Albrecht Monument

ЧТО СКРЫВАЕТ ГОРОД ПРИЗРАК, КОТОРЫЙ ОХРАНЯЕТСЯ ФСБ. #105

Экскурсии по Калининграду и Калининградской области 8-90-22-50-44-08
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Привет, друзья. В сегодняшнем обзоре мы прогуляемся по городу - призраку Ясное, который охраняют сотрудники ФСБ.
Во второй половине XIV веке на территории современного посёлка Ясное для защиты судов, поднимавшихся из Куршского залива вверх по Мемелю / Неман к замку Рагнит, рыцари Тевтонского ордена построили небольшой замок Каукемен / Kaukehmen, который впервые упоминается в 1466 году. Название Каукемен происходит от речки Кауке, впадавшей в реку Гильге / Матросовка.
Впервые поселение около замка Каукемен, в котором проживали охотники и рыбаки, упоминается в документах под 1532 годом в связи с пожалованием герцогом Альбрехтом корчмы в Каукемене некому Якобу Борну. В 1549 году Якоб Борн получил право владеть рыбным промыслом. В 1547 году в Каукемене появился священник, в 1549 году была построена первая деревянная кирха, позже перестроенная в 1576 и 1659 годах.
7 февраля 1651 года владельцу поместья Каукемен Райнхорду фон Халле было предписано заняться постройкой церкви. В 1661 году Каукемен получил статус города и право проводить ярмарки. 18 ноября 1675 года курфюрст Бранденбурга и герцог Пруссии Фридрих Вильгельм купил у Райнхорда фон Халле имение Каукемен за 160.000 талеров.
Во время вторжения в Пруссию шведских войск из Ливонии в 1678-1679 годах в Каукемене находился штаб фельдмаршала Хорна, а после отступления шведов в городе несколько дней провёл курфюрст Фридрих Вильгельм I. Курфюрст Фридрих Вильгельм I использовал замок в Каукемене в качестве охотничьего дома. В 1693 году в Каукемене при кирхе была открыта школа, в 1702 году было начато строительство каменного здания кирхи, завершившееся 12 декабря 1706 года. Во время Семилетней войны в 1758 году Каукемен был занят русскими войсками генерала Виллема Фермора.
В начале XIX века Каукемен на некоторое время стал административным центром округа, в городе было размещено окружное управление, которое в 1818 году было переведено в Хайнрихсвальде. В 1881-1884 годах вместо деревянной колокольни кирха получила кирпичную с четырьмя колоколами и башенными часами.
К началу XX века Каукемен был самым крупным населённым пунктом округа Эльхнидерунг. В 1904-1905 годах из Инстурбурга в Каркельне через Каукемен прошла узкоколейная железная дорога, разобранная после окончания Второй мировой войны. В 1905 году в городе был построен газовый завод. После окончания Первой мировой войны в городе появилось электричество, к 1924 году было электрифицировано 95% домов и усадеб в округе. В начале 1930-х годов в Каукемене имелись 16 продуктовых лавок, 6 мануфактурных магазинов, 7 булочных, 7 мясных магазинов, 4 обувных магазина и 9 обувных мастерских, 3 магазина парфюмерно-галантерейных и аптекарских товаров, 6 столярных мастерских, 2 производства жестяных изделий, 3 строительных подрядчика, 2 стекольных мастерских, 5 художников и обойщиков, 3 кузницы, 2 каретника, 1 бондарное производство, 8 портных, 3 мастера-шорника, 6 парикмахеров, 4 типографии, 5 переплётных мастерских; имелись филиалы нескольких банков, таможня, суд, мельница, молочный завод, 2 отеля, 3 кафе и 13 небольших гостиниц.
В 1930-е годы на Тильзитер штрассе был открыт кинотеатр на 600 мест. В 1938 году Каукемен был переименован в Кукернезе / Kuckerneese.
12 октября 1944 года, в связи с приближением Красной Армии, районное руководство НСДАП подписало приказ об эвакуации гражданского населения. Жителей вывезли в округ Хайлигенбайль и дальше по железной дороге отправили в Саксонию.
15 октября 1944 года город Кукернеезе подвергся артиллерийскому обстрелу. Первый же снаряд попал в находящийся возле кирхи памятник немецким солдатам, павшим в Первую мировую войну.
20 января 1945 года Кукернеезе был занят воинами 149-го и 171-го стрелковых полков 182-й стрелковой дивизии полковника М.В.Фёдорова 90-го стрелкового корпуса 43-й армии.
В 1946 году Кукернезе был переименован в посёлок Ясное, потеряв при этом статус города. В сентябре 1946 года в Ясном был организован концентрационный лагерь №10 для немецких военнопленных, в котором содержалось около 300 человек.


