West Bank - Arafat attends Christmas mass
T/I: 10:05:26
Palestinian President Yasser Arafat joined hundreds of Eastern Orthodox
Christians to celebrated Christmas and attend mass at the Church of the
Nativity, the traditional birthplace of Jesus, late on Monday night (6/1).
SHOWS:
BETHLEHEM, WEST BANK, 6/1
Crowds entering church,
Patriarch altar surrounded
Relgious elder blessing himself, CU altar
Palestinian leader YASSER ARAFAT enters with religious leaders
MS Arafat seated ,
Congregation singing.
2.10
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Roadblock in Bethlehem, security and settlements
Bethlehem
1. Bethlehem checkpoint and guard tower
2. Palestinian queued up waiting to have papers checked
3. Close up of work permit
4. Man holding work permit in queue
5. Queue next to sign reading Prepare documents for inspection
6. Soldiers checking ID's and papers
7. Checkpoint
8. Bethlehem security fence
9. Israeli army jeep parked near fence
10. Large red warning sign attached to fence reading Mortal danger
11. Pull out through fence from Arab homes and mosque
12. Wide shot of fence
Givat Dagan outpost West Bank
13. Wide shot of caravans situated on the hilltop
14. Settler cleaning her car outside caravan
15. Palestinian on a donkey passing the settlement
16. Pull out from Al-Khader village to settlement
17. Wide shot of settlement
STORYLINE:
Hundreds of Palestinians queued at Bethlehem checkpoint in the West Bank on Tuesday, two days after Israel announced it was increasing the number of entry permits into Israel given to Bethlehem's residents.
An additional three-thousand entry permits were approved by Israel for workers and citizens trying to get from the West Bank town into Israel.
The move, seen by some as a goodwill gesture, came as Israel's Prime Minister Ariel Sharon was in Washington preparing to meet US President George W Bush.
Bush, who met Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas on Friday, is attempting to shore up support for the faltering US-backed peace plan for the region.
Along with an easing of travel restrictions for Palestinians, other contentious issues, such as the security fence being built by Israel, will be discussed.
The barrier sweeps into Palestinian areas of the West Bank to encircle Jewish settlements
Palestinians say the project amounts to a land grab that cuts them off from agricultural fields, towns and jobs.
The issue of settlement activity will also be discussed at the meeting in Washington.
Despite assurances by Sharon that the settlements would be removed, many illegal settlement outposts remain in the West Bank.
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Palestinian Christian activist killed in Gaza, funeral
1. Tracking shot of coffin being carried
2. People gathered around body inside house
3. Poster of deceased reading: (Arabic) The martyr Rami Khader Ayyad
4. Man crying
5. Woman crying and shouting, trying to embrace body
6. Wide top shot of people attending funeral ceremony at church
7. Coffin surrounded by people
8. Wall of church painted with biblical scenes
9. Wide of service
10. SOUNDBITE: (Arabic) Elias Al-Jeldah, Christian Baptist and resident of Gaza City:
The incidents that occurred before were generally individual cases, incidents of thefts that might happen to any citizen. But the incident this time might have happened for a political reason more than the other incidents before.
11. Al-Jeldah talking on mobile phone
12. SOUNDBITE: (Arabic) Elias Al-Jeldah, Christian Baptist and resident of Gaza City:
I do not think there is anyone who will force members of the Christian community or the Palestinian people generally to emigrate. But without doubt, the internal conflict is an accelerator for emigration. We as Christians, as part of the whole society, if there is a general emigration we will not be different, but we will not call for emigration and will not give up to those who call for emigration.
13. Taxis in street
14. Various of closed shop which was run by Ayyad
15. SOUNDBITE: (Arabic) Ihab Al-Ghousain, Palestinian Interior Ministry spokesman:
There are no troubles between Christians and Muslims in the Gaza strip, relations are very deep and friendly, stronger than creating arguments for any reason. We deeply condemn this crime, and as the Ministry of Interior we will be harsh with whoever committed this crime.
16. Al Ghousain at his desk
STORYLINE:
Unknown assailants killed a Palestinian Christian activist and dumped his body on a Gaza City street, Palestinian officials said on Sunday, sending a shudder of fear through Gaza's tiny Christian community.
