Balkan Savaşları Müzesi
Kategori: Müzeler
На Нож! 100 г. от Балканската Война/100 years since the Balkan War
Ние от сп. Българска Наука създадохме по случай 100 г. от Балканската война документалния филм „На Нож!. Искахме да почетем паметта на деди си, които с невиждана енергия са дали живота си за свободата на своите братя зад граница. За съжаление не са много младите хора, които носят паметта за това какво се е случило преди 100 г., за радостта на българите да отидат на война, за идеала който са следвали и за бъдещето, в което са вярвали.
Филмът не разказва за политиката тогава и сега, а показва духът на българите - как орачът и копачът се бият рамо до рамо с банкери, учители и професори и заедно побеждават вековният враг на Балканите. И постигат истинско човешко освобождение, защото свободата не е само свобода на територията, тя е най-вече свобода на духа!
Вижте филма и нека заедно отдадем почетта си към всички, дали в началото на 20-ти век живота си за постигането на свободна България.
Повече информация:
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Fix Bayonets!
Documentary on 100 years since the Balkan War
Ottoman Wars: Skanderbeg and Albanian Rebellion DOCUMENTARY
Previously within our animated historical documentary series on the Ottoman Wars, we have covered the battles of Kosovo ( Nicopolis ( Ankara ( Varna ( Second Kosovo, Constantinople ( Belgrade, Targoviste and Otlukbeli ( Vaslui and Valea Alba ( However, we deliberately omitted the rebellion and resistance of the Albanian leader Gjergj Kastrioti - Skanderbeg, as his war against the Ottoman sultans Murad II and Mehmed II stretched for more than 25 years. In this new video, we describe the overall rebellion and the battles of Torvioll, Kruje, Albulena, and Ohrid.
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This video was narrated by Officially Devin (
Machinimas made on the Total War: Attila engine using the great Medieval Kingdoms mod by Malay Archer (
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Sources:
Franz Babinger - Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
John van Antwerp Fine - The Late Medieval Balkans
Н. Н. Розова - Повесть о Скандербеге
Uzunçarşılı İsmail Hakkı - Osmanlı Tarihi
Finkel, Caroline - Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire
İnalcık, Halil - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ (1300-1600)
Necdet Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Sultanları - 36 Osmanlı Padişahı
Production Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound:
#Documentary #Ottomans #KingsAndGenerals
Turkey History from 1453 to 1995 (A documentary in Urdu) from Sultan mohammad fateh to nazmuddin
Turkey History from 1453 to 1995 (A documentary in Urdu) from Sultan mohammad fateh to nazmuddin
Ottoman Empire[edit]
Mehmed II enters Constantinople by Fausto Zonaro
Main article: Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman beylik's first capital was located in Bursa in 1326. Edirne which was conquered in 1361[37] was the next capital city. After largely expanding to Europe and Anatolia, in 1453, the Ottomans nearly completed the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople during the reign of Mehmed II. Constantinople was made the capital city of the Empire following Edirne. The Ottoman Empire would continue to expand into the Eastern Anatolia, Central Europe, the Caucasus, North and East Africa, the islands in the Mediterranean, Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, and the Arabian peninsula in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.
The sultan of the golden age, Suleiman the Magnificent.
The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[38] In addition, the Ottomans were often at war with Persia over territorial disputes. At sea, the empire contended with the Holy Leagues, composed of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Venice and the Knights of St. John, for control of the Mediterranean. In the Indian Ocean, the Ottoman navy frequently confronted Portuguese fleets in order to defend its traditional monopoly over the maritime trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe; these routes faced new competition with the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
Republic of Turkey[edit]
Main article: History of the Republic of Turkey
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)
The occupation of some parts of the country by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish national movement.[38] Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.[42] By September 18, 1922, the occupying armies were expelled. On November 1, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of July 24, 1923, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed Republic of Turkey as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923, in the new capital of Ankara.[38] Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President of Turkey and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past.[38] The Ottoman fez was abolished, full rights for women politically were established, and new writing system for Turkish based upon the Latin alphabet was created.[43] According to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish parliament presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific surname Atatürk (Father of the Turks) in 1934.[42]
Roosevelt, İnönü and Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference which was held between 4–6 December 1943.