Музыка: Kevin macleod breath
ТО СКРЫВАЕТ ГОРОД ПРИЗРАК, КОТОРЫЙ ОХРАНЯЕТСЯ ФСБ. #105

Putin unveils cross honouring Russia's Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich 04 05 17

Putin accuses Poland of colluding with Hitler

Wednesday, 25 December 2019
Putin accuses Poland of colluding with Hitler | Red Mother

#Red_Mother

Lost Königsberg

Interesting GROUP about Königsberg on Facebook. Join it! -


Königsberg - a place that I dream about ... Königsberg - a place, destroyed by war ...

VITAS_Socialite_ENG Translation_5-tv_St. Petersburg_January 06_2019

Source:

After a long period of silence Vitas broke into the Russian showbiz again. The artist gave his first concert in the capital of Russia. With this performance he starts his wide-scale tour througout the country.
V.: It consists of 150 concerts from the Far East to Kaliningrad.
Vitas shared secrets of his bizarre costumes only with the viewers of Gossip Column. You will also find out what made Vitas come back and who is waiting for him here.
The singer admits: the break lasted too long but all this time he didn't just rest on his laurels, he was writing new hits. Vitas returned to Russia right after completing his wide-scale concert tour in Mexico, Brazil and China. The singer is so popular in the Celestial Empire that they create monuments in his honour.
V.: The 450th statue was opened 2 or 3 months ago, there are 450 statues throughout Asia all in all.
Loyal fans also came to support Vitas at his concert in Moscow, the fans from China in particular.
V.: The fans and admirers of my creative art come to my concerts and follow me all over the world. Now in our native Moscow we can see the same situation and I am very pleased.
Vitas' creative arsenal embraces not only a unique voice but also gorgeous costumes. They were designed by Vitas himself, that's why he keeps all peculiarities of his alien images top secret. However, the artist made an exception for Gossip Column.
V.: This is light plastic because using glass is rather dangerous for the audience. This helmet is from the legendary song 7th Element. There is a fantastic flash mob on the internet all over the world where people sing just in such helmets. Maybe, this helmet protects from some radiation, from Wi-Fi, for instance. Probably, it is good for health. People are wearing them and won't take them off. This is the cap from my MV Roll with the Beat with NAPPY ROOTS. I will put on these headphones with great pleasure, perhaps they look good on me. Do you remember this song's chorus? [Singing.] I used to wear these headphones in order not to hear my loud sounds. This helmet weighs 8 kg, I used to perform with this helmet on for 8 years, at every concert, do you understand how risky it was?
Despite having an insane success in China, he was always drawn back to Russia, and his audience was not the only reason for that.
V.: For now the most important thing for me is returning home, returning to my motherland, my wife, my beloved kids.
Not everyone knows that mysterious and eccentric Vitas is a family man in real life.
V.: If I travel by air, I will definitely ask the flight attendant if they have Wi-Fi on board a plane. We are constantly in touch.
With his wife Svetlana they have been together for 20 years. Vitas recalls how he fell in love at first sight with a shy fan standing backstage.
V.: I came up to her and said: Sweety, I love you. She turned to me and I saw that sparkle in her eyes. It was such a rare case in my life - perhaps, the only one - when I felt an adrenaline rush, hormones went to my head. I realized it was true love!
But the parents were against their relationship, Svetlana was only 15 years old. Then Vitas made up his mind for a desperate move and kidnapped his darling.
V.: Our love to each other was so strong that we decided to escape the city of Odessa. This story is a kind of Bonnie and Clyde story - to get on the train, cut the phone lines so that the parents couldn't get through, and leave for another country.
Svetlana: I didn't have any documents, and we worried how we would go through customs.
A lucky chance helped the fugitives: on the next seats there was a woman with children.
Svetlana: She had two kids of about my age. I lay down next to them. Their mother handed over 3 passports - her own and those of her children. The customs officer looked at those passports and gave them back - probably, he thought that my passport was among them. It was pure luck! I think it all happened at God's will.
Svetlana admits: it was not so easy to become a good wife. But for the sake of love she forced herself to change and now totally trusts her husband.
Svetlana: Very many fans, many women, I learned to understand it all. I see that my husband loves me and that's the only thing that matters to me.
Now the couple puts all their efforts into bringing up their children. The younger, Maxim, is only 3 years old. The singer's elder daughter, Alla, is 10. The girl is mastering martial arts and sings.
V.: After the second class the teacher came up to me and said that during her whole teaching career she had never seen a child take two octaves at once just at the second lesson. Well, it's clear who she got it from!
Now, when their father spends more time at home, the kids are always by his side. Vitas is happy, he can fully enjoy his fatherhood.
©VE