The incidents that occurred before were generally individual cases, incidents of thefts that might happen to any citizen. But the incident this time might have happened for a political reason more than the other incidents before, said Elias Al-Jeldah, a Christian Baptist and resident of Gaza city.
The body of Rami Khader Ayyad, the 32-year-old director of Gaza's only Christian bookstore, bore a visible gunshot wound to the head, and an official at Gaza's Shifa Hospital said he was also stabbed numerous times.
Ayyad had been missing since Saturday afternoon.
Ayyad's store, the Teacher's Bookshop, is associated with a Christian group called the Palestinian Bible Society, and Ayyad regularly received anonymous death threats from people angry about his missionary work, his family said.
In April, the bookstore was firebombed during a wave of attacks by a shadowy Muslim vice squad on Internet cafes, music shops and other targets associated with Western influence.
Some of those attacks, though not the one against the bookstore, were claimed by a little-known extremist Islamic group calling itself the Swords of Justice.
On Friday, Ayyad noticed that he was being followed by a car with no license plates, said a spokesman at the Bible Society's head office in Jerusalem.
He was abducted after closing the store on Saturday afternoon, and called his family to say he would be returned late in the evening, the spokesman said. Police were notified, but his body was found the next morning.
Ayyad left two young children and a pregnant wife.
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a faction that enjoys broad support among Gaza's Christians, issued a statement calling the killing a desperate attempt to sabotage the good social relations in Palestinian society and the friendly relations between Christian and Muslims.
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Bomb clean up, Rabbo comment, al Aqsa funeral
Bethlehem
1. Various of mourners marching through streets at funeral for Al Aqsa member
2. Body being carried through street
3. Wide of procession
4. Closer of marchers
5. Body of Walid Sbeh on hospital gurney being kissed by mother surrounded by mourners and press
Ramallah
6. Set up shot Yasser Abed Rabbo
7. SOUNDBITE: (English) Yasser Abed Rabbo, Palestinan Minister for Information
The Palestinian Authority condemns the suicide attack in Jerusalem today. We consider that this attack because it is directed against civilians is a crime and the only one who benefits from such crimes is Sharon and his government because he wants use pretexts in order to prevent the beginning of any substantial peace process. Sharon is against a Palestinian state. Sharon is against withdrawal from Jerusalem. Sharon is against freezing settlements. Sharon is with building isolation, areas for the Palestinian people and establishing an apartheid system. These attacks will help in one thing, in covering these crimes committed by Sharon.
Jerusalem
8. Workers at scene of bus bombing
9. Car after blast
10. Wide shot of scene, zoom in to bags of debris
11. Municipal workers cleaning area inside bus
12. SOUNDBITE: (English) Israeli woman crying near scene
We went to the patio and all of a sudden we saw smoke. She said it was a bomb, it was a bomb. I told my guest there was a bomb come down - nothing. We saw the ambulance, we saw the helicopter and we started running. And we don't what happened. We came here just to see and to feel what the people are feeling, it is very sad, we have to stop these things. Someway, some place. Because we live here, we have family here, we visit here. But this has to be stopped - I can't even talk.
13. Bags with debris zoom out to wideshot of aftermath scene.
STORYLINE:
A crowd numbering several hundreds accompanied the coffin of Walid Sbeh through Bethlehem to the cemetery on Tuesday morning.
Sbeh, a member of the Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades militia, was shot dead by Israeli snipers in the West Bank village of El Khader on Monday evening while he was sitting in his car.
Israeli military sources, speaking on condition of anonymity, said Sbeh had organized suicide attacks in Israel.
He was given a funeral with full military honours, in recognition for his service in the Palestinian preventive security apparatus.
Men in uniform fired shots in the air as the funeral procession made its way through the streets and the crowd shouted for his death to be avenged.
Meanwhile, a Palestinian man detonated nail-studded explosives on a Jerusalem city bus crowded with high school students and office workers, killing himself and 19 passengers in the deadliest suicide attack in the hard-hit city in six years.
Forty people were wounded.
The Islamic militant group Hamas claimed responsibility and identified the assailant as Mohammed al-Ghoul, 22, from the Al Faraa refugee camp near the West Bank city of Nablus.
In Ramallah, the Palestinan Authority Information Minister Yasser Abed Rabbo condemned the attack saying that it would be used by Israel to avoid resolving the Palestinian land claims.
