Bent Pyramid of Sneferu, Dahshur, Egypt (HD)
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⬥⬥⬥Bent Pyramid Facts⬥⬥⬥
⮚ The Bent Pyramid was built around 2600 BC at the royal necropolis (ancient cemetery) of Dashur. This archaeological site is approximately 24 miles (40 kilometers) south of Cairo on the west bank of the Nile River.
⮚ This pyramid was built by the Old Kingdom pharaoh Sneferu who reigned over ancient Egypt from 2575 to 2551 BC. He was also responsible for the construction of the famous Red Pyramid and the Medium Pyramid.
⮚ This structure is called the Bent Pyramid because of the change in angle from 54 degrees to 43 degrees approximately half way to its peak.
⮚ The structures original height was 344 feet (105 meters).
Unlike most of the pyramids in Egypt the Bent Pyramids exterior polished limestone casing is still largely intact; making it one of the best preserved pyramids.
⮚ The ancient Egyptians did not call this pyramid the Bent Pyramid; their name for it is subject to translation and was either Sneferu is Shining in the South or The Southern Shining Pyramid.
⮚ This structure was significant in the evolution of pyramid making in ancient Egypt due to the fact it was the first pyramid to have been constructed as a true pyramid, with smooth sides, not a step pyramid.
⮚ There are no drawings or writing anywhere on the pyramid.
Another aspect of this pyramid that makes it unusual, besides its odd shape, is the fact that it has two entrances.
⬥⬥⬥Theories on Why the Bent Pyramid is Bent⬥⬥⬥
⮚ The most widely accepted theory on why the angle of the pyramid was changed was to avoid the structure collapsing. It is believed the builders may have noticed signs of weakness in the structure during construction and altered the angle to avoid its collapse. The fact that the next pyramid project by Sneferu, the Red Pyramid, was built at a shallower angle of 43 degrees seems to support this theory and indicate that the builders learned from their mistake.
⮚ One theory is that the angle of the pyramid was changed to speed up the project. The shallower angle meant less stone was needed to complete the building. Some people have theorized that the pharaoh was aging and feared the pyramid (his tomb) would not be completed before his death. This seems unlikely because Sneferu went on to build the Red Pyramid after the Bent Pyramid; he obviously lived many years after the completion of the Bent Pyramid.
⮚ The least accepted theory is that the bent shape of the pyramid was planned from the start. Perhaps for some unknown religious reason.
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Recorded : July 2019
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Egypt Bent Pyramid Dashur Entrance open after 54 years ! Megalithic Maiden Documentary 2019
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Egypt Bent Pyramid Dashur Entrance open after 54 years ! Megalithic Maiden Documentary 2019
Ancient Monuments of Egypt in 4K Ultra HD
The stunning sites and monuments of Ancient Egypt, built between 4.6 and 2 thousand years ago.
Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
- Pyramid fields of Giza, Saqqara and Dahshur
- Ancient Thebes (Luxor) with its necropolis
- Nubian monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae.
Locations in the video: The Pyramids of Giza (0:01) - built for the pharaohs Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chefren), The Sphynx, Khufu Solar Boat (1:03), Djoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara (2:11), Dahshur- Sneferu's Red Pyramid (2:46), Dahshur-Bent Pyramid (3:16), Ancient Thebes/Luxor: Karnak Temple (3:47), Luxor Temple (6:23), Valley of the Kings (7:24), Hatshepsut Temple (8:28), Colossi of Memnon (9:13), Baloon Flight over the West Bank of Nile (9:31), Deir el-Medina (11:47), Medinet Habu Temple (12:14), Ramesseum (13:59), Temple of Edfu (14:52), Temple of Kom Ombo (15:28), Aswan: Philae Temples (16:38), Abu Simbel (18:03).
Recorded April 2017 in 4K Ultra HD with Sony AX100.
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MIND BLOWING Recent Egyptian Discoveries
Egypt never disappoints when it comes to new and exciting discoveries, and the past few years have rewarded archeologists with the most intriguing and fascinating discoveries. Not only that, but with the continual improvements in technology, we’re making new discoveries out of old discoveries, and today we’re going to see what’s been happening in Egypt over the last few years.