Turkey was neutral in World War II (1939–45) but signed a treaty with Britain in October 1939 that said Britain would defend Turkey if Germany attacked it. An invasion was threatened in 1941 but did not happen and Ankara refused German requests to allow troops to cross its borders into Syria or the USSR. Germany had been its largest trading partner before the war, and Turkey continued to do business with both sides. It purchased arms from both sides. The Allies tried to stop German purchases of chrome (used in making better steel). Starting in 1942 the Allies provided military aid. The Turkish leaders conferred with Roosevelt and Churchill at the Cairo Conference in November, 1943, and promised to enter the war. By August 1944, with Germany nearing defeat, Turkey broke off relations. In February 1945, it declared war on Germany and Japan, a symbolic move that allowed Turkey to join the nascent United Nations.[44][45]
BOSNIA JEW DISCRIMINATION SUIT
read more @
Great Decisions: Turkey- A Partner in Crisis
Of all NATO allies, Turkey represents the most daunting challenge for the Trump administration. In the wake of a failed military coup in July 2016, the autocratic trend in Ankara took a turn for the worse. One year on, an overwhelming majority of the population considers the United States to be their country’s greatest security threat. In this age of a worsening “clash of civilizations” between Islam and the West, even more important than its place on the map is what Turkey symbolically represents as the most institutionally Westernized Muslim country in the world.
Speaker: Birol Yesilada, Professor of Political Science and International Studies, Contemporary Turkish Studies Endowed Chair, Portland State University
Presented by WorldOregon, in partnership with Portland State University, February 9, 2018
Floods bring down Ottoman bridge in Balkans
One of the most famous stone bridges in the Balkans, the Plaka Bridge in Greece’s Ipiros region, has collapsed due to heavy flooding in the area following failures by authorities to restore the structure.
Heavy rains that have soaked Greece and Turkey since the end of last week have caused widespread damage in much of Greece, inundating highways, agricultural areas and farmland, in addition to the Plaka Bridge in Ipiros’ Arta village.
Newly elected Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras was at the Fire Brigade’s emergency command center in Athens, where he urged experts from the Infrastructure and Culture ministries to go to the flooded area and inspect roads, monuments and other historical artifacts at risk there.
Tsipras said he was “very sad” to hear of the Plaka Bridge’s collapse, reported the Associated Press, while adding that the priority was to prevent the loss of lives.
There are many surviving Ottoman artifacts in the region. An expert team in cooperation with the Athens Polytechnic School will visit the bridge and consider plans for reconstruction once the water level decreases.
Greek media reported that the collapse of the bridge, which was the symbol of the region and visited by thousands of local and foreign visitors, had upset locals in Ipiros. The bridge narrowly escaped collapse during heavy rains in 2007, prompting discussion on its possible restoration. Officials in the region, however, were criticized by local media and citizens for not proceeding with restoration.
Standing over for 148 years
Standing on the border of the prefectures of Arta and Ioannina, the historic bridge had stood over the Arachthos River for 148 years. The link was constructed by Constantinos Bekas in 1866 after two unsuccessful attempts by other builders in 1860 and 1863. It was the widest stone bridge in Ipiros and the biggest single-arch bridge in the Balkans, with a 40-meter arch span and 21-meter height.
During World War II, the bridge was bombed by the Germans near its center, but it withstood the bombing, while the damage was subsequently repaired. It was considered one of the most difficult, single-arch bridges to construct.
Deputy PM says there is no racism in Turkey, at opening of renovated synagogue
Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç has claimed that racism and anti-Semitism have never found root in in Turkey, speaking during his visit to the northwestern province of Edirne for the opening of the renovated Great Synagogue.
“Thank God, there is no anti-Semitism in Turkey. There is also no phobia [in Turkey] compared to Islamophobia in the West. There is no racism in Turkey; it has never found a base for its roots. When we look at Europe and other countries we see how far behind us they are and we feel really sorry,” said Arınç on March 26.