Durkheim's Grave with Dr Stack

A visit to Emile Durkheim's grave in Paris, France

International Symposium EMC 2013 - Introduction, Opening and Plenary Session - (3/4)

3rd International Symposium Engineering Management and Competitiveness (EMC 2013) held in Hotel Vojvodina in Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia, on 21st and 22nd of June 2013.

Organised by : University of Novi Sad, Technical faculty Mihajlo Pupin, Zrenjanin (Serbia),
with partners :
Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Gödöllő (Hungary)
and
Voronezh State University, Faculty of Economics, Voronezh (Russia)

Technical faculty Mihajlo Pupin, Zrenjanin - Website -
International Symposium EMC2013 - Website -

-55kg Iaroslavna Moreva (Russia) - Daria Szefer (Poland, aka) - The 32 European Championship

The 32nd European Weight Category Karate Championships
Varna, Bulgaria, May 20, 2018

20 мая 2018г в г.Варна прошел чемпионат Европы среди мужчин и женщин по киокушин карате

-55kg Ярославна Морева (Russia) - Daria Szefer (Poland, aka)

Berwick, Russia and the Crimean War - the True Story

A talk to a combined audience of Berwick's History and Civic Societies, 17 October 2018. With apologies for 'white noise' affecting the last 8-9 minutes.

Reformation | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Reformation


00:03:47 1 Origins and early history
00:04:55 1.1 Earlier schisms
00:07:14 1.2 Martin Luther and the beginning
00:08:21 1.3 Magisterial Reformation
00:10:16 1.4 Radical Reformation
00:11:20 1.5 Literacy
00:13:04 1.6 Causes of the Reformation
00:14:42 2 Reformation in Germany
00:15:36 2.1 Before princely support
00:17:04 2.2 Princes' Reformation
00:18:18 3 Reformation outside Germany
00:18:37 3.1 Austria
00:19:08 3.2 Czech Lands
00:19:24 3.2.1 Jan Hus
00:19:56 3.2.2 Hussite movement
00:21:13 3.3 Switzerland
00:21:32 3.3.1 Huldrych Zwingli
00:24:02 3.3.2 John Calvin
00:25:53 3.4 Nordic countries
00:26:23 3.4.1 Sweden
00:27:13 3.4.2 Denmark
00:28:04 3.4.3 Iceland
00:29:05 3.5 England
00:29:13 3.5.1 Church of England
00:32:50 3.5.2 English dissenters
00:35:54 3.6 Wales
00:36:43 3.7 Scotland
00:37:57 3.8 France
00:41:32 3.9 Spain
00:44:58 3.10 Portugal
00:45:14 3.11 Netherlands
00:46:04 3.12 Belgium
00:46:40 3.13 Luxembourg
00:46:53 3.14 Hungary
00:49:57 3.15 Romania
00:50:27 3.16 Ukraine
00:50:56 3.17 Belarus
00:51:15 3.18 Ireland
00:52:38 3.19 Italy
00:54:16 3.20 Poland and Lithuania
00:56:37 3.21 Moldova
00:56:56 3.22 Slovenia
00:57:28 3.23 Slovakia
00:58:06 3.24 Croatia
00:58:19 3.25 Serbia
00:58:30 3.26 Greece
00:59:39 4 Spread
00:59:58 4.1 At its peak
01:00:43 4.2 At its end
01:01:17 5 Conclusion and legacy
01:01:26 5.1 End of the Reformation
01:02:48 5.1.1 Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648
01:04:42 5.2 Consequences of the Reformation
01:05:03 5.2.1 Human capital formation
01:05:33 5.2.2 Protestant ethic
01:06:04 5.2.3 Economic development
01:06:32 5.2.4 Governance
01:07:02 5.2.5 Negative outcomes
01:07:48 5.3 Historiography
01:08:38 5.4 Music and the Reformation
01:09:14 6 See also



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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformati ...