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7 - Garden of Eden…
For quite some time, archaeologists have suspected that the ancient Egyptians planted gardens at the entrance of their tombs but had never found concrete evidence. All they had was illustrations on the inside of tomb walls, but a recent discovery has finally yielded the proof they needed. They found a garden on the Dra Abu el-Naga hill in Luxor. It was a 3 x 2-meter garden and Dr Jose Manuel Galán of the Spanish National Research Council believes it’s doing to provide fabulous information about botany and environment conditions from 4,000-years ago!
6 - Beneath the surface…
At one point in time in ancient Egypt, the kings of Kush were in power, but when Aspelta came into power - 593–568 BC, the Kush only ruled their own kingdom but still referred to themselves as the kings of Egypt. Excavations have continued where they were based, which is at Dangeil in Sudan. Archeologists have been spending time inside a temple of the Egyptian god Amun, and they have recently picked up sought after fragments and managed to piece together the face of Aspelta. Thought to be 2,600-years old, Aspelta was said to be “king of Upper and Lower Egypt”. The building where the discovery was made was abandoned, yet other bodies have been found buried there and no one knows where they come from or who those people were.
5 - Try and try again…
This is a great story of try and try again. Roughly 4,600-years ago, King Sneferu of the 4th Dynasty built the very first smooth-sided pyramid. He didn’t get it right first time though and had a rather embarrassing failure with his “bent” pyramid. His first attempt saw the pyramid change from a 54-degree angle at the base to 43-degrees halfway up. King Sneferu’s son succeeded him and it was largely thanks to him the Great Pyramid at Giza was built. Now, just south of all this is the royal cemetery of Dahshur where a new pyramid was recently discovered. This one is from the Middle Kingdom and believed to belong to King Ameni Ka Mauw who ruled during the 13th Dynasty. The pyramid had 10 lines of hieroglyphic text which experts are still busy trying to translate.
4 - It’s all there…
An intact tomb was found at Qubbet el-Hawa, Aswan, which is an area well-known for great finds. 14 tombs of members of the ruling class of the river island of Elephantine were discovered and in March 2017, yet another tomb was uncovered. The occupant is believed to be a brother of Sarenput II, an important governor of the 12th Dynasty. The best part was that the tomb was in such excellent condition and there was a range of funerary goods inside, including some pottery, wooden figures, two cedar coffins and the mummy as well as the mask were all well-preserved.
3 - The search has ended…
Quite a while back, in 1907, two mummies were discovered that ended up causing a lot of frustration for researchers. They were found 250-miles South of Cairo side-by-side and estimated to be 4,000 years old. Named Khnum-Nakht and Nakht-Ankh, they’re thought to be royalty due to their rich tombs. On each coffin was the name Khnum-Aa, a female name that many believe to be their mother. Only recently have scientists been able to confirm this information, and they’ve also managed to figure out that the brothers were half-brothers born 20-years apart.
2 - Ankle Deep…
We’re back in Luxor where 8 mummies were recently found in a tomb. It was April of 2018 when these mummies were found alongside more than 1,000 statues and several coffins inside an ancient noble’s tomb near the Valley of the Kings. What made the discovery a little unusual was that the coffins were beautifully decorated in red, blue, black, green, and yellow… excavations continue.
1...
