Carcassonne Basilica, Carcassonne, Languedoc-Roussillon, France, Europe
The Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus is a Roman Catholic minor basilica located in the citadel of Carcassonne, France. It is a national monument, and is in the Gothic-Romanesque architectural tradition. The original church is thought to have been constructed in the 6th century during the reign of Theodoric the Great, ruler of the Visigoths. On 12 June 1096, Pope Urban II visited the town and blessed the building materials for the construction of the cathedral. Construction was completed in the first half of the twelfth century. It was built on the site of a Carolingian cathedral, of which no traces remain. The crypt too, despite its ancient appearance, dates from the new construction. Around the end of the 13th century, during the rule of kings Philip III, Philip IV, and the episcopates of Pierre de Rochefort and Pierre Rodier, the cathedral was reconstructed in the Gothic style. It remained the cathedral of Carcassonne until 1803, when it lost the title to the present Carcassonne Cathedral. The Church of Saints Nazarius and Celsus obtained the status of historical monument in 1840. Around this time, the architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc renovated the church along with the rest of the citadel. In 1898, the church was elevated to a minor basilica.
【K】France Travel-Carcassonne[프랑스 여행-카르카손]카르카손성/Castle of Carcassonne/Basilica of Saint Nazaire
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[한국어 정보]
미디운하를 따라가다 보면 저 멀리 고성이 보인다. 카르카손 역사도시, 카르카손 성이다. 원추형 지붕을 이고 있는 탑들이 중세의 분위기를 물씬 풍긴다. 성 주변엔 해자가 둘러쳐져 있고 입구에는 이 성을 지키는데 기지를 발휘했다는 가공의 인물 카르카스의 동상이 세워져 있다. 성문을 들어서니 또 다른 성벽이 나온다. 이중성벽이다. 역사의 물결에 따라 수없이 주인이 바뀌었던 카르카손성. 13세기 프랑스 왕의 영토가 되면서 이중성벽을 쌓았다고 한다. 안쪽 성에 있는 작은 벽돌들은 로마시대의 흔적이란다. 성안의 한 건물. 관광객들이 빙 둘러 서 있는 이곳은 그 옛날 빗물을 받아서 저장했던 물탱크란다. 성의 남서쪽에는 생 나제르 성당이라고도 불리는 바실리카 성당이 있다. 로마네스크양식에 고딕양식이 첨가된 이 성당은 내부3면을 장식하고 있는 스테인드글라스가 유명하다.
[English: Google Translator]
Along the Canal du Midi it seems that this castle away. The historic city of Carcassonne, Carcassonne Castle. Towers and conical roofs are Blowout bringing the atmosphere of the Middle Ages. The tour around the castle moat chyeojyeo yen and the entrance is a statue of Castile carboxylic figures of processors that delivers the base jikineunde the castle is built. It entered the gates comes another wall. The double walls. Carcassonne castle had changed owners without depending on the tide of history. French territories in the 13th century as king and high built a double wall. Inside the small brick in the castle, but none of it's vestiges of the Roman era. Buildings of the castle. Here tourists are standing around Bing Miranda takes those old water tank that stores rainwater. Southwest Province has also called Cathedral Basilica of Saint-Nazaire Cathedral. The Romanesque-Gothic cathedral is famous is added to the stained glass that adorned the interior on three sides.
[French: Google Translator]
Le long du Canal du Midi, il semble que ce château de suite. La ville historique de Carcassonne, le château de Carcassonne. Towers et aux toits coniques sont Blowout apportant l'atmosphère du Moyen Age. Le tour du douves chyeojyeo yen et l'entrée se trouve une statue de Castille chiffres carboxyliques de processeurs qui fournit la base jikineunde est construit le château. Il est entré dans les portes vient un autre mur. Les doubles parois. Château de Carcassonne avait changé de propriétaires sans dépendre de la marée de l'histoire. Territoires français du 13e siècle comme roi et grand construit une double paroi. L'intérieur de la petite brique dans le château, mais aucun de ses vestiges de l'époque romaine. Bâtiments du château. Ici, les touristes sont debout autour de Bing Miranda prend ces vieux réservoir d'eau qui stocke l'eau de pluie. Province Sud-Ouest a également appelé Basilique cathédrale de Saint-Nazaire. La cathédrale romano-gothique est célèbre est ajouté à la vitraux qui ornaient l'intérieur sur trois côtés.
