Aleksey Gates

At the Beginning of Glorious Days (Episode 2) (1980) movie

At the end of the 17th century Russia sustained huge losses in trade as it had no outlet to the sea. The young tsar Pyotr I begins a construction in Voronezh of the Russian fleet and occupies Azov fortress. At this time among boyars the dissatisfaction with government of the young monarch were engendering

At the Beginning of Glorious Days (Episode 2) (1980) movie

Genres: Drama, History
Production Co: Gorky Film Studio

Directed by Sergey Gerasimov
Writing Credits: Sergey Gerasimov, Yuri Kavtaradze, Aleksei Tolstoy (novel)
Music by Vladimir Martynov
Cinematography by Sergey Filippov, Horst Hardt

Cast:
Dmitriy Zolotukhin as Czar Peter the Great
Tamara Makarova
Natalya Bondarchuk
Nikolay Eryomenko
Mikhail Nozhkin
Peter Reusse
Eduard Bocharov
Lyubov Polekhina
Lyubov Germanova
Anatoliy Barantsev
Roman Filippov
Yuriy Moroz
Vladimir Kashpur
Aleksandr Belyavskiy
Nikolay Grinko
Boris Khmelnitskiy
Marina Levtova
Yekaterina Vasilyeva as Antonida Buynosova
Ivan Lapikov
Ulrike Mai as Anna
Evgeniy Markov as Prokofiy Voznitsyn
Vitaliy Matveev as Iuda

Романовы. Фильм Четвертый. StarMedia. Babich-Design. Документальный Фильм

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Пётр I перед своей смертью не успел оставить распоряжение о наследнике. Начиналась эпоха дворцовых переворотов — время свержения и возведения на престол правителей путем силового захвата власти. Огромная страна жила по инерции, пока ее правители сменяли на престоле друг друга. Сперва юноша, которого более всего интересовали развлечения и кутежи. Затем вдова, любительница шутовских драк и других забав. Младенец-император, который в последствии станет «железной маской» на русский лад, проведя всю жизнь в изоляции под именем «безымянный узник». И наконец красавица-царевна, дочь Петра Великого, Елизавета.

Формат: историческая реконструкция
Жанр: докудрама
Год производства: 2013
Количество серий: 8
Режиссер: Максим Беспалый
Сценарий: Марина Бандиленко, Марина Улыбышева
Оператор-постановщик: Иван Бархварт
Композитор: Борис Кукоба
Продюсеры: Валерий Бабич, Влад Ряшин, Сергей Титинков, Константин Эрнст


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Ucrania: El año del Caos

Este es mi primer largo documental, un trabajo totalmente independiente, donde se recogen testimonios de periodistas que han trabajado sobre el terreno, de actores del conflicto, de gente anónima....para contar la historia de lo que ha pasado en Ucrania durante este último año. Un conflicto todavía abierto que ha cambiado para siempre a este país.

Pretendo contar la historia con el tiempo necesario, sin estándares de televisión, dedicarle los minutos necesarios para explicar algo tan complejo. Pretendo también alejarme de los dogmas propagandísticos de ambos bandos. Espero haberlo conseguido.

En este documental van muchas,muchas horas de trabajo desinteresado,utilizando sólo las imágenes que yo he tomado, por eso pueden faltar capítulos que alguien considere importantes, pero he intentado hacer el trabajo más honesto posible, por ello decidí sólo hablar y mostrar de lo que vi a través de mi cámara.

Esta película está dedicada a TODAS las víctimas de este conflicto.

Subtítulos en español para personas con problemas auditivos disponibles- Pronto subtítulos en ruso,inglés y francés

SI DESEAS COLABORAR CON MI CANAL, PARA QUE PUEDA SEGUIR HACIENDO DOCUMENTALES COMO ESTE, PUEDES HACERLO EN ESTE LINK: paypal.me/RicardoMarquina MUCHAS GRACIAS!

2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine

Following the events of the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, a secession crisis began on Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula. In late February 2014, unmarked armed forces began to take over the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine. Experts identified the gunmen to be Russian Special Forces and other paramilitaries. Russia at the time insisted that the forces did not include Russian troops stationed in the area, but only local self-defense forces. The local population and the media referred to them as martians or little green men. On 17 April, Russian president Vladimir Putin admitted that Russian troops were in fact active in Crimea during the referendum, claiming this facilitated self-determination for the region.
Russia has rejected the legitimacy of the interim Ukrainian government in favor of ousted-President Viktor Yanukovych, whose request for intervention has also been cited. Russia has accused the United States and the European Union of funding and directing the Ukrainian revolution.