Classic Egypt 10 Day Itinerary ????????| From Cairo, Luxor, Dahabiya Nile Cruise, and Aswan
This is the complete look of what a 10 day Egypt Itinerary is like. Following the path of Ancient Egypt, we started in Cairo and moved down to Luxor, and Aswan with Djed Egypt Travel. The best part had to have been our Dahabiya Nile Cruise. This was a trip of a lifetime. Open this up to learn more ↓
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- The Egypt travel feels -
- Dahabiya Nile Cruise - (coming soon)
- Is travel in Egypt safe? - (coming soon)
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Full 10 Day Egypt Itinerary -
How to pick your Nile cruise -
Things to know before going to Egypt -
???? PLACES FEATURED
[CAIRO]
- Comfort Pyramids Inn 0:53
- The Great Pyramid 1:07
- Khufu's Pyramid King's Chamber 1:18
- Camel Ride at Panorama 1:32
- The Great Sphinx 1:40
- Bent Pyramid 1:50
- Bent Pyramid King's Chamber 1:51
- Step Pyramid 2:05
- Pyramid of Teti 2:19
- Saqqara Farmhouse Lunch 2:25
- Golden Eagle Papyrus 2:30
- Traditional Egyptian Breakfast 2:57
- Egyptian Museum 3:17
- Old Cairo 4:36
- Khan al-Khalili 4:55
- Koshary Abou Tarek 5:01
- Koueider Ice Cream 5:20
[LUXOR]
- Luxor Temple 5:39
- Karnak Temple 6:01
- Sofra Restaurant & Cafe 6:16
- Local Falafel Shop - 6:50
- Valley of the Kings 7:04
- Temple of Hatshepsut 8:04
- Valley of the Nobles 8:21
- Sekhmet Alabaster Shop 8:32
- Medinet Habu Temple 8:45
- Colossi of Memnon 8:58
- Sofra Restaurant & Cafe 9:10
- Villa Nile House 9:22
[DAHABIYA]
- Temple of Khnum 9:32
- Esna Market 9:46
- Dahabiya Nile Cruise on the Loulia 9:57
- El-Kab Tombs 11:22
- Temple of Edfu 13:07
- Petroglyphs at Wadi El Shat 14:06
- Village of El Hamam 14:24
- Gebel el Silsia 15:11
- Temple of Kom Ombo 16:09
- Daraw Camel Market 16:35
- Daraw Market 16:43
- Harbeyab Village 17:06
[ASWAN]
- Abu Simbel Temple Complex 18:06
- Local Seafood Restaurant 18:34
- Basma Hotel 18:42
⛵ MORE ON DJED EGYPT TRAVEL
This whole trip happened thanks to Djed Egypt Travel. You can check them out here:
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Egypt Sphinx - Close Look 2017
Egypt Sphinx Close Look
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We visited the Egyptian Pyramids! | Pyramids of Giza
Visiting the Pyramids of Giza is one of our top lifetime travel achievements or bucket list. The pyramids left us speechless and we felt a little emotional when we saw them with our own eyes. It is difficult to describe how magnificent they are.
We spent the whole morning in the Giza plateau. Still can't help to marvel at the beauty of these pyramids because they are gorgeous from every angle.
The Pyramids of Giza is the last of the Seven Wonders of the World still standing. The Great Pyramid (Pyramid of Khufu) is so huge. We can’t even see the top when we stand beside it! Can you imagine how ancient people stack all these massive stones to build this pyramid?
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Hello everyone! We are Janet and Vincent, young travel couple vlogger from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. We both are passionate about travel and even graduated with a tourism major. We want to share our insider travel experience so that everyone can get inspired and travel like us!
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Geography of Ancient Egypt
Mr. Richey gives a quick introduction to the geography of ancient Egypt, discussing the importance of the Nile River and revealing the key locations of Egyptian landmarks and cities (Memphis, Thebes, Amarna). This will be most useful for World History and Geography students preparing for map quizzes on ancient Egypt.
EGYPT, EXPLORING the GREAT PYRAMID of KHUFU (CHEOPS), world's largest & most famous (GIZA)
SUBSCRIBE: - Let's go visit the Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) which is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.
Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base.
Egypt, a country linking northeast Africa with the Middle East, dates to the time of the pharaohs. Millennia-old monuments sit along the fertile Nile River Valley, including Giza's colossal Pyramids and Great Sphinx as well as Luxor's hieroglyph-lined Karnak Temple and Valley of the Kings tombs. The capital, Cairo, is home to Ottoman landmarks like Muhammad Ali Mosque and the Egyptian Museum, a trove of antiquities.
Vic Stefanu, vstefanu@yahoo.com.
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The Mystery Of The Pyramids: Egypt Detectives (Ancient Egypt Documentary) | Timeline
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Intrigue and mystery have always surrounded the pyramids. Mysteries abound about how and why they were built, but questions still remain unanswered about where they were constructed. With Miriam investigating the geology of the Nile Valley and Dominic the Egyptian religion and myth, the Egypt Detectives try and piece together some logic behind the geography of the royal tombs.
Content licensed from Eastwest Documentaries. Any queries, please contact us at: realstories@littledotstudios.com
Produced by FulcrumTV and Exploration Production
Egypt breakthrough: ‘Discovery of a lifetime!’ Major surprise found inside Great Pyramid- Brexit ...
