
00:24:44 4 Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
00:27:40 4.1 Quebec, Boston, and Long Island
00:33:08 4.2 Crossing the Delaware
00:35:52 4.3 Trenton campaign
00:38:53 4.4 Brandywine, Germantown, and Saratoga
00:41:55 4.5 Valley Forge, Monmouth, and Southern campaigns
00:45:59 4.6 Sullivan expedition and Hudson River
00:47:24 4.7 West Point espionage
00:49:33 4.8 Yorktown victory, peace treaty
00:52:43 4.9 Resignation
00:56:00 5 Early republic (1784–1789)
00:56:12 5.1 Military retirement
00:57:04 5.2 Constitutional Convention
00:59:16 5.3 First presidential election
01:00:38 6 Presidency (1789–1797)
01:04:00 6.1 Cabinet and executive departments
01:05:32 6.2 Domestic issues
01:06:56 6.2.1 National Bank
01:08:46 6.2.2 Jefferson–Hamilton feud
01:10:43 6.2.3 Whiskey Rebellion
01:12:49 6.3 Foreign affairs
01:15:03 6.4 Indian affairs
01:18:50 6.5 Second term
01:22:43 6.6 Farewell Address
01:26:02 7 Retirement (1797–1799)
01:28:35 7.1 Final days
01:32:38 8 Burial
01:34:18 9 Personal traits
01:36:19 10 Religion and the Enlightenment
01:40:16 11 Slavery
01:43:35 12 Historical reputation and legacy
01:46:33 12.1 Papers
01:47:18 12.2 Monuments and memorials
01:47:46 12.3 Postage and Currency
01:48:16 13 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was one of the Founding Fathers and the first President of the United States (1789–1797). He commanded Patriot forces in the new nation's vital American Revolutionary War and led them to victory over the British. Washington also presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the new federal government. For his manifold leadership he has been called the Father of His Country.Washington was born to a successful family of planters and slaveholders in colonial Virginia. He had educational opportunities and at age seventeen launched a successful career as a land surveyor. He then became a leader of the Virginia militia in the French and Indian War. During the Revolutionary War he was a delegate to the Continental Congress which unanimously appointed him commander-in-chief of the Army, leading an allied campaign to victory at the Siege of Yorktown which ended the conflict. Once victory was in hand, in 1783 he resigned as commander-in-chief, declining further authority and power out of his devotion to republicanism.
As the country's premier statesman, Washington was unanimously elected President by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. He promoted and oversaw implementation of a strong, well-financed national government, but remained impartial in the fierce rivalry between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. When the French Revolution plunged Europe into war, Washington proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the controversial Jay Treaty. He set numerous precedents that have endured, such as the cabinet advisory system, the inaugural address, and his acceptance of the Congressional title The President of the United States. His Farewell Address strongly warned against political partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars.
Washington owned slaves throughout his life from age 11, but became increasingly troubled by slavery and freed his slaves in his will. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged tolerance for all religions in his roles as general and President. Upon his death, he was famously eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. Washington has been widely memorialized by monuments, art, places, stamps, and currency, and he has been consistently ranked by scholars among the four greatest American presidents.

Slave trade | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Slave trade

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. However the social, economic, and legal positions of slaves were vastly different in different systems of slavery in different times and places.Slavery appears in the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1860 BC), which refers to it as an established institution.Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations, because it is developed as a system of social stratification. Slavery was known in the very first civilizations such as Sumer in Mesopotamia which dates back as far as 3500 BC. The Byzantine–Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves. Slavery became common within much of Europe during the Dark Ages and it continued into the Middle Ages. The Dutch, French, Spanish, Portuguese, British, Arabs and a number of West African kingdoms played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade, especially after 1600. David P. Forsythe wrote: The fact remained that at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom. The Republic of Dubrovnik was the first European country to ban the slave trade in 1416, and in modern times Denmark-Norway in 1802.
Although slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world (with the exception of penal labour), human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people are enslaved today, the majority in Asia. During the 1983–2005 Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery. Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic child slavery and trafficking on cacao plantations in West Africa; see the chocolate and slavery article. Slavery continues into the 21st-century. Although slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007, in Mauritania it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as bonded labor. Slavery in 21st-century Islamism continues, and women and children have been abducted and enslaved (often as sex slaves) by Islamist quasi-states such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Boko Haram.