He was speaking at the historic and newly-renovated Great Synagogue, where the first prayer service in 46 years was taking place.
Early on March 26, worshippers gathered at the Great Synagogue, the subject of outcry last year after Edirne Governor Dursun Şahin vowed to turn it into a museum rather than an active house of worship, following five years of restoration work.
Turkey’s Jewish community head, İshak İbrahimzadeh, attended the morning service conducted by Davud Azuz, who had also led the last service at the synagogue 46 years ago.
An estimated 200 to 250 people attended the service in the synagogue, which was renovated for around $2.2 million.
“I would like to thank those who contributed [to the re-opening of the Great Synagogue], including Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç,” Azuz said, reported by Anadolu Agency.
As Europe’s second-largest synagogue, the Great Synagogue in Edirne was built in 1907 after a large fire in the city in 1905 destroyed 13 separate synagogues. The synagogue was constructed using Vienna’s Leopoldstadter Tempel, which was later destroyed by the Nazis, as a model, but it was abandoned in 1983 due to a lack of worshippers.
The temple was transferred to Thrace University to be used as a museum after its restoration, but after criticism from the Jewish community in Turkey the building was transferred back to the General Directorate for Foundations.
Edirne Governor Şahin had raised eyebrows when he told reporters on Nov. 21, 2014 that the synagogue would be turned into a museum, in retaliation for the Israeli military raid on Jerusalem’s al-Aqsa Mosque.
He later offered an “apology,” claiming that his proposal “had no connection” to Turkish Jews.
In Edirne for the event, Arınç said the project was an important indicator of how far freedom of religion and conscience has come in Turkey.
“I remember the Jewish citizens, who died defending their city [against past invasions] for their Muslim Turkish neighbors, with the same gratitude as our martyrs,” Arınç said.
The synagogue’s bright yellow exterior is a burst of light among the dilapidated wooden houses and concrete apartment blocks in Edirne’s former Jewish quarter. Inside, painters painstakingly decorated the ceiling with thousands of stars and beams of sunlight pass through a colonnade of neat arches.
Once the Balkans’ largest Jewish temple, the Great Synagogue opened on the sultan’s decree in 1909 to serve some 20,000 Jews.
Thousands of Jews left Edirne, situated near the Greek and Bulgarian borders, in 1934 when a racist mob attacked their property.
For centuries, Ottoman lands were a haven for Jews, welcoming the Sephardim expelled by Spain in 1492. Once here, they adopted new rituals while maintaining their traditions, most prominently the Judeo-Spanish dialect called Ladino.
Census data shows Ladino was the mother tongue for 84 percent of Turkish Jews in 1927 before nationalist campaigns stamped it out. Today only a few elderly speak the archaic form of Castilian Spanish, one of the world’s endangered tongues.
A “wealth tax” in the 1940s, emigration to Israel after 1947 and decades of political instability conspired to decimate a population that was 150,000 before World War One.
Power plant to be constructed on palace site in Turkey’s northwest
An energy power plant will be built in the northwestern province of Edirne, at a location where ruins from the Ottoman-era Edirne Palace might be underground.
The project, called the “River Tunca Recreation and Energy Project,” aims to construct a power plant and recreational area on the garden of the Edirne Palace.
The project, which will be a joint project of the Edirne Municipality, the Edirne Provincial Administration and the Edirne Chamber of Commerce and Industry, will be implemented by the Thrace Development Agency. The project will cost a total of 10 million Turkish Liras, of which 4 million will be paid by the Thrace Development Agency.
The area where the project will be built begins at the flood plain of the Tunca River, and covers the area where the annual Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival is held, as well as the Beyazıd II social complex. While a section of the area is the Edirne Palace’s archaeological site, no preservation order has been reserved for the area, despite the fact that it contains holds historical structures.
Construction of the Edirne Palace began in the 15th century during the reign of Murat II and ended during the reign of Fatih Sultan Mehmet in the same century. Although Istanbul was made into the imperial capital after its conquest in 1453, the Edirne Palace was seen as an important symbol of the Ottoman Empire.