At midday near the scene of the bus-bombing in southern Jerusalem, firemen and municipal workers cleaned up the remaining debris and hosed down the street.
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Thousands of Palestinians rally to mark Prisoner's day
Thousands of Palestinians took to the streets across the West Bank and Gaza on Tuesday to commemorate Prisoner's Day. The day was being marked to coincide with the expected release of prisoner, Khader Adnan, an Islamic Jihad member who was assured by Israel that he would be released after going on a 66-day fast to protest his detention without charges.
Palestinians gathered in Arafat Square holding portraits of detained family members and the Palestinian flag in the West Bank city of Ramallah. Residents in the West Bank city of Bethlehem rallied in Manger Square, in front of the Church of the Nativity.
Adnan's expected release comes after Israel guaranteed his release six-month administrative detention before his term was over.
Around 2,300 Palestinian prisoners have rejected their daily meal in support of Palestinian Prisoners Day and 1,200 have begun a hunger strike according to a written statement by the Israeli Prisons Authority.
The statement read The Israeli Prisons Authority has coped with hunger strikes in the past and is prepared to cope with it now.
Human rights attorney Lea Tsemel, who has represented many Palestinian prisoners, said the hunger strikes don't surprise her.
I see only deterioration in the punishments, in the attitudes, in the interrogations. The law has changed in order to impose more and more pressure on the Palestinian prisoners. Their rights were cut more and more, until today the situation is that prisoners from Gaza don't have family visits at all. Any political prisoner is not allowed to call the family, to have any contact. Prisoners from the West Bank can hardly get visits with the Red Cross, Tsemel said.
A hunger strike is always the last resort of a person who is under pressure. It's against oneself, it's torturing oneself. It's threatening perhaps in death to oneself. And yet it is the last possibility for the Palestinians to get together and shout out the voice of the prisoners, she added.
Hanna Shalabi of the Islamic Jihad militant group, who was recently deported to Gaza following a 44-day hunger strike, said she fully supports her fellow hunger strikers.
I regard their steadiness and I support them and all the Palestinians support them to end their suffering in the enemy's prisons. I support their strike to achieve demands and to get their dignity back. And I tell them I hope they will be released soon, Shalabi said as she gave interviews to local media.
Shalabi went on a hunger strike in protest of being held without trial. She was placed in administrative detention on Feb. 16.
An Israeli military official said she had agreed to three years in exile in Gaza in return for her release from prison.
Israel says it uses detention without trial to protect intelligence sources in any legal proceedings against a Palestinian suspect. The measure has drawn criticism from human rights groups and the European Union.
By: Nadia Mayen
Al Arabiya with Agencies
A wonderful view from Beit Jala (Palestinian Authority) of the Judean Hills
Zahi Shaked A tour guide in Israel and his camera zahigo25@walla.com +972-54-6905522 tel סיור עם מורה הדרך ומדריך הטיולים צחי שקד 0546905522
My name is Zahi Shaked
In 2000 I became a registered liscenced tourist guide.
My dedication in life is to pass on the ancient history of the Holy Land.
Following upon many years of travel around the world, which was highlighted by a very exciting emotional and soul-searching meeting with the Dalai Lama, I realized that I had a mission. To pass on the the history of the Holy Land, its religions, and in particular, the birth and development of Christianity.
In order to fulfill this calling in the best way possible, I studied in depth, visited, and personally experienced each and every important site of the ancient Christians. I studied for and received my first bachelors degree in the ancient history of the Holy Land, and am presently completing my studies for my second degree.(Masters)
Parralel to my studies, and in order to earn a living, I was employed for many years in advertising. What I learned there was how to attract the publics attention, generate and, increase interest, and assimilate information. All this I use as tools to describe, explain and deepen the interest in the sites that we visit. From my experience, I have learned that in this way, the Holy Land becomes more than just history, and that the large stones that we see scattered about in dissaray, join together one by one until they become - a Byzantine Church. This also happens when I lead a group of Pilgrims in the Steps of Jesus. We climb to the peak of Mount Precipice, glide over the land to the Sea of Galilee, land on the water and see the miracle which enfolds before us. This is a many faceted experience. Not only history which you will remember and cherish, but an experience which I hope will be inplanted in your hearts and minds, and will accompany you all the days of your life.