Anti-Catholicism | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:01:45 1 In primarily Protestant countries
00:04:06 1.1 British Empire
00:04:14 1.1.1 Great Britain
00:06:17 1.1.1.1 Gordon Riots 1780
00:07:10 1.1.2 19th century
00:08:17 1.1.3 Since 1945
00:09:21 1.1.4 Ireland
00:10:46 1.1.4.1 Laws that restricted the rights of Irish Catholics
00:11:26 1.1.5 Canada
00:12:31 1.1.5.1 French language schools in Canada
00:13:27 1.1.5.2 Newfoundland
00:14:28 1.1.6 Australia
00:17:35 1.1.7 New Zealand
00:18:55 1.2 Germany
00:20:29 1.2.1 Nazi Germany
00:26:11 1.3 United States
00:27:29 1.3.1 Colonial era
00:29:30 1.3.2 New nation
00:31:40 1.3.3 1840s–1850s
00:34:23 1.3.4 20th century-21st century
00:35:50 2 In primarily Catholic countries
00:37:08 2.1 Brazil
00:38:05 2.2 Colombia
00:38:27 2.3 France
00:41:02 2.4 Italy
00:41:41 2.5 Mexico
00:43:30 2.6 Poland
00:45:40 2.7 Spain
00:46:06 3 In mixed Catholic-Protestant countries
00:46:16 3.1 Switzerland
00:46:56 4 In primarily Orthodox countries
00:47:06 4.1 Russian Empire
00:48:04 4.2 Serbia
00:53:07 4.3 Ukraine
00:53:50 5 Non-Christian nations
00:53:59 5.1 Bangladesh
00:54:15 5.2 China
00:54:53 5.3 Japan
00:55:24 5.4 North Korea
00:55:34 5.5 Sri Lanka
00:55:42 5.5.1 Government actions
00:56:01 5.5.2 Anti-Catholic mob violence
00:56:46 6 Within the Catholic Church
00:57:20 6.1 Suppression of the Jesuits
00:58:56 7 In popular culture
00:59:27 8 See also
00:59:36 9 Notes
00:59:44 10 External links
00:59:57 11 Further reading



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.9972002731451532
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics or opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy and its adherents. At various points after the Reformation, some majority Protestant states, including England, Prussia, and also Scotland made anti-Catholicism and opposition to the Pope and Catholic rituals major political themes, with anti-Catholic sentiment at times leading to religious discrimination against Catholic individuals (often derogatorily referred to in Anglophone Protestant countries as papists or Romanists). Historian John Wolffe identifies four types of anti-Catholicism: constitutional-national, theological, popular and socio-cultural.Historically, Catholics in Protestant countries were frequently suspected of conspiring against the state in furtherance of papal interests. Support for the alien pope led to allegations challenging loyalty to the state. In majority Protestant countries with large scale immigration, such as the United States and Australia, suspicion or discrimination of Catholic immigrants often overlapped or were conflated with nativism, xenophobia, and ethnocentric or racist sentiments (i.e. anti-Italianism, anti-Irish sentiment, Hispanophobia, anti-Quebec sentiment, anti-Polish sentiment).
In the Early modern period, the Catholic Church struggled to maintain its traditional religious and political role in the face of rising secular powers in Catholic countries. As a result of these struggles, there arose a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of the Pope and the clergy in the form of anti-clericalism. The Inquisition was a favorite target of attack. Anti-clerical forces gained strength after 1789 in some primarily Catholic nations, such as France, Spain and Mexico. Political parties formed that expressed a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of Catholic Church in the form of anti-clericalism, attacks on the power of the pope to name bishops, and international orders, especially the Jesuits.

History of Barbados | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Barbados

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Barbados was inhabited by Arawaks and Caribs at the time of European colonization of the Americas in the 16th century. The island was an English and later British colony from 1625 until 1966.
Since 1966, it has been a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, modelled on the Westminster system, with Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados, as head of state.