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The Great Pyramid of Giza, which still stands prominently in the El Giza complex of Egypt, is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, built over more than 20 years for the Pharaoh Khufu. This ancient king’s body, who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty, has never been discovered. However, that could soon change. Related articles Professor Bettany Hughes will reveal during her new Channel 5 show tonight – “Egypt’s Greatest Treasures” - how archaeologists have uncovered the “discovery of a lifetime”. She told Express.co.uk exclusively: “It’s incredibly exciting that a sizeable void within the Great Pyramid of Giza has been found. “There still needs to be more investigation to explore and to work out exactly what this chamber is, why it was made, what it contains. “But it’s not impossible that this could turn out to be another burial place, maybe even a central, hidden burial space within the pyramid. Bettany Hughes explored the depths of the Great Pyramid (Image: GETTY) Bettany Hughe's Channel 5 show will air tonight at 9PM (Image: CHANNEL 5) It’s incredibly exciting that a sizeable void within the Great Pyramid of Giza has been foundBettany Hughes“This is why history is so dynamic and exciting, there are always new possibilities waiting to be discovered and ex...
Travel to Egypt with the Olivers | Egyptian Video & Travelogue | Egypt Nile River Cruise
Visit my Travelogue on EGYPT at:
We landed in Cairo and stayed one night before our hour long flight South to begin our journey the next morning. The first week of our trip was spent exploring ancient Egyptian Temples and tombs as we cruised down the mighty river that has been the lifeblood of Egypt's monumental civilizations for millennia, the Nile River. After the first week we took the flight back to Cairo, Egypt to visit that great city, the ancient city of Memphis and the Pyramids of Giza.
The stark Sahara landscape of Egypt is sliced through the middle by the fertile green strip of the eternal Nile River. We explore ancient temples and tombs as we cruise down the mighty river that has been the lifeblood of Egypt's monumental civilizations for millennia.
After years of dreaming about this ancient land I was finally there. Everywhere we went children followed us and the Egyptian people said: Welcome to Egypt and comedians said: Welcome to Alaska; the food was delicious; and the sites I had only read and heard about unfolded before me. Security was evident everywhere we traveled and the armed Egyptian Tourism Authority followed us, descretely keeping their distance. Our ship had 90 passengers and 90 crew members.
Along our cruise route, we visited the renowned temples of Luxor including the Karnak Temple at Luxor; the Necropolis of Ancient Thebes, where the treasures of King Tut Tutankhamen were discovered; the enormous, well-preserved Temple of Horus at Edfu; and Egypt's only double temple at Kom Ombo. We also took the hour long flight from Aswan to visit the Temple of Abu-Simbel where the group photo was taken.
The enormous temple complex of Karnak was called by the ancient Egyptians the most perfect of places and today is one of the most fascinating sites in Egypt. We walk through the breathtaking Hall of Pillars, and see the tallest obelisk in Egypt, raised by Queen Hatshepsut in honor of Amun, still standing nearly 100' high.
Valley of the Kings has many tombs chiseled deep into the cliffsides. It's where Howard Carter discovered the treasures of Tutankhamen. In the valley of the Kings we saw the tomb of Ramses, containing some of the best-preserved and most colorful hieroglyphs with scenes from the reigns of Amenhophis III and Akhneten. Many of the artifacts recovered from King Tut's Tomb are now in the Cairo Museum.
The entrance to the Valley of the Kings was well guarded and the trek up into the hills was partially accomplished by a motorized tram. Safaa brought us into the vibrantly painted tomb of Ramses VI were we saw some of the best-preserved and most colorful hieroglyphs with scenes from the reigns of Amenhophis III and Akhneten. A couple of us made the long trek up the hot, barren slope, by foot, to the 3,000 year old tomb of Tuthmosis IV. We walked deep into the earth to see the giant sargophagus and bones of the pharaoh. We also walked into the tomb of King Tut (Tutankamen), over 70 years after Howard Carter and Lord Carnavon, in 1922, discovered the Golden Treasures of the young king that was murdered early in his reign. The body of Tut still resides in the tomb while the 22.5 pound gold mask and other valuables found in the tomb were moved to the museum in Cairo. (We saw them later in our trip.) We spoke to the American Archologist that discovered the graves of 62 of Ramses II's sons, in 1997, outside of his now famous KV5 dig (this site was not open to the general public.).