Dozens demonstrate in West Bank against latest Gaza border violence
(1 Apr 2018) Dozens of Palestinians led by the Latin Church in Ramallah demonstrated against the latest violence between Israel and Gaza on Sunday.
Father Jamal Khader, head of the Latin Church in Ramallah, said the traditional Palm Sunday march was cancelled in favour of a solidarity march protesting the violence in Gaza.
Thousands of Palestinians marched to Gaza's border with Israel on Friday in the largest such demonstration in recent memory.
Fifteen Palestinians were killed by Israeli fire on the first day of what Hamas organizers said will be six weeks of daily protests against a border blockade.
It was the bloodiest day in Gaza since the 2014 cross-border war between Israel and Hamas.
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What Arabs in Hebron Really Think About Israeli Sovereignty in Judea and Samaria
Ashraf Jabari, an Arab Muslim resident of Hebron talks about relations with the Jewish community, spokesperson Noam Arnon, Israeli sovereignty in Judea and Samaria, and what local Arabs think about the Palestinian Authority.
This speech was part of a panel discussion at the 4th annual Sovereignty Conference held in Jerusalem. Also on the panel were Noam Arnon of Hebron, Sheikh Abu Halil El-Tamimi, Abu Naim al Tarifi of Ramallah, Anett Haskia of Akko, journalist Shalom Yerushalmi of Ma'ariv news, and Jonathan Elkhoury of Lebanon.
Speeches were held in Arabic and Hebrew with translation into English.
Clashes, Qureia soundbite
El Khader, West Bank:
1. Wide of youths and children in the street
2. Various of children throwing tyres to burn in the middle of a road
3. Wide of burning tyres blocking a road
4. Various of Israeli soldiers patrolling empty streets in El Khader
Ramallah, West Bank:
5. Wide of Palestinian Prime-Minister LS Ahmed Qureia
SOUNDBITE: (Arabic) LS Ahmed Qureia, Palestinian Prime-Minister:
No appointment has been set yet for a meeting with Sharon. There are talks about the meeting. We want a
well-prepared meeting, a meeting where we can get out of it saying we've achieved something. We are waiting for a meeting that we can after say - we have accomplished things in this meeting.
6. Wide of press room
STORYLINE:
Clashes between Palestinian youths and Israeli forces broke out in El Khader, West bank, on Tuesday after the Israeli army imposed a curfew on the area.
The curfew was imposed after the killing of two Israelis by a Palestinian gunman at a West Bank checkpoint.
In Tuesday's shooting, a Palestinian attacker, his rifle wrapped in a prayer mat, walked toward a West Bank checkpoint and opened fire, critically wounding two Israelis who later died en route to the hospital.
The attacker got away, security officials said. Youth and children tried to block the search of the Israeli soldiers by burning tyres in the middle of a road.
Meanwhile in the West Bank town of Ramallah, Prime Minister Ahmed Qureia mentioned a possible meeting with Prime Minister Ariel Sharon.
We are waiting for a meeting that we can after say that we have accomplished things in this meeting, Qureia said during a press conference.
Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon has said he would meet his Palestinian counterpart, Ahmed Qureia, in
the coming days.
It would be their first summit meeting since Qureia, widely known as Abu Ala, took office more than a month ago.
The Palestinian Prime Minister declined to comment on Tuesday's shooting, in which two Israeli soldiers died.
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Palestinians Say Peace Talks Only Benefits The Israeli Occupation
Critics say a weak Palestinian leadership is continuing a two decade old so-called Peace Process that harms their national interests
Jerusalem: City of the Book
What might it look like to see Jerusalem, with its cross-hatched encounters between people of diverse faiths and cultures, as a city of the book? Merav Mack and Benjamin Balint share their forays into the city's most inaccessible reaches in the making of their recently published book, Jerusalem: City of the Book.