Anti-Catholicism | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Anti-Catholicism

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics or opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy and its adherents. At various points after the Reformation, some majority Protestant states, including England, Prussia, and also Scotland made anti-Catholicism and opposition to the Pope and Catholic rituals major political themes, with anti-Catholic sentiment at times leading to religious discrimination against Catholic individuals (often derogatorily referred to in Anglophone Protestant countries as papists or Romanists). Historian John Wolffe identifies four types of anti-Catholicism: constitutional-national, theological, popular and socio-cultural.Historically, Catholics in Protestant countries were frequently suspected of conspiring against the state in furtherance of papal interests. Support for the alien pope led to allegations challenging loyalty to the state. In majority Protestant countries with large scale immigration, such as the United States and Australia, suspicion or discrimination of Catholic immigrants often overlapped or conflated with nativism, xenophobia, and ethnocentric or racist sentiments (i.e. anti-Italianism, anti-Irish sentiment, Hispanophobia, anti-Quebec sentiment, anti-Polish sentiment).
In the Early modern period, the Catholic Church struggled to maintain its traditional religious and political role in the face of rising secular powers in Catholic countries. As a result of these struggles, there arose a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of the Pope and the clergy in the form of anti-clericalism. The Inquisition was a favorite target of attack. Anti-clerical forces gained strength after 1789 in some primarily Catholic nations, such as France, Spain and Mexico. Political parties formed that expressed a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of Catholic Church in the form of anti-clericalism, attacks on the power of the pope to name bishops, and international orders, especially the Jesuits.

Anti-Catholicism | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:01:51 1 In primarily Protestant countries
00:04:22 1.1 British Empire
00:04:30 1.1.1 Great Britain
00:06:39 1.1.1.1 Gordon Riots 1780
00:07:35 1.1.2 19th century
00:08:47 1.1.3 Since 1945
00:09:54 1.1.4 Ireland
00:11:25 1.1.4.1 Laws that restricted the rights of Irish Catholics
00:12:07 1.1.5 Canada
00:13:15 1.1.5.1 French language schools in Canada
00:14:14 1.1.5.2 Newfoundland
00:15:20 1.1.6 Australia
00:18:39 1.1.7 New Zealand
00:20:03 1.2 Germany
00:21:43 1.2.1 Nazi Germany
00:27:46 1.3 United States
00:29:08 1.3.1 Colonial era
00:31:18 1.3.2 New nation
00:33:35 1.3.3 1840s–1850s
00:36:31 1.3.4 20th century-21st century
00:38:01 2 In primarily Catholic countries
00:39:24 2.1 Brazil
00:40:24 2.2 Colombia
00:40:47 2.3 France
00:43:33 2.4 Italy
00:44:14 2.5 Mexico
00:46:09 2.6 Poland
00:48:28 2.7 Spain
00:48:54 3 In mixed Catholic-Protestant countries
00:49:05 3.1 Switzerland
00:49:47 4 In primarily Orthodox countries
00:49:56 4.1 Russian Empire
00:50:58 4.2 Serbia
00:56:20 4.3 Ukraine
00:57:05 5 Non-Christian nations
00:57:15 5.1 Bangladesh
00:57:31 5.2 China
00:58:11 5.3 Japan
00:58:43 5.4 North Korea
00:58:54 5.5 Sri Lanka
00:59:13 6 Within the Catholic Church
00:59:49 6.1 Suppression of the Jesuits
01:01:31 7 In popular culture
01:02:03 8 See also
01:02:12 9 Notes
01:02:20 10 External links
01:02:34 11 Further reading



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.9389559318706917
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics or opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy and its adherents. At various points after the Reformation, some majority Protestant states, including England, Prussia, and also Scotland made anti-Catholicism and opposition to the Pope and Catholic rituals major political themes, with anti-Catholic sentiment at times leading to religious discrimination against Catholic individuals (often derogatorily referred to in Anglophone Protestant countries as papists or Romanists). Historian John Wolffe identifies four types of anti-Catholicism: constitutional-national, theological, popular and socio-cultural.Historically, Catholics in Protestant countries were frequently suspected of conspiring against the state in furtherance of papal interests. Support for the alien pope led to allegations challenging loyalty to the state. In majority Protestant countries with large scale immigration, such as the United States and Australia, suspicion or discrimination of Catholic immigrants often overlapped or conflated with nativism, xenophobia, and ethnocentric or racist sentiments (i.e. anti-Italianism, anti-Irish sentiment, Hispanophobia, anti-Quebec sentiment, anti-Polish sentiment).
In the Early modern period, the Catholic Church struggled to maintain its traditional religious and political role in the face of rising secular powers in Catholic countries. As a result of these struggles, there arose a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of the Pope and the clergy in the form of anti-clericalism. The Inquisition was a favorite target of attack. Anti-clerical forces gained strength after 1789 in some primarily Catholic nations, such as France, Spain and Mexico. Political parties formed that expressed a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of Catholic Church in the form of anti-clericalism, attacks on the power of the pope to name bishops, and international orders, especially the Jesuits.