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Великая Война. 10 Серия. От Днепра до Одера. StarMedia. Babich-Design

Все серии:

Проект посвящен 65-й годовщине Великой Победы Фильм рассказывает о главных событиях и сражениях Великой Отечественной войны. Уникальность проекта в широком использовании компьютерной графики в сочетании с кинохроникой военных лет. Благодаря новейшим технологиям зритель, даже неискушенный в вопросах истории, привычный к современному киноязыку, получает возможность, с одной стороны, разобраться в подробностях событий, с другой, - в полной мере ощутить масштабность и драматизм великой войны.

Серия 10. От Днепра до Одера:
Красная Армия освобождала Украину, чтобы замедлить продвижение советских войск, немецкое командование взрывало мосты на больших и малых реках, а на оккупированных территориях использовало тактику выжженной земли. Командующий Воронежским фронтом генерал Ватутин в течение всего октября безуспешно пытался прорваться с Лютежского и Букринского плацдармов Днепра. Лишь 5 ноября лучшие танковые соединения под командованием генералов Рыбалко и Кравченко перерезали шоссе Киев - Житомир и отрезали немецким войскам путь к отступлению. И уже на следующий день столица Украины была освобождена.

Рекомендовано к прочтению. Полицаи: история, судьбы и преступления
Москва 1941. Книга Анатолия Воронина

Формат: историческая реконструкция
Жанр: докудрама
Год производства: 2010
Количество серий: 18
Режиссер: Анна Граждан
Сценарий: Артем Драбкин, Алексей Исаев
Художник-постановщик: Валерий Бабич
Композитор: Борис Кукоба
Продюсеры: Валерий Бабич, Влад Ряшин, Сергей Титинков, Константин Эрнст


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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until overthrown by the short-lived liberal February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in world history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. It played a major role in 1812–14 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe, and expanded to the west and south. It was often in conflict with the Ottoman Empire (which in turn was usually protected by the British).
At the beginning of the 19th century, it extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, and (until 1867) into Alaska in North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia. Economically it was heavily rural with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, until they were freed in 1861. The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility called Boyars from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and then was ruled by an emperor called the Tsar. Tsar Ivan III (1462 – 1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Tsar Peter the Great (1682 - 1725) fought numerous wars and built a huge empire that became a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system. Catherine the Great (1761 - 1796) presided over a golden age. She expanded the nation rapidly by conquest, colonization and diplomacy. She continued Peter the Great's policy of modernisation along West European lines. Tsar Alexander II (1855 - 1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe was to protect the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. That involvement by 1914 led to Russia's entry into the First World War on the side of Serbia and the Allies, and against the German, Austrian and Ottoman empires. Russia was an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, the result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War.


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Greece: Refugees block railway tracks in protest against closed border

Dozens of refugees blocked railways tracks in Idomeni, Thursday, in protest against the slow pace at which they are being allowed to cross the border from Greece into Macedonia. They held signs with slogans such as Merkel help and we are human. Several people sat on the rail track where they were watched closely by riot police.

Video ID: 20160303-014
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Imperial Russia | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Imperial Russia