Watch a video when we flew south, 40 minutes, from Aswan to Abu Simbel and spent the morning exploring the colossal monuments carved into solid rock 3,000 years ago. The massive temple was built by Egypt's great Pharaoh Ramses II as a tribute to the deities and his favorite wife Nefretari. Four colossal statues, 60 feet high and directly facing the rising sun, are all of the pharaoh himself, with his queen and daughters at his feet. More tremendous statues surround you as you enter the temple. And in the very depths of the temple. Ramses sits in state flanked by the gods to whom the construction is dedicated.
The Great Pyramids of Giza is the site of one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Everyone was amazed at the closeness of the pyramids to the city. After decending down several meters then sharply up we got into the center of the pyramid (something that I had dreamed about for years). The entry hole was about 4 feet square and required us to bend over and negotiate the slope going into the giant pile of limestone.
Of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, only the pyramids at Giza remain standing. There are at least 80 pyramids in Egypt, and another 130 smaller ones built later in the Sudan.
Sakkara, Egypt
Sakkara, Egypt
(click on 360p in right lower corner and change to 720HD for best video quality - but slower download)
How the Pyramids of Egypt were really built Addendum - Shaping the blocks
An additional animation describing how water could be used as a level during the shaping process of the blocks, used in the construction of the Giza Pyramid.
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About the book:
When construction project manager Chris Massey set off on a surprise trip to Egypt it seemed he was in for a relaxing time - a cruise down the Nile, a hot air balloon ride over the Valley of the Kings, sunbathing by the Red Sea and guided tours of the most spectacular ancient structures in the world...
But wherever he looked, he saw problems with the perceived wisdom on how the pyramids, temples and tombs of the pharaohs were built:
If limestone blocks were dragged up a mud brick ramp to be placed at the top of the Great Pyramid, where is the evidence of this huge ramp? How could materials such as wooden rollers and mud bricks take the strain put on them by tons of stone? Thousands of men are supposed to have dragged the building blocks across the desert in the searing heat - how did the ancient project managers keep morale up amongst the dusty and tired workforce?
Surely there must have been an easier way? Massey looked around him and saw the greatest resource available to the Egyptians - the waters of the mighty Nile.
This engaging account is the result of Massey's pool-side ponderings, in which he gives a detailed alternative theory of how the ancient Egyptians could have used water to their advantage to make pyramid building much easier.
EGYPT, EXPLORING the magnificent PYRAMID OF CHEPHREN or KHAFRE in GIZA, full tour
SUBSCRIBE: - Let's visit the Pyramid of Khafre or of Chephren which is the second-tallest and second-largest of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza and the tomb of the Fourth-Dynasty pharaoh Khafre (Chefren), who ruled from c. 2558 to 2532 BC.
The pyramid has a base length of 215.5 m (706 ft) and rises up to a height of 136.4 metres (448 ft). The pyramid is made of limestone blocks weighing more than 2 tons each. The slope of the pyramid rises at a 53° 13' angle, steeper than its neighbor, the Pyramid of Khufu, which has an angle of 51°50'24. The pyramid sits on bedrock 10 m (33 ft) higher than Khufu’s pyramid, which makes it appear to be taller.
The pyramid is built of horizontal courses. The stones used at the bottom are very large, but as the pyramid rises, the stones become smaller, becoming only 50 cm (20 in) thick at the apex. The courses are rough and irregular for the first half of its height but a narrow band of regular masonry is clear in the midsection of the pyramid. At the northwest corner of the pyramid, the bedrock was fashioned into steps. Casing stones cover the top third of the pyramid, but the pyramidion and part of the apex are missing.
Egypt, a country linking northeast Africa with the Middle East, dates to the time of the pharaohs. Millennia-old monuments sit along the fertile Nile River Valley, including Giza's colossal Pyramids and Great Sphinx as well as Luxor's hieroglyph-lined Karnak Temple and Valley of the Kings tombs. The capital, Cairo, is home to Ottoman landmarks like Muhammad Ali Mosque and the Egyptian Museum, a trove of antiquities.