Cuba | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Cuba


00:03:26 1 Etymology
00:04:00 2 History
00:04:09 2.1 Pre-Columbian era
00:04:53 2.2 Spanish colonization and rule (1492–1898)
00:12:43 2.3 Independence movements
00:16:05 2.4 Republic (1902–59)
00:16:16 2.4.1 First years (1902–1925)
00:18:33 2.4.2 Revolution of 1933–1940
00:19:39 2.4.3 Constitution of 1940
00:22:54 2.5 Revolution and Communist party rule (1959–present)
00:30:07 3 Government and politics
00:33:18 3.1 Administrative divisions
00:33:57 3.2 Human rights
00:36:35 3.3 Foreign relations
00:39:12 3.4 Crime and law enforcement
00:39:56 3.5 Military
00:40:46 4 Economy
00:47:53 4.1 Resources
00:48:59 4.2 Tourism
00:51:13 5 Geography
00:53:35 5.1 Climate
00:55:29 5.2 Biodiversity
00:56:52 6 Demographics
00:58:13 6.1 Ethnoracial groups
01:00:23 6.2 Immigration and emigration
01:02:15 6.3 Religion
01:04:28 6.4 Languages
01:05:08 6.5 Largest cities
01:05:17 7 Media
01:05:32 7.1 Press
01:05:46 7.2 Television
01:06:07 7.3 Internet
01:06:47 8 Culture
01:07:14 8.1 Music
01:09:05 8.2 Cuisine
01:10:03 8.3 Literature
01:11:06 8.4 Dance
01:11:29 8.5 Sports
01:12:18 9 Education
01:14:18 10 Health
01:18:03 11 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Cuba ( (listen); Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkuβa]), officially the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: República de Cuba ), is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet. It is east of Mexico, south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti and north of Jamaica. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometres (42,800 sq mi) (109,884 square kilometres (42,426 sq mi) without the territorial waters). The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean, with an area of 105,006 square kilometres (40,543 sq mi), and the second-most populous after Hispaniola, with over 11 million inhabitants.The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonisation in the 15th century. From the 15th century, it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish–American War of 1898, when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902. As a fragile republic, in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system, but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952. Open corruption and oppression under Batista's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement, which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro. Since 1965, the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba. The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Cuba is one of few Marxist–Leninist socialist states, where the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. Independent observers have accused the Cuban government of numerous human rights abuses, including arbitrary imprisonment.Culturally, Cuba is considered part of Latin America. It is a multiethnic country whose people, culture and customs derive from diverse origins, including the aboriginal Taíno and Ciboney peoples, the long period of Spanish colonialism, the introduction of African slaves and a close relationship with the Soviet Union in the Cold War.
Cuba is a sovereign state and a founding member of the United Nations, the G77, the Non-Aligned Movement, the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, ALBA and Organization of American States. The country is a regional power in Latin America and a middle p ...