According to the latest development plan, the riverbed will be altered to create new canals and islets, where boats will be able to sail and rowing competitions will be held. Along with a concert area, restaurants, cafes and tea gardens, a power plant capable of producing 1000 kilowatts of electricity will be constructed.
The project does not contain any clauses for the preservation or restoration of the site’s cultural heritage.
News of the project comes after Professor Mustafa Özer, the head of the Edirne Palace excavations, which have been working in the area since 2009, announced in November 2014 that cultural officials were working on a plan to bestow the Edirne Palace with “ancient site” status.
“The restoration of the palace kitchen [Matbah-i Amire] and the bath of Kum Qasr were finished this year. We have progressed on the restoration work of the Cihannüma Qasr, one of the notable parts of the palace. The building survey has been approved by the Edirne Cultural Heritage Preservation Board. The restitution and restoration projects are waiting to be approved. When the work is done, the whole palace will be restored and conserved,” Özer had said on Nov. 21, 2014.
Turkey is currently implementing an aggressive power plant construction policy that has caused controversy over costs.
Around 6,000 olive trees were cut down in one night on Nov. 7, 2014, for the construction of a power plant in the Aegean village of Soma, which was hit by Turkey’s worst-ever mining accident that killed 301 miners only six months before. The latest development in the case saw the Council of State dismiss the cabinet’s rapid expropriation decision in the village of Yırca on Dec. 26, marking a crucial ruling for the locals who lost thousands of olive trees because of the power plant project.
Defender of Gallipoli - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk I WHO DID WHAT IN WORLD WAR 1?
Mustafa Kemal or simply Atatürk was the founder of the modern, secular Turkish Republic. He earned his stripes as an officer in World War 1 as the defender of Gallipoli against the ANZAC troops. You can find out all about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk during the last years of the Ottoman Empire in our biography.
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» WHAT ARE YOUR SOURCES?
Videos: British Pathé
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Background Map:
Literature (excerpt):
Gilbert, Martin. The First World War. A Complete History, Holt Paperbacks, 2004.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. A Combat History of the First World War, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Hart, Peter. The Great War. 1914-1918, Profile Books, 2013.
Stone, Norman. World War One. A Short History, Penguin, 2008.
Keegan, John. The First World War, Vintage, 2000.
Hastings, Max. Catastrophe 1914. Europe Goes To War, Knopf, 2013.
Hirschfeld, Gerhard. Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, Schöningh Paderborn, 2004
Michalka, Wolfgang. Der Erste Weltkrieg. Wirkung, Wahrnehmung, Analyse, Seehamer Verlag GmbH, 2000
Leonhard, Jörn. Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges, C.H. Beck, 2014
» WHAT IS “THE GREAT WAR” PROJECT?
THE GREAT WAR covers the events exactly 100 years ago: The story of World War I in realtime. Featuring: The unique archive material of British Pathé. Indy Neidell takes you on a journey into the past to show you what really happened and how it all could spiral into more than four years of dire war. Subscribe to our channel and don’t miss our new episodes every Thursday.
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The Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
The Treaty of Adrianople (also called the Treaty of Edirne) concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It was signed on 14 September 1829 in Adrianople by Count Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov of Russia and by Abdülkadir Bey (tr) of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire gave Russia access to the mouths of the Danube and the fortresses of Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki in Georgia. The Sultan recognized Russia's possession of Georgia (with Imeretia, Mingrelia, Guria) and of the Khanates of Erivan and Nakhichevan which had been ceded to the tsar by Persia in the Treaty of Turkmenchay a year earlier. The treaty opened the Dardanelles to all commercial vessels, thus liberating commerce for cereals, live stocks and wood. However, it took the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (1833) to finally settle the Straits Question between the signatories.
Under the Treaty of Adrianople, the Sultan reguaranteed the previously promised autonomy to Serbia, promised autonomy for Greece, and allowed Russia to occupy Moldavia and Wallachia until the Ottoman Empire had paid a large indemnity. However, under the modifications the later Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, these indemniİties were sharply curtailed. The treaty also fixed the border between the Ottoman Empire and Wallachia on the thalweg of the Danube, transferring to Wallachia the rule of the rayas of Turnu, Giurgiu and Brăila.