Learn more about Harvard Divinity School and its mission to illuminate, engage, and serve at
Palestinian people | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Palestinian people
00:03:58 1 Etymology
00:08:35 2 History
00:08:43 2.1 Palestinian history and nationalism
00:18:08 3 Rise of Palestinian nationalism
00:19:27 3.1 British Mandate (1917–48)
00:22:51 3.2 Lost years (1948–1967)
00:26:12 3.3 1967–present
00:31:30 3.4 Origins
00:33:22 3.4.1 Pre-Arab/Islamic Influences on the Palestinian national identity
00:36:45 3.4.2 Canaanism
00:39:30 3.4.3 Relationship with the Jewish people
00:42:50 3.5 Arabization of Palestine
00:47:37 3.6 DNA and genetic studies
00:53:26 4 Demographics
00:57:30 4.1 Refugees
01:00:34 4.2 Religion
01:06:12 4.3 Current demographics
01:07:07 5 Society
01:07:16 5.1 Language
01:08:39 5.2 Education
01:09:59 5.3 Women and family
01:10:55 6 Culture
01:11:04 6.1 Palestinian identity
01:13:24 6.2 Cuisine
01:15:16 6.3 Art
01:15:41 6.3.1 Cinema
01:16:15 6.3.2 Handicrafts
01:16:42 6.3.3 Costumes
01:17:54 6.4 Palestinian narrative works
01:18:03 6.4.1 Palestinian Hikaye
01:18:12 6.4.2 Literature
01:20:45 6.4.3 Poetry
01:22:09 6.4.4 Folklore
01:23:07 6.4.5 Folk tales
01:24:00 6.5 Music
01:25:41 6.5.1 Palestinian hip hop
01:28:22 6.5.2 Dance
01:28:54 6.6 Sport
01:29:32 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Palestinian people (Arabic: الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha‘b al-Filasṭīnī), also referred to as Palestinians (Arabic: الفلسطينيون, al-Filasṭīniyyūn, Hebrew: פָלַסְטִינִים) or Palestinian Arabs (Arabic: العربي الفلسطيني, al-'arabi il-filastini), are an ethnonational group comprising the modern descendants of the peoples who have lived in Palestine over the centuries, including Jews and Samaritans, and who today are largely culturally and linguistically Arab. Despite various wars and exoduses (such as that in 1948), roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in historic Palestine, the area encompassing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and Israel. In this combined area, as of 2005, Palestinians constituted 49% of all inhabitants, encompassing the entire population of the Gaza Strip (1.865 million), the majority of the population of the West Bank (approximately 2,785,000 versus about 600,000 Jewish Israeli citizens, which includes about 200,000 in East Jerusalem) and 20.8% of the population of Israel proper as Arab citizens of Israel. Many are Palestinian refugees or internally displaced Palestinians, including more than a million in the Gaza Strip, about 750,000 in the West Bank and about 250,000 in Israel proper. Of the Palestinian population who live abroad, known as the Palestinian diaspora, more than half are stateless, lacking citizenship in any country. Between 2.1 and 3.24 million of the diaspora population live in neighboring Jordan, over 1 million live between Syria and Lebanon and about 750,000 live in Saudi Arabia, with Chile's half a million representing the largest concentration outside the Middle East.
Palestinian Christians and Muslims constituted 90% of the population of Palestine in 1919, just before the third wave of Jewish immigration under the post-WW1 British Mandatory Authority, opposition to which spurred the consolidation of a unified national identity, fragmented as it was by regional, class, religious and family differences. The history of a distinct Palestinian national identity is a disputed issue amongst scholars. Legal historian Assaf Likhovski states that the prevailing view is that Palestinian identity originated in the early decades of the 20th century, when an embryonic desire among Palestinians for self-government in the face of generalized fears that Zionism would lead to a Jewish state and the dispossession of the Arab majority crystallised among most editors, Christian and Muslim, of local newspapers. Palestinian was used to refer to the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people by Palestinian Arabs in a limited way until World War I. After the creation of the State of Israel, the exodus of 1948 a ...
Banksy x Danny Boyle The Alternativity
The story of how Britain’s favourite artist Banksy teamed up with Britain’s favourite film director Danny Boyle to put on a moving nativity play at The Walled Off Hotel in December 2017.