Oliver Cromwell | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:04:13 1 Early years
00:07:21 1.1 Marriage and family
00:09:22 1.2 Crisis and recovery
00:12:32 2 Member of Parliament: 1628–29 and 1640–42
00:15:03 3 Military commander: 1642–46
00:15:16 3.1 English Civil War begins
00:16:38 3.2 Marston Moor 1644
00:18:56 3.3 New Model Army
00:20:03 3.4 Battle of Naseby 1645
00:21:37 3.5 Cromwell's military style
00:22:51 4 Politics: 1647–49
00:25:16 4.1 Second Civil War
00:28:13 4.2 King tried and executed
00:30:33 5 Establishment of the Commonwealth: 1649
00:33:28 6 Irish campaign: 1649–1650
00:39:43 7 Debate over Cromwell's effect on Ireland
00:47:41 8 Scottish campaign: 1650–51
00:47:53 8.1 Scots proclaim Charles II as King
00:49:00 8.2 Battle of Dunbar
00:50:06 8.3 Battle of Worcester
00:51:29 8.4 Conclusion
00:52:55 9 Return to England and dissolution of the Rump Parliament: 1651–53
00:54:53 10 Establishment of Barebone's Parliament: 1653
00:56:43 11 The Protectorate: 1653–58
01:08:21 12 Death and posthumous execution
01:12:11 13 Political reputation
01:17:35 14 Monuments and posthumous honours
01:21:03 15 Title as Lord Protector and arms
01:21:27 15.1 Arms
01:21:35 16 In popular culture
01:21:45 17 See also



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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
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Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader. He served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland and of the dominions thereto belonging from 1653 until his death, acting simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republic.
Cromwell was born into the middle gentry to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life, as only four of his personal letters survive along with a summary of a speech that he delivered in 1628. He became an Independent Puritan after undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, taking a generally tolerant view towards the many Protestant sects of his period. He was an intensely religious man, a self-styled Puritan Moses, and he fervently believed that God was guiding his victories. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640–1649) Parliaments. He entered the English Civil Wars on the side of the Roundheads or Parliamentarians, nicknamed Old Ironsides. He demonstrated his ability as a commander and was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to being one of the principal commanders of the New Model Army, playing an important role under General Sir Thomas Fairfax in the defeat of the Royalist (Cavalier) forces.
Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649, and he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England as a member of the Rump Parliament (1649–1653). He was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649–1650. Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. During this period, a series of Penal Laws were passed against Roman Catholics (a significant minority in England and Scotland but the vast majority in Ireland), and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651.
On 20 April 1653, he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as Barebone's Parliament before being invited by his fellow leaders to rule as Lord Protector of England (which included Wales at the time), Scotland, and Ireland from 16 December 1653. As a ruler, he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and wa ...

Anti-Catholicism | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Anti-Catholicism


00:02:04 1 In primarily Protestant countries
00:04:49 1.1 British Empire
00:04:57 1.1.1 Great Britain
00:07:19 1.1.1.1 Gordon Riots 1780
00:08:20 1.1.2 19th century
00:09:39 1.1.3 Since 1945
00:10:53 1.1.4 Ireland
00:12:32 1.1.4.1 Laws that restricted the rights of Irish Catholics
00:13:18 1.1.5 Canada
00:14:34 1.1.5.1 French language schools in Canada
00:15:39 1.1.5.2 Newfoundland
00:16:51 1.1.6 Australia
00:20:31 1.1.7 New Zealand
00:22:02 1.2 Germany
00:23:51 1.2.1 Nazi Germany
00:30:28 1.3 United States
00:31:57 1.3.1 Colonial era
00:34:20 1.3.2 New nation
00:36:51 1.3.3 1840s–1850s
00:40:02 1.3.4 20th century-21st century
00:41:42 2 In primarily Catholic countries
00:43:13 2.1 Brazil
00:44:17 2.2 Colombia
00:44:43 2.3 France
00:47:46 2.4 Italy
00:48:31 2.5 Mexico
00:50:37 2.6 Poland
00:53:08 2.7 Spain
00:53:37 3 In mixed Catholic-Protestant countries
00:53:48 3.1 Switzerland
00:54:34 4 In primarily Orthodox countries
00:54:44 4.1 Russian Empire
00:55:52 4.2 Serbia
01:01:47 4.3 Ukraine
01:02:36 5 Non-Christian nations
01:02:46 5.1 Bangladesh
01:03:03 5.2 China
01:03:46 5.3 Japan
01:04:20 5.4 North Korea
01:04:32 5.5 Sri Lanka
01:04:53 6 Within the Catholic Church
01:05:32 6.1 Suppression of the Jesuits
01:07:23 7 In popular culture
01:07:59 8 See also
01:08:08 9 Notes
01:08:16 10 External links
01:08:30 11 Further reading