In popular culture
The Treaty of Adrianople is mentioned several times in The General, an episode of the 1960s British TV Series The Prisoner.
The Treaty of Adrianople of 1568
The Treaty of Adrianople of 1568 or Treaty of Edirne of 1568, named after the Ottoman city of Adrianople (present-day Edirne), and signed on February 17, 1568 between Maximilian II and Selim II. It concluded the Austro-Turkish War (1566-1568) after Battle of Szigetvár, and brought a period of 25 years of (relative) peace between both Empires.
Maximilian's ambasadors Croatian Antun Vrančić and Styrian Christoph Teuffenbach had arrived in Istanbul on 26 August, 1567. Serious discussions with Sokollu Mehmed Pasha presumably began after the ambasadors' ceremonial audience with Selim II. After five months negotiations, agreement had been reached by 17 February, and the Treaty of Adrianople was signed on 21 February 1568, ending the war between the Austrian and Ottoman empires. The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, agreed to pay an annual present of 30,000 ducats and essentially granted the Ottomans authority in Transylvania, Moldavia and Walachia.
How The Ottoman Empire Captured Adrianople
Sometime between 1361 and 1371, the Byzantine city of Adrianople was captured by the Ottoman Turks. The details and chronology are obscure and debated among modern scholars, with some authors making the hypothesis that the city was reconquered and that there were two different sieges.
After the fall of the city, it became the new capital of the Ottoman state as Edirne, which it remained until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
By 1354, Ottoman forces were already settled in Gelibolu in European portion of the Byzantine Empire and they were advancing. Although they had to halt their advance because of the event known as Kidnapping of Şehzade Halil between 1357-1359, after Halil's rescue they resumed their advance. Main target of the advance was Adrianople, which was the third important Byzantine city (after Constantinople and Thessalonica).
Initial operations
Şehzade Murat (Future Murat I) was in charge of the operations. In 1359 he concentrated on the forts to the east of Edirne obviously to isolate the city from the capital. He captured Çorlu and Lüleburgaz. He also took precations to isolate the city from the south. He sent his two generals Hacı İlbey and Gazi Evrenos to Meriç River (Maritza) valley. Hacı İlbey captured Didymoteicho (now in Greece) Gazi Evrenos captured Keşan. When Murat decided that the city was fully isolated he called back his generals for a general offensive.
Capture of the city
Murat's camp was in Babaeski, 55 kilometres (34 mi) from Edirne. But vanguard units under Lala Şahin Pasha were much closer to the city and the Byzantine governor, supported by Bulgarians tried to raid the vanguard units in a location named Sazlıdere, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south east of the city. But they were repelled. Although they were able to return to Edirne, after a flood of the river, the demoralized Byzantine governor, left the city. Left to themselves, the city's residents decided to surrender conditionally. Murat agreed not to force religious conversion. Finally on 5 May 1361 Murat captured the city rather peacefully.
Date controversy
Other historians, relying on Byzantine and other sources, favour 1369 or even dates after 1371, the siege being directed not by Murat but by Turkish beys only nominally vassals to the Ottomans (since from 1366 to 1377 communications between Thrace and Anatolia were interrupted). The Ottomans could then perhaps have taken direct control of the city only in the late 1370s.
Edirne as a capital
Lala Şahin was declared the first beylerbey of Rumeli (Ottoman Thrace) and Murat moved to recently captured Didymeteicho to continue his operations. After his father's death and construction a palace in Edirne, he declared Edirne as the new capital.
Втори лекционен тур с Лъчезар Бояджиев - 11 юни 2016 г.
Въведение в съвременното изкуство 2016 – София
Лекционни турове с Лъчезар Бояджиев
Втори тур - 11 юни 2016 г.
Тема: тела в града, човекът в действие и формиране на културното наследство - как се присъства в градската среда и как се формират музеите, какво е отношението между човек и наследство и как то бива интерпретирано, пресъздавано и преосмисляно в съвременното изкуство.