Troops, tanks continue buildup around West Bank towns
Bethlehem, West Bank
1. Palestinian kids standing by the road watching Israeli APC on the road
2. APC passing by
3. Tank turning turret
4. Close up of tank track turning around
5. Tank driving in reverse breaking trees
6. Two tanks parked on the road
7. Various of tanks and APC's driving slowly on the street
Ramallah, West Bank
8. Israeli armoured jeep passing by followed by commandeered Palestinian police jeeps driven by Israelis
9. APC driving away from camera
10. Two APC's patrolling street
11. Zoom into Palestinian children throwing stones at tank
12. Tracking shot of road leading to Arafat's office littered with debris and rubble
13. Pan to right and zoom to tank positioned behind debris
14. Soldier stopping press vehicle, zoom into tanks surrounding Arafat's compound, zoom out soldiers in jeep
15. Israeli soldiers near Arafat's office checking IDs of cameraman's car
16. Tanks in street
17. Zoom into Israeli soldiers checking Palestinian ambulance and its crew, medics taking stuff out of van
18. Soldiers talking to medics
Qalqiliyah, West Bank
19. Israeli flag and regimental flag on pole, tilt down soldiers resting around the column of APC's
20. Soldier seating in open top jeep, pan to left army column parked in line
21. APC approaching barricade on the road, other APC's following
22. Helicopter gunship flying above Qalqiliyah
STORYLINE:
Israeli forces widened their offensive into the West Bank on Monday, briefly entering Bethlehem, occupying several other towns and continuing a sweep for militants in fully occupied Ramallah.
The tanks rolled into southern Bethlehem just before sunrise, witnesses said, stopping about 500 meters from the Church of the Nativity, built over the traditional birthplace of Jesus.
Forces also moved into the surrounding villages of Al Khader and Beit Jalla, witnesses said. A few hours after the incursion, the tanks left Al Khader but they returned again in the afternoon.
The Israelis also pulled back from Bethlehem to patrol the edge of the town. But witnesses said about 40 Israeli tanks and armored personnel carriers had gathered on the northern edge of Bethlehem.
Several buses carrying Israeli troops had also arrived and people were anticipating a new offensive, witnesses said.
Israeli forces imposed a curfew in Beit Jalla and occupied buildings that gave them views into Bethlehem.
In the major West Bank town of Ramallah, Israeli soldiers refused to let Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat leave his office for a fourth day. Israeli troops commandeered Palestinian Police vehicles.
The expansion of the four-day Israeli offensive in the West Bank began on Sunday night when Israeli bulldozers and about 60 tanks moved into the northern town of Qalqiliyah, said the city's governor, Mustafa Malki.
The Israeli forces quickly took control of the town, and the army said troops were searching for suspects and weapons and intended to destroy the terrorist infrastructure in the town. One soldier was seriously wounded from an explosion during a house search in Qalqiliyah, the military said.
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Bethlehem | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bethlehem
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bethlehem (; Arabic: بيت لحم Bayt Lahm Arabic pronunciation: [beːt.laħm], House of Meat; Hebrew: בֵּית לֶחֶם Bet Lehem, Hebrew pronunciation: [bet ˈleχem], House of Bread; Ancient Greek: Βηθλεέμ Greek pronunciation: [bɛːtʰle.ém]; Latin: Bethleem; initially named after Canaanite fertility god Lehem) is a Palestinian city located in the central West Bank, Palestine, about 10 km (6.2 miles) south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000 people. It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate. The economy is primarily tourist-driven.The earliest known mention of the city was in the Amarna correspondence of 1350–1330 BCE during its habitation by the Canaanites. The Hebrew Bible, which says that the city of Bethlehem was built up as a fortified city by Rehoboam, identifies it as the city David was from and where he was crowned as the king of Israel. The Gospels of Matthew and Luke identify Bethlehem as the birthplace of Jesus. Bethlehem was destroyed by the Emperor Hadrian during the second-century Bar Kokhba revolt; its rebuilding was promoted by Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, who commissioned the building of its great Church of the Nativity in 327 CE. The church was badly damaged by the Samaritans, who sacked it during a revolt in 529, but was rebuilt a century later by Emperor Justinian I.
Bethlehem became part of Jund Filastin following the Muslim conquest in 637. Muslim rule continued in Bethlehem until its conquest in 1099 by a crusading army, who replaced the town's Greek Orthodox clergy with a Latin one. In the mid-13th century, the Mamluks demolished the city's walls, which were subsequently rebuilt under the Ottomans in the early 16th century. Control of Bethlehem passed from the Ottomans to the British at the end of World War I. Bethlehem came under Jordanian rule during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and was later captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Since the 1995 Oslo Accords, Bethlehem has been administered by the Palestinian Authority.Bethlehem now has a Muslim majority, but is still home to a significant Palestinian Christian community. Bethlehem's chief economic sector is tourism, which peaks during the Christmas season when Christians make pilgrimage to the Church of the Nativity, as they have done for almost 2,000 years. Bethlehem has over 30 hotels and 300 handicraft workshops. Rachel's Tomb, an important Jewish holy site, is located at the northern entrance of Bethlehem.