Reformation | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Reformation

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformation had varying causes, background, and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and Reformed ones in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation had begun under Henry VIII in 1534.
Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to various Anabaptist movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Anabaptism suffered a major blow early in the German Peasants' War and was persecuted for centuries after that. The Reformation in Transylvania led to the emergence of Unitarianism; it is historically considered a exceptional event in church history.
The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Council of Trent in 1545, and a new order, the Jesuits, founded in 1540. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Catholic, except Greece, which remained predominantly Eastern Orthodox, as did Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Serbia. Central Europe became a site of a fierce conflict that culminated in the Thirty Years' War.

Protestant Reformation | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Protestant Reformation

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.


You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformation had varying causes, background, and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and Reformed ones in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation had begun under Henry VIII in 1534.
Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to various Anabaptist movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Anabaptism suffered a major blow early in the German Peasants' War and was persecuted for centuries after that. The Reformation in Transylvania led to the emergence of Unitarianism; it is historically considered a exceptional event in church history.
The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Council of Trent in 1545, and a new order, the Jesuits, founded in 1540. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Catholic, except Greece, which remained predominantly Eastern Orthodox, as did Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Yugoslavia. Central Europe became a site of a fierce conflict that culminated in the Thirty Years' War.

Reformation | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Reformation

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformation had varying causes, background, and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and Reformed ones in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation had begun under Henry VIII in 1534.
Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to various Anabaptist movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Anabaptism suffered a major blow early in the German Peasants' War and was persecuted for centuries after that. The Reformation in Transylvania led to the emergence of Unitarianism; it is historically considered a exceptional event in church history.
The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Council of Trent in 1545, and a new order, the Jesuits, founded in 1540. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Catholic, except Greece, which remained predominantly Eastern Orthodox, as did Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Serbia. Central Europe became a site of a fierce conflict that culminated in the Thirty Years' War.

«Первый городской» о Мемориале Битлз в парке Юность

Это не просто четыре туи — у каждого дерева теперь есть своё имя — Джон, Джордж,Ринго и Пол. В субботу Фестиваль музыки Битлз «Свободные как птицы» отметил 70-летие Джона Леннона.
Эта ягодная поляна в парке Юность появиласт не случайно — она как прототип настоящей клубничной в нью-йоркском парке, там стоит монумент Джона Леннона,Свой монумент хотят создать и вКалининграде и заложить его в день рождения Пола Маккартни 18 июня.
Это будет стилизованный барабан Ринго Старра из камня с чёрным логотипом «The Beatles».
На открытие Калининградского Мемориала группа «Город N» приехала специально из Ставрополя объединиться вместе помогли битлы и их музыка.
Yes To Day, Let It Be и Yellow Submurine слушают сейчас представители самых разных поколений и исполняют даже вот таким экспромтом. Ведь это Битлз.
Татьяна Караханова, полина Зайцева, Олег Почтамцев. Служба новостей «Город».
fab.moy.su

Наши спонсоры:
парк культуры и отдыха Юность
журнал Выбирай
медиа группа Каскад
КТК — Калининградский технический колледж
SAD — Svetlana & Anna Davydovy — ландшафтный дизайн

Germany: Bundestag commemorate Nazi regime's 'euthanasia' victims

The Bundestag commemorated the victims of National Socialism, on the 72nd anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, in Berlin, on Friday.

At the centre of this year's commemoration was the Nazi regimes' so-called 'euthanasia' programme, whereby people 300,000 people with physical and mental disabilities and incurable diseases were killed.

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United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon

31.MAY.2014 at the US Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima). United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon demonstrated their discipline and professionalism to our group of Talons Out Honor Flight World War II Veterans from Michigan.