Маршрут: Църквата „Св. Неделя“, площад между Министерски съвет и Президенството, Ларгото, Църква „Св. Петка Самарджийска“, КАТ, бивш квартал „Червена звезда“, ул. „Николай Хайтов“, Музей на социалистическото изкуство
За шестото си издание в София платформата Въведение в съвременното изкуство стартира новия формат лекционни турове с художника Лъчезар Бояджиев. Платформата продължава образователната си линия за създаване на познание и съзнание за съвременното изкуство, а новият формат цели да предложи нов подход за включване на публиката и възприемането на изкуството и градската среда в по-широк контекст.
През май, юни, септември и октомври 2016 г. ще се проведат четири лекционни тура, всеки един от които със своя собствена тема, концепция и маршрут на различни локации в София в градска среда, паметници, галерии и музеи. Туровете са насочени към хора, които се занимават или интересуват от съвременно изкуство, но не е необходима предварителна подготовка или образование.
Повече информация:
Камера и монтаж: Калин Серапионов
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„Въведение в съвременното изкуство” е проект на Фондация „Отворени изкуства” и Галерия SARIEV Contemporary.
Проектът „Въведение в съвременното изкуство” 2016 – София е финансиран от Столична програма „Култура” на Столична община за 2016 г.
С подкрепата на награда „Гауденц Б. Руф”.
Партньори: Национална художествена галерия
Медийни партньори: Виж! София, Timeart.me, Stand.bg, artnewscafé бюлетин, егоист.
Eastern Thrace Front Expedition May 2018
With my friends from Istanbul(Constantinople) we made a 16 hour trip to explore the battlefields of the Eastern Thrace front of the 1st Balkan War. We visited Edirne (Adrianople), the battle line of the Battle of Kirikilise (Kirklareli), the battle line of Lule-Burgas-Buanhisr(Pinahisar), and then the battle lines at Chatalza(Catalca). We made stops at the Redoubts of Edirne, of Kirklareli, the villages of Koyunbaba (Kujun-Gjaw), Kararagac, and the Hamidiye redoubt at Hamidkoy, Chatadja.
There will be pictures at my blog LeadheadPhD (link will be added when the post is up)
You can find drone footage of the Hidirlik Redoubt in Edirne here
All mistakes of toponyms, historical narrative, and pronunciation are mine. The shoddy camera work is also my fault.
Thank you to Onur Buyuran, Doruk Akyuz, Bekir Becit, Nacho Perez Sanchez for joining me, and making this trip happen.
You can see the sources we consulted for our research in the video.
Enjoy!
Mostar Old Bridge Stari Most UNESCO Site
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Stari Most (English: Old Bridge) is a reconstruction of a 16th-century Ottoman bridge in the city of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina that crosses the river Neretva and connects two parts of the city. The Old Bridge stood for 427 years, until it was destroyed on 9 November 1993 by Croat forces during the Croat–Bosniak War. Subsequently, a project was set in motion to reconstruct it, and the rebuilt bridge opened on 23 July 2004.
One of the country's most recognizable landmarks, it is also considered one of the most exemplary pieces of Islamic architecture in the Balkans and was designed by Mimar Hayruddin, a student and apprentice of the famous architect Mimar Sinan
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The Ottoman Coup D'état Of 1913
The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (January 23, 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı Âlî). During the coup, the Minister of the Navy Nazım Pasha was assassinated and the Grand Vizier, Kâmil Pasha, was forced to resign. After the coup, the government fell into the hands of the Committee of Union and Progress, now under the leadership of the triumvirate known as the Three Pashas, made up of Enver, Talaat, and Djemal Pasha.