Bethlehem | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:02 1 History
00:03:11 1.1 Canaanite period
00:05:18 1.2 Israelite and Judean period
00:07:09 1.3 Classical period
00:10:27 1.4 Middle Ages
00:14:07 1.5 Ottoman era
00:16:50 1.6 Modern era
00:19:42 2 Geography
00:21:42 3 Climate
00:23:03 4 Demographics
00:23:12 4.1 Population
00:26:18 4.2 Christian population
00:29:34 5 Economy
00:31:16 5.1 Tourism
00:32:54 6 Religious significance and commemoration
00:33:06 6.1 Birthplace of Jesus
00:35:24 6.2 Christmas celebrations
00:36:08 6.3 Other religious festivals
00:36:54 7 Culture
00:37:04 7.1 Embroidery
00:38:23 7.2 Mother-of-pearl carving
00:38:56 7.3 Cultural centers and museums
00:40:36 8 Local government
00:42:10 8.1 Mayors
00:42:28 9 Education
00:43:53 10 Transportation
00:45:28 11 Twin towns and sister cities
00:45:41 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9549287968970199
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bethlehem (; Arabic: بيت لحم Bayta Laḥm, House of Meat; Hebrew: בֵּית לֶחֶם Bet Leḥem, Hebrew pronunciation: [bet ˈleχem], House of Bread; Ancient Greek: Βηθλεέμ Greek pronunciation: [bɛːtʰle.ém]; Latin: Bethleem; initially named after Canaanite fertility god Lehem) is a city located in the central West Bank, Palestine, about 10 km (6.2 miles) south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000 people. It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate. The economy is primarily tourist-driven, peaking during the Christmas season, when Christians make pilgrimage to the Church of the Nativity. Rachel's Tomb, an important Jewish holy site, is located at the northern entrance of Bethlehem.
The earliest known mention of the city was in the Amarna correspondence of 1350–1330 BCE during its habitation by the Canaanites. The Hebrew Bible, which says that the city of Bethlehem was built up as a fortified city by Rehoboam, identifies it as the city David was from and where he was crowned as the king of Israel. The Gospels of Matthew and Luke identify Bethlehem as the birthplace of Jesus. Bethlehem was destroyed by the Emperor Hadrian during the second-century Bar Kokhba revolt; its rebuilding was promoted by Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, who commissioned the building of its great Church of the Nativity in 327 CE. The church was badly damaged by the Samaritans, who sacked it during a revolt in 529, but was rebuilt a century later by Emperor Justinian I.
Bethlehem became part of Jund Filastin following the Muslim conquest in 637. Muslim rule continued in Bethlehem until its conquest in 1099 by a crusading army, who replaced the town's Greek Orthodox clergy with a Latin one. In the mid-13th century, the Mamluks demolished the city's walls, which were subsequently rebuilt under the Ottomans in the early 16th century. Control of Bethlehem passed from the Ottomans to the British at the end of World War I. Bethlehem came under Jordanian rule during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and was later captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Since the 1995 Oslo Accords, Bethlehem has been administered by the Palestinian Authority.Following an influx of refugees as a result of Israeli advances in the 1967 war, Bethlehem has a Muslim majority, but is still home to a significant Palestinian Christian community. It is now encircled and encroached upon by dozens of Israeli settlements and the Israeli West Bank barrier, which separates both Muslim and Christian communities from their land and livelihoods, and sees a steady exodus of those from both communities being driven out.
Рыцарь Духа
О предназначении настоящего мужчины. Кто такой Рыцарь Духа? Что под этим понималось в глубокой древности? Какова суть мужчины? Какова суть женщины? Что утратили люди? Каков сакральный символический образ духа настоящего мужчины? Иисус, пророк Мухаммед, Георгий Победоносец, Джирджис, аль-Хадр – символ победителя в духовной брани. Что скрывается за символикой? О сакральной роли мужчины в жизни общества. О последних временах и возможности выбора золотого тысячелетия. Тайны общества, которые становятся явью.