00:03:52 1 History
00:04:31 1.1 Population
00:05:08 1.2 Foreign relations
00:05:17 1.3 Eighteenth century
00:05:26 1.3.1 Peter the Great (1672–1725)
00:09:04 1.3.2 Catherine the Great (1762–1796)
00:12:09 1.3.3 State budget
00:13:14 1.4 First half of the nineteenth century
00:18:47 1.5 Second half of the nineteenth century
00:23:31 1.5.1 Alexander III
00:25:02 1.6 Early twentieth century
00:27:59 1.7 War, revolution, collapse
00:30:59 2 Territory
00:31:08 2.1 Boundaries
00:33:14 2.2 Geography
00:33:52 2.3 Territorial development
00:37:34 2.4 Imperial territories
00:39:52 3 Government and administration
00:41:42 3.1 Emperor
00:43:17 3.2 Imperial Council
00:44:31 3.3 State Duma and the electoral system
00:46:42 3.4 Council of Ministers
00:47:48 3.5 Most Holy Synod
00:48:17 3.6 Senate
00:49:15 3.7 Administrative divisions
00:50:37 4 Judicial system
00:52:26 5 Local administration
00:52:54 5.1 Municipal dumas
00:53:57 5.2 Baltic provinces
00:55:08 6 Economy
00:55:17 6.1 Mining and Heavy Industry
00:55:26 7 Infrastructure
00:55:35 7.1 Railways
00:56:44 7.2 Seaports
00:56:53 8 Religion
00:58:30 9 Military
00:59:03 10 Society
01:00:06 10.1 Estates
01:01:23 10.2 Serfdom
01:02:42 10.3 Peasants
01:05:00 10.4 Landowners
01:07:37 10.5 Media
01:08:15 11 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Empire (Russian: Российская Империя, tr. Rossiyskaya Imperiya) also known as Imperial Russia or simply Russia (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya) was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.The third largest empire in world history, stretching over a massive three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 1812–1814 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south.
The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, ruled from 1762. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia.
Economically, the empire had a predominantly agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, Russian peasants (until they were freed in 1861). The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility (the boyars) from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III (1462–1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Emperor Peter the Great (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social a ...

Russian Empire | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian Empire

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Empire (Russian: Российская Империя, tr. Rossiyskaya Imperiya) also known as Imperial Russia or simply Russia (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya) was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.The third largest empire in world history, stretching over a massive three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 1812–1814 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south.
The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, ruled from 1762. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia.
Economically, the empire had a predominantly agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, Russian peasants (until they were freed in 1861). The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility (the boyars) from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III (1462–1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Emperor Peter the Great (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political mores with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system.
Empress Catherine the Great (reigned 1762–1796) presided over a golden age; she expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Great's policy of modernization along West European lines. Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. That connection by 1914 led to Russia's entry into the First World War on the side of France, the United Kingdom, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian, and Ottoman empires.
The Russian Empire functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a de jure constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely as a result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War.

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - The Golden Cockerel - Overture (1907) (Münch)

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908)
The Golden Cockerel - Overture (1907)

Orchestre national de l'ORTF
conducted by Charles Münch
Recorded 1967

Russian Empire - Wiki

The Russian Empire also known as Russia was an empire that existed from until it was overthrown by the short lived February Revolution in One of the largest empires in world history stretching over...
Creative Commons 2.0 Wikipedia.com
Beta Test

Russian Empire - Wiki

The Russian Empire also known as Russia was a state that existed from until it was overthrown by the short lived February Revolution in One of the largest empires in world history stretching over t...
Creative Commons 2.0 Wikipedia.com
Beta Test

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until overthrown by a liberal February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in world history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. It played a major role in 1812--14 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe, and expanded to the west and south. It was often in conflict with the Ottoman Empire .

This video targeted to blind users.

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Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Public domain image source in video

Kiev,Alex Goncharenko Crimea was, is and will be Ukrainian 05 03 2015 Ukraine News,War Today!