In 1911, the Freedom and Accord Party (also known as the Liberal Union or Liberal Entente), Kâmil Pasha's party, was formed in opposition to the CUP and almost immediately won the by-elections in Istanbul. Alarmed, the CUP rigged the general elections of 1912 with electoral fraud and violence against Freedom and Accord, earning them the nickname Election of Clubs (Turkish: Sopalı Seçimler). In response, the Savior Officers (Turkish: Halâskâr Zâbitân) of the army, partisans of Freedom and Accord determined to see the CUP fall, rose up in anger and caused the fall of the CUP's post-election Mehmed Said Pasha government. A new government was formed under Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, but it too was dissolved after a few months in October 1912 after the sudden outbreak of the First Balkan War.
After gaining the permission of sultan Mehmed V to form a new government in late October 1912, Freedom and Accord leader Kâmil Pasha sat down to diplomatic talks with Bulgaria after the unsuccessful First Balkan War. Using the Bulgarian demand for the cession of the former Ottoman capital city of Edirne (Adrianople) as a pretext, the CUP carried out the raid on the Sublime Porte. After the coup, opposition parties like Freedom and Accord were subject to heavy repression and their leaders arrested or exiled to Europe, while many CUP members were put into power. Coup leader Enver Bey (later Pasha), soon to be Minister of War, withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the ongoing London Peace Conference and moved it closer to Germany ahead of World War I.
While the inner circle of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) may already have decided earlier to stage a coup to regain power from the Freedom and Accord Party, the proximate occasion was the CUP's fear that the government would concede to a demand by the Great Powers that the town of Edirne (ancient Adrianople and a former Ottoman capital city from 1365 to 1453) should be handed over to Bulgaria after the disastrous results of the First Balkan War for the Ottoman Empire.
In the 1908 elections, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) had only managed to win about 60 of the 288 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (Turkish: Meclis-i Mebusân, the popularly-elected lower house of the General Assembly, the Ottoman parliament). Nevertheless, it was the largest party in the Chamber.
The Freedom and Accord Party (Liberal Union/Entente) was founded on 21 November 1911 by those in opposition to the CUP, and immediately attracted 70 Deputies to its ranks. Only 20 days after its formation, Freedom and Accord won the December 1911 by-elections conducted in Istanbul by one vote. The ruling CUP, seeing the potential of Freedom and Accord to win next year's general elections, took several precautions. Hoping to thwart the nascent Freedom and Accord's efforts to grow its ranks and better organize itself, the CUP asked Sultan Mehmed V to dissolve the Chamber and announced its call for early general elections in January 1912.
These early April 1912 general elections were known infamously as the Election of Clubs (Turkish: Sopalı Seçimler) after the beating of opposition (Freedom and Accord) candidates for the Chamber of Deputies with weapons like clubs and sticks as well being marred by electoral fraud and violence in favor of the CUP. The fraud included early balloting, secret counting and reporting of votes, ballot stuffing, reapportioning electoral districts, and more, although the CUP still enjoyed genuine support outside of the cities. The results of the elections had CUP win 269 of 275 seats in the Chamber, with Freedom and Accord only netting 6 Deputies.
Osmanlı Donanması Selanik ' te - 1911
Sultan Mehmed Reşâd , 7 Haziran 1911 tarihinde Rumeli ziyaretine Selanik ile başlar. Kendisi Barbaros Hayreddin Zırhlısında bulunmaktaydı. Diğer maiyet erkanı Mesudiye Zırhlısı ile Gülcemal ve Reşid paşa Vapurlarında bulunuyordu. Turgutreis Zırhlısı , Hamidiye kruvazörü, Yunus torpidosu, Ertuğrul yatı , Barbaros zırhlısına refakat ettiler. Mithat paşa vapuru ise İzmir 'den halkı Selanik ' e getirmişti.
Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han ve Türbesi
Türk ve Dünya tarihinin en önemli hükümdarlarından biri, Istanbul'u fethederek peygamber Efendimiz'in (sav) müjdesine ermiş kutlu komutan, 7 dil bilen, Âlim, Şair, mühendis, mimar gibi vasıflara sahip muhteşem padişah Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han ve Türbesi...
The history of the Jews in Turkey
The history of the Jews in Turkey covers the 2,400 years that Jews have lived in what is now Turkey. There have been Jewish communities in Asia Minor since at least the 5th century B.C. and many Spanish and Portuguese Jews expelled from Spain were welcomed into the Ottoman Empire (including regions part of modern Turkey) in the late 15th century (see History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire), twenty centuries later. Despite emigration during the 20th century, modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population.