Königsberg | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Königsberg


00:03:19 1 History
00:03:28 1.1 Sambians
00:03:52 1.2 Teutonic Order
00:07:54 1.3 Duchy of Prussia
00:10:09 1.4 Brandenburg-Prussia
00:12:47 1.5 Kingdom of Prussia
00:14:02 1.6 Russian Empire
00:14:50 1.7 Kingdom of Prussia
00:18:05 1.8 Weimar Republic
00:18:37 1.9 Nazi Germany
00:20:50 1.9.1 Persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime
00:21:43 1.9.2 Persecution of Poles during World War II
00:23:22 1.9.3 Destruction in World War II
00:26:08 1.10 Soviet/Russian Kaliningrad
00:26:41 2 Demographics
00:28:49 2.1 Jews
00:30:34 2.2 Lithuanians
00:31:02 2.3 Poles
00:34:55 3 Culture and society of Königsberg
00:35:05 3.1 Notable people
00:36:13 3.2 Languages
00:36:49 3.3 The visual and performing arts
00:37:57 3.4 Königsberg Castle
00:38:31 3.5 A center of education
00:39:01 3.6 A multiethnic and multicultural metropolis
00:40:38 3.7 Sports
00:41:17 3.8 Cuisine
00:41:59 4 Fortifications
00:43:06 5 See also



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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Königsberg (German pronunciation: [ˈkøːnɪçsˌbɛɐ̯k]) is the name for a former German city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Originally a Sambian or Old Prussian city, it later belonged to the State of the Teutonic Order, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany until 1945. After being largely destroyed in World War II by Allied bombing and
Soviet forces and annexed by the Soviet Union thereafter, the city was renamed Kaliningrad. Few traces of the former Königsberg remain today.
The literal meaning of Königsberg is 'King’s Mountain'. In the local Low German dialect, spoken by many of its German former inhabitants, the name was Kenigsbarg (pronounced [ˈkʰeːnɪçsbarç]). Further names included Russian: Кёнигсберг, Королевец, tr. Kyonigsberg, Korolevets, Old Prussian: Kunnegsgarbs, Knigsberg, Lithuanian: Karaliaučius, Polish: Królewiec and Yiddish: קעניגסבערג Kenigsberg.
Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement Twangste by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named in honour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia. A Baltic port city, it successively became the capital of their monastic state, the Duchy of Prussia (1525–1701) and East Prussia. Königsberg remained the coronation city of the Prussian monarchy, though the capital was moved to Berlin in 1701.
A university city, home of the Albertina University (founded in 1544), Königsberg developed into an important German intellectual and cultural centre, being the residence of Simon Dach, Immanuel Kant, Käthe Kollwitz, E. T. A. Hoffmann, David Hilbert, Agnes Miegel, Hannah Arendt, Michael Wieck and others.
Between the thirteenth and the twentieth centuries, the inhabitants spoke predominantly German, but the multicultural city also had a profound influence on the Lithuanian and Polish cultures. The city was a publishing centre of Lutheran literature, including the first Polish translation of the New Testament, printed in the city in 1551, the first book in the Lithuanian language and the first Lutheran catechism, both printed in Königsberg in 1547.
Königsberg was the easternmost large city in Germany until World War II. The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in 1944 and during the Battle of Königsberg in 1945; it was then captured and occupied by the Soviet Union on 9 April 1945. Its German population was expelled, and the city was repopulated with Russians and others from the Soviet Union. Briefly Russified as Kyonigsberg (Кёнигсберг), it was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 in honour of Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin. It is now the capital of Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast, an enclave bordered in the north by Lithuania and in the south by Poland.
There has been some discussion of the territory's current legal status, although this is largely academic. The Potsdam Agreement placed it provisionally under Soviet administration, but did not me ...

Karl Ernst von Baer | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:00:47 1 Life
00:03:06 2 Contributions
00:03:15 2.1 Embryology
00:04:50 2.2 Evolution
00:06:01 2.3 Other sciences
00:07:09 3 Awards and distinctions
00:07:49 4 Legacy
00:08:28 5 Works



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.9515971178491751
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer Edler von Huthorn (28 February [O.S. 17 February] 1792 – 28 November [O.S. 16 November] 1876) was a Baltic German scientist and explorer. Baer is also known in Russia as Karl Maksímovich Ber (Russian: Карл Макси́мович Бэр).
Baer was a naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, and a founding father of embryology. He was an explorer of European Russia and Scandinavia. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a co-founder of the Russian Geographical Society, and the first president of the Russian Entomological Society, making him a distinguished Baltic German scientist.