UKRAINE WAR LAST NEWS TODAY(the best new and hot vidio) Subscribe to the channel!!!THANK YOU
War in Donbass - fighting on the territory of Donetsk and Lugansk regions of Ukraine with the participation of army units and the Air Force of Ukraine, the Ministry of Interior forces, border guards, Security Service, the State Guard of Ukraine, the National Guard of Ukraine, territorial defense battalions Donbass, Azov, Shahtersk, Aidar, Dnepr et al., on the one hand, and armed gangs, mercenaries, mostly subordinate self-proclaimed leadership DNR and LC - on the other hand, as well as Russian voennyh.Datoy start counting April 7, 2014, and when. o. President of Ukraine Oleksandr Turchynov announced the start of a power operatsii.Ukrainskie authorities called their actions anti-terrorist operation (ATO), pro-Russian forces and Russian leaders - punitive operation. NATO - NATO commander in Europe, Gen. Philip Breedlove said that the behavior of armed men to specify their relationship with the Russian army. According to him, what is happening in eastern Ukraine is well planned and organized military operation, he described Russias actions as a hybrid war, which is carried out by means of diplomacy, propaganda, military and economy. NATO Deputy Secretary General Alexander Vershbow recommended Moscow troops return to their barracks and to publicly condemn violence by armed rebels in the east of Ukraine. Secretan-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen suggested that the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine is a part of the course of Russian President Putin on the generation and maintenance of the frozen conflicts in the countries neighboring Russia postsoveskogo space as a tool for Russias influence in these stranh. In response to the annexation of the Crimea and the invasion of Russia in Ukraine, the European Union, the USA, Canada, Japan, Switzerland and other countries have announced sanctions against Russia. Measures include the freezing of assets and the introduction of visa restrictions for those included in the special lists, as well as a ban companies in the country to impose sanctions, to maintain business relationships with individuals and organizations that are included in the lists. Hot spots in the east of the South-East of Ukraine: Donetsk, Lugansk, Kramatorsk, Slavyansk, Thorez, snowy, Volnovaha, Krasny Liman, Happiness, Metalist, Gorlovka, Krasnoarmejsk, Makiyivka, Lisichansk, Gorlovka, Rovenki, Krasny Luch, Anthracite, Krasnodon, Lisichansk Pervomaisk,Rubezhnoye, Sverdlovsk, Severodonetsk, Stakhanov, Flint Perevaalsk, Svatovo, Starobilsk, Izvarino, Chervonopartyzansk, Saur-grave Siverskoye, Gorlovka, Kambrod, Krasny Luch, Shahtersk, Avdiyivka, Pervomaisk, Debaltseve, village Lugansk, Ilovaysk, Mariupol, Donetsk airport TAGS:ukraine news, latest news ukraine, ukraine news today English, ukraine usa, ukraine today news, kiev urkaine, ukraine protest, ukraine kiev, 24 news Ukraine, breaking news report, ukraine crisis news, news about Ukraine, east Ukraine, ukraine news crimea, ukraine crisis, ukraine Russia, odessa Ukraine, war in Ukraine, ukraine crisis explained, novosti ukraine 2014, ukraine firefight, ukraine military, ww3 ukraine, ukraine invasion, ukraine war 2014, ukraine news, ukraine war news, ukraine today, ukraine crisis, ukraine revolution, ukraine army attack, ukraine military attack, ukraine shooting, ukraine tension, ukraine today, ukraine battle, ukraine war, ukraine armed, ukraine tank, ukraine air force, ukraine jet, tank, ukraine military, ukraine crisis 2014, ukraine vs russia, ukraine russia, ukraine military power 2014, ukraine military base, mobilization, ukraine army, ukraine army 2014, ukraine crisis, donetsk, odessa, slaviansk, sloviansk, kiev, euromaidan, militan, militia, pro-Russia, russia ukraine, russia vs ukraine, ukraine news, ukraine revolution, Ukraine military war ukraine donetsk russia war ukraine 2014 russian war ukraine ukraine war ukraine army war ukraine vs russia war ukraine today war ukraine russia war ukraine 2014 war ukraine today war ukraine russia news ukraine news ukraine today news ukraine 2014 news ukraine russia news ukraine war news ukraine crisis vice news ukraine rt news ukraine anna news ukraine vice news ukraine dispatch vice news ukraine revolution bbc news ukraine crisis fox news ukraine crisis vice news ukraine revolution donetsk airport battle donetsk fighting donetsk donetsk people's republic donetsk airport fighting donetsk ukraine donetsk live donetsk war donetsk explosion donetsk news donetsk airport battle donetsk airport today donetsk airport live donetsk airport fighting donetsk airport ukraine donetsk airport attack donetsk bomb donetsk fighting today donetsk givi donetsk lugansk donetsk people's republic army donetsk people's republic donetsk people's republic today donetsk separatists donetsk today news lugansky lugansk war lugansk today lugansk ukraine war lugansk ukraine lugansk people's republic lugansk airport fighting lugansk news

Russian Empire | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian Empire

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Empire (Russian: Российская Империя, tr. Rossiyskaya Imperiya) also known as Imperial Russia or simply Russia (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya) was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.The third largest empire in world history, stretching over a massive three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 1812–1814 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south.
The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, ruled from 1762. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia.
Economically, the empire had a predominantly agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, Russian peasants (until they were freed in 1861). The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility (the boyars) from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III (1462–1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Emperor Peter the Great (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political mores with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system.
Empress Catherine the Great (reigned 1762–1796) presided over a golden age; she expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Great's policy of modernization along West European lines. Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. That connection by 1914 led to Russia's entry into the First World War on the side of France, the United Kingdom, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian, and Ottoman empires.
The Russian Empire functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a de jure constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely as a result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War.