The ancient Israelites were known to have imported honeybees from Anatolia, the Asian part of present-day Turkey. A team of Israeli archaeologists found some 30 intact hives made of straw and unbaked clay, and evidence that there had been over 100-200 more, on the site of the joint Israelite-Canaanite city of Tel Rehov. According to some evidence, the bees were probably imported from the region because they were easier to handle than the bees of the Israelites, which had proved to be extremely aggressive.
According to Jewish scripture, Noah's Ark landed on the top of Mount Ararat, a mountain in the Taurus range in Eastern Anatolia, near the present-day borders of Turkey, Armenia, and Iran. Flavius Josephus, Jewish historian of the first century, notes Jewish origins for many of the cities in Asia Minor, though much of his sourcing for these passages is traditional.[6] New Testament mention of Jewish populations in Anatolia is widespread: Iconium (now: Konya) is said to have a synagogue in Acts 14:1, and Ephesus is mentioned as having a synagogue in Acts 19:1 and in Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians. The Epistle to the Galatians is likewise directed at an area of Anatolia which once held an established Jewish population. Based on physical evidence, there has been a Jewish community in Asia Minor since the 4th century BC, most notably in the city of Sardis. The subsequent Roman and Byzantine Empires included sizable Greek-speaking Jewish communities in their Anatolian domains which seem to have been relatively well-integrated and enjoyed certain legal immunities. The size of the Jewish community was not greatly affected by the attempts of some Byzantine emperors (most notably Justinian) to forcibly convert the Jews of Anatolia to Christianity, as these attempts met with very little success. The exact picture of the status of the Jews in Asia Minor under Byzantine rule is still being researched by historians. Although there is some evidence of occasional hostility by the Byzantine populations and authorities, no systematic persecution of the type endemic at that time in western Europe (pogroms, the stake, mass expulsions, etc.) is believed to have occurred in Byzantium.
The first Jewish synagogue linked to Ottoman rule is Etz ha-Hayyim (Hebrew: עץ החיים Lit. Tree of Life) in Bursa which passed to Ottoman authority in 1324. The synagogue is still in use, although the modern Jewish population of Bursa has shrunk to about 140 people.
The status of Jewry in the Ottoman Empire often hinged on the whims of the Sultan. So, for example, while Murad III ordered that the attitude of all non-Muslims should be one of humility and abjection and should not live near Mosques or tall buildings or own slaves, others were more tolerant.
The first major event in Jewish history under Turkish rule took place after the Empire gained control over Constantinople. After Sultan Mehmed II's Conquest of Constantinople he found the city in a state of disarray. After suffering many sieges, a devastating conquest by Catholic Crusaders in 1204 and even a case of the Black Death in 1347, the city was a shade of its former glory. As Mehmed wanted the city as his new capital, he decreed the rebuilding of the city. And in order to revivify Constantinople he ordered that Muslims, Christians and Jews from all over his empire be resettled in the new capital. Within months most of the Empires Romaniote Jews, from the Balkans and Anatolia, were concentrated in Constantinople, where they made up 10% of the city's population. But at the same time the forced resettlement, though not intended as an anti-Jewish measure, was perceived as an expulsion by the Jews. Despite this interpretation however, the Romaniotes would be the most influential community in the Empire for a few decades to come, until that position would be lost to a wave of new Jewish arrivals.
The number of native Jews was soon bolstered by small groups of Ashkenazi Jews that immigrated to the Ottoman Empire between 1421 and 1453. Among these new Ashkenazi immigrants was Rabbi Yitzhak Sarfati, a German-born Jew of French descent (Hebrew: צרפתי – Sarfati, meaning: French), who became the Chief Rabbi of Edirne and wrote a letter inviting the European Jewry to settle in the Ottoman Empire, in which he stated that: Turkey is a land wherein nothing is lacking and asking: Is it not better for you to live under Muslims than under Christians?