#VicStefanu
Vic Stefanu, vstefanu@yahoo.com.
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???? Journey through Egypt and Jordan
A journey through Egypt and Jordan including:
- Cairo including Egyptian Museum, Khan el Khalili bazaar, Citadel of Cairo, Mohammad Ali mosque, Nile dinner cruise, papyrus and perfume stores
- Pyramids and Sphinx on Giza Plateau; step pyramid at Saqqara; and Bent and Red pyramids at Dashur
- Trip to Aswan via sleeper train and then activities including Abu Simbel, Temple of Philae, felucca on Nile, camel ride, Nubian village, Kom Ombo and Edfu
- Visit to Luxor including Luxor Temple, Karnak Temple, Valley of the Kings, Temple of Hatshepsut and balloon flight over west bank of Nile
- Drive from Cairo to St. Catherine in the Sinai (under the Suez Canal); early morning climb up Mt. Sinai; stay at resort on Red Sea at Nuweiba; and ferry crossing from Nuweiba to Aqaba (Jordan)
- Aqaba (Jordan) to Wadi Rum; 4x4 drive around Wadi Rum; New Year's Eve at Al Zawaideh Desert Camp (Wadi Rum); and King's Highway to Petra
- Visit to Little Petra and Petra (Treasury, hike to High Place of Sacrifice and the Monastery)
- Visit to Crusader castles at Shobak and Karek, Dead Sea, Mount Nebo, Madaba and Amman
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Egypt 4: Pyramids
The Pyramids are amazing technological wonders. But the knowledge required to build the Pyramids had to be developed over time. Dr. Neiman explains the origins and progression of the pyramid structure.
Dr. David Neiman (1921-2004) was an internationally renowned scholar, speaker, and writer who inspired many people. His life's work concerned the intricate relations between Christianity, Islam, and Judaism throughout history and in modern times. Dr. Neiman made history come alive through his dramatic presentations and unique interpretations. In light of our current world situation, Dr. Neiman's work is not only extremely relevant but also remarkably prescient. More than anything, Dr. Neiman was a keen observer of the human condition. His words convey our shared history with clarity, humor, and humanity. Dr. Neiman was the first Jewish scholar appointed to teach Religion at Boston College, one of America's leading Catholic Universities. He served as Professor in the Department of Theology for a quarter of a century. While there he was also invited to teach at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. After retiring from Boston College, Dr.Neiman moved to Los Angeles, where he taught at Loyola Marymount University, St. John' s Seminary in Camarillo and the University of Judaism in Bel Air.
Photo Credits:
Bent Pyramid
Kristina from Magdeburg, Germany (Wikipedia Commons)
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
Is this the Second Sphinx of Giza in Egypt? | Ancient Architects
One of my very first videos, back in October 2017 looked at the hypothesis that there was once a second Sphinx at Giza, which, based on historic writings, I concluded was probably a mud brick construction on the other side of the Nile, much younger than The Great Sphinx, and had probably been naturally wiped out by the migrating River Nile.
But that video didn’t consider the hypothesis that was put forward in recent years by Dr Reda Abdel Halim in that there could still be the remains of a second Sphinx on the Giza Plateau. It is a claim that Dr Reda has written a paper about and presented in 2016 at the International Scientific Conference in Egypt. So, could this really be another Sphinx, and if not, is it still an important structure? Watch the video to find out.
Images are taken from Google Images and for educational purposes only.
Ancient Egypt
Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, during the Ramesside period, where it rivalled the Hittite Empire, Assyrian Empire and Mitanni Empire, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was invaded or conquered by a succession of foreign powers, such as the Canaanites/Hyksos, Libyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, Babylonians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians in the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period of Egypt. In the aftermath of Alexander the Great's death, one of his generals, Ptolemy Soter, established himself as the new ruler of Egypt. This Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs. The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty, made with the Hittites. Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy.
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(Civilization: Bronze Age States
Civilization: Iron Age States)
Prehistoric Burials Ancient Tombs Found in Egypt's Nile Delta
Prehistoric Burials Ancient Tombs Found in Egypt's Nile Delta - During excavation work carried out by an Egyptian mission in Kom El-Khelgan area in the Nile Delta, a collection of tombs and burials have been unearthed.
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