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Hebron | Wikipedia audio article
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Hebron
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SUMMARY
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Hebron (Arabic: الْخَلِيل al-Khalīl; Hebrew: חֶבְרוֹן Ḥevron) is a Palestinian city located in the southern West Bank, 30 km (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judaean Mountains, it lies 930 meters (3,050 ft) above sea level. The largest city in the West Bank, and the second largest in the Palestinian territories after Gaza, it has a population of 215,452 Palestinians (2016), and between 500 and 850 Jewish settlers concentrated in and around the old quarter. Jews, Christians, and Muslims all venerate the city of Hebron for its association with Abraham – it includes the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs, within the Cave of the Patriarchs. Judaism ranks Hebron as the second-holiest city after Jerusalem, while Islam regards it as one of the four holy cities.The Hebron Protocol of 1997 divided the city into two sectors: H1, controlled by the Palestinian Authority and H2, roughly 20% of the city, administered by Israel. All security arrangements and travel permits for local residents are coordinated between the Palestinian Authority and Israel via military administration of the West Bank (COGAT). The Jewish settlers have their own governing municipal body, the Committee of the Jewish Community of Hebron.
Hebron is a busy hub of West Bank trade, generating roughly a third of the area's gross domestic product, largely due to the sale of limestone from quarries in its area. It has a local reputation for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories, and is the location of the major dairy-product manufacturer, al-Juneidi. The old city of Hebron features narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and to the Palestine Polytechnic University.Hebron is attached to cities of ad-Dhahiriya, Dura, Yatta, the surrounding villages with no borders. Hebron Governorate is the largest Palestinian governorate, with a population of 600,364 as of 2010.
Vittorio Arrigoni
Vittorio Arrigoni was an Italian reporter, writer, pacifist and activist. Arrigoni worked with the pro-Palestinian International Solidarity Movement in the Gaza Strip, from 2008 until his death. Arrigoni maintained a website, Guerrilla Radio, and published a book of his experiences in Gaza during the 2008–09 Gaza War between Hamas and Israel. Arrigoni was the first foreigner kidnapped in Gaza since BBC journalist Alan Johnston's abduction in 2007. The murder was condemned by various Palestinian factions.
A Hamas court in Gaza convicted four Salafist extremists on charges of kidnapping and murdering Arrigoni in September 2012. Mahmoud al-Salfiti, 28, and Tamer al-Hasasna, 27, were sentenced to life imprisonment, with hard labour. On 19 February 2013 a Gaza military court reduced the sentences of the two from life to 15 years. We asked in our appeal for the conviction for murder and abduction to be dropped to only abduction, their lawyer Mohammed Zaqut said. 24-year-old Khader Jram was given a 10-year sentence. Amer Abu Ghouleh, 23, was given a prison term of one year for sheltering fugitives.
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Terrorist mastermind responsible for murder of 13 glorified on PA TV
Palestinian Authority TV program For You, directed at Palestinians imprisoned in Israel:
PA TV host: We dedicate this program to our brothers, the prisoners, and of course, to the heroic fighter, prisoner Nasser Awais. We also dedicate the program to the prisoner Ahmed Abu Khader. They were arrested the same day, for their valor and for defending the homeland, Palestine.
Text under terrorists' photos: Heroic prisoner, Ahmed Abu Khader Heroic prisoner, Nasser Awais
PA TV host: Viewers and our brothers, the prisoners, the following is information about the heroic fighter, prisoner Nasser Awais.
Text under terrorist's photos: Heroic prisoner, Nasser, arrested on April 13, 2002, sentenced to 14 life sentences, 50 years and 6 months. Through your patience and resilience you achieved the most outstanding heroism. Heroic prisoner Nasser Awais, from the Balata refugee camp, Nablus, you are towering like the steady mountains.
[PA TV (Fatah), June 30, 2012]
Nasser Awais - serving 14 life sentences for planning terror attacks in which 13 civilians were murdered: 6 killed at a Bat-Mitzva celebration, two women killed in Jerusalem, and the throwing of hand grenade that killed a baby, and other attacks.