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics or opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy and its adherents. At various points after the Reformation, some majority Protestant states, including England, Prussia, and also Scotland made anti-Catholicism and opposition to the Pope and Catholic rituals major political themes, with anti-Catholic sentiment at times leading to religious discrimination against Catholic individuals (often derogatorily referred to in Anglophone Protestant countries as papists or Romanists). Historian John Wolffe identifies four types of anti-Catholicism: constitutional-national, theological, popular and socio-cultural.Historically, Catholics in Protestant countries were frequently suspected of conspiring against the state in furtherance of papal interests. Support for the alien pope led to allegations challenging loyalty to the state. In majority Protestant countries with large scale immigration, such as the United States and Australia, suspicion or discrimination of Catholic immigrants often overlapped or conflated with nativism, xenophobia, and ethnocentric or racist sentiments (i.e. anti-Italianism, anti-Irish sentiment, Hispanophobia, anti-Quebec sentiment, anti-Polish sentiment).
In the Early modern period, the Catholic Church struggled to maintain its traditional religious and political role in the face of rising secular powers in Catholic countries. As a result of these struggles, there arose a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of the Pope and the clergy in the form of anti-clericalism. The Inquisition was a favorite target of attack. Anti-clerical forces gained strength after 1789 in some primarily Catholic nations, such as France, Spain and Mexico. Political parties formed that expressed a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of Catholic Church in the form of anti-clericalism, attacks on the power of the pope to name bishops, and international orders, especially the Jesuits.

Auburn Coach Wife Kristi Malzahn Agrees with Match & eHarmony: Men are Jerks

My advice is this: Settle! That's right. Don't worry about passion or intense connection. Don't nix a guy based on his annoying habit of yelling Bravo! in movie theaters. Overlook his halitosis or abysmal sense of aesthetics. Because if you want to have the infrastructure in place to have a family, settling is the way to go. Based on my observations, in fact, settling will probably make you happier in the long run, since many of those who marry with great expectations become more disillusioned with each passing year. (It's hard to maintain that level of zing when the conversation morphs into discussions about who's changing the diapers or balancing the checkbook.)

Obviously, I wasn't always an advocate of settling. In fact, it took not settling to make me realize that settling is the better option, and even though settling is a rampant phenomenon, talking about it in a positive light makes people profoundly uncomfortable. Whenever I make the case for settling, people look at me with creased brows of disapproval or frowns of disappointment, the way a child might look at an older sibling who just informed her that Jerry's Kids aren't going to walk, even if you send them money. It's not only politically incorrect to get behind settling, it's downright un-American. Our culture tells us to keep our eyes on the prize (while our mothers, who know better, tell us not to be so picky), and the theme of holding out for true love (whatever that is—look at the divorce rate) permeates our collective mentality.

Even situation comedies, starting in the 1970s with The Mary Tyler Moore Show and going all the way to Friends, feature endearing single women in the dating trenches, and there's supposed to be something romantic and even heroic about their search for true love. Of course, the crucial difference is that, whereas the earlier series begins after Mary has been jilted by her fiancé, the more modern-day Friends opens as Rachel Green leaves her nice-guy orthodontist fiancé at the altar simply because she isn't feeling it. But either way, in episode after episode, as both women continue to be unlucky in love, settling starts to look pretty darn appealing. Mary is supposed to be contentedly independent and fulfilled by her newsroom family, but in fact her life seems lonely. Are we to assume that at the end of the series, Mary, by then in her late 30s, found her soul mate after the lights in the newsroom went out and her work family was disbanded? If her experience was anything like mine or that of my single friends, it's unlikely.

And while Rachel and her supposed soul mate, Ross, finally get together (for the umpteenth time) in the finale of Friends, do we feel confident that she'll be happier with Ross than she would have been had she settled down with Barry, the orthodontist, 10 years earlier? She and Ross have passion but have never had long-term stability, and the fireworks she experiences with him but not with Barry might actually turn out to be a liability, given how many times their relationship has already gone up in flames. It's equally questionable whether Sex and the City's Carrie Bradshaw, who cheated on her kindhearted and generous boyfriend, Aidan, only to end up with the more exciting but self-absorbed Mr. Big, will be better off in the framework of marriage and family. (Some time after the breakup, when Carrie ran into Aidan on the street, he was carrying his infant in a Baby Björn. Can anyone imagine Mr. Big walking around with a Björn?)