[Information]
■클립명: 유럽120-프랑스12-12 카르카손성/Carcassonne/Castle of Carcassonne/Old Castle/Basilica of Saint Nazaire/Cathedral/Stained Glass/Chateau Comtal/Cathar Castle
■여행, 촬영, 편집, 원고: 김동훈 PD (travel, filming, editing, writing: KBS TV Producer)
■촬영일자: 2015년 4월 April
[Keywords]
,유럽,Europe,유럽,프랑스,France,,,김동훈,2015,4월 April,랑그도크루시용,Languedoc-Roussillon,Languedoc-Roussillon
Carcassonne: Inner Fortress & Cathedral Tour GoPro - France
The Carcassonne by GoPro video when visited. The Inner Fortress footage with the Carcassonne Cathedral Tour. Carcassonne is one of the most important turist destinations in France and one of the greatest fortress in the World. Enjoy the video by Trawellers...
Places to see in ( Carcassonne - France )
Places to see in ( Carcassonne - France )
Carcassonne, a hilltop town in southern France’s Languedoc area, is famous for its medieval citadel, La Cité, with numerous watchtowers and double-walled fortifications. The first walls were built in Gallo-Roman times, with major additions made in the 13th and 14th centuries. Château Comtal, a 12th-century castle within the Cité, offers archaeological exhibits and a tour of the inner ramparts.
Carcassonne is a fortified French town in the Aude department, of which it is the prefecture, in the Region of Occitanie. Carcassonne is famous for the Cité de Carcassonne, a medieval fortress restored by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in 1853 and added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. Consequently, Carcassonne relies heavily on tourism but also counts manufacture and wine-making as some of its other key economic sectors.
Carcassonne was demilitarised under Napoleon and the Restoration, and the fortified cité of Carcassonne fell into such disrepair that the French government decided that it should be demolished. A decree to that effect that was made official in 1849 caused an uproar. The antiquary and mayor of Carcassonne, Jean-Pierre Cros-Mayrevieille, and the writer Prosper Mérimée, the first inspector of ancient monuments, led a campaign to preserve the fortress as a historical monument. Later in the year the architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, already at work restoring the Basilica of Saint-Nazaire, was commissioned to renovate the place.
In 1853, work began with the west and southwest walls, followed by the towers of the porte Narbonnaise and the principal entrance to the cité. The fortifications were consolidated here and there, but the chief attention was paid to restoring the roofing of the towers and the ramparts, where Viollet-le-Duc ordered the destruction of structures that had encroached against the walls, some of them of considerable age. Viollet-le-Duc left copious notes and drawings on his death in 1879, when his pupil Paul Boeswillwald and, later, the architect Nodet continued the rehabilitation of Carcassonne.
Another bridge, Pont Marengo, crosses the Canal du Midi and provides access to the railway station. Lac de la Cavayère has been created as a recreational lake and is about five minutes from the city centre. Further sights include: Basilica of St. Nazaire and St. Celse , Carcassonne Cathedral , Church of St. Vincent .
Alot to see in ( Carcassonne - France ) such as :
Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus
Château Comtal
Cité de Carcassonne
Lac de la Cavayère
La Maison Hantee
Château de Quéribus
Carcassonne Cathedral
Canal du Midi
Musée de l'Inquisition
Musée des Beaux-Arts - Carcassonne
Porte d'Aude
Maison des Mémoires
Musée de l'École
La Bastide St
Mémoires du Moyen Âge
Maison de La Chevalerie
Museo Lapidario
Portail des Jacobins
Église Saint-Vincent
Porte Narbonnaise
Chapelle des Dominicaines
Parkplatz Carcassonne
Sarrail Henri
Museo de Bellas Artes
Plage surveillée
église des Carmes
Place Carnot
Murs De Carcassonne
( Carcassonne - France ) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting the city of Carcassonne . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Carcassonne - France
Join us for more :
A Walk Around the Cité de Carcassonne (Castle of Carcassonne), France
The Cité de Carcassonne is a medieval citadel located in the French city of Carcassonne, in the department of Aude, Occitanie.. It is located on a hill on the right bank of the River Aude, in the south-east part of the city proper.
Founded during the Gallo-Roman period, the citadel derives its reputation from its 1.9 mi long double surrounding walls interspersed by 52 towers. The town has about 2,500 years of history and has been occupied in different ages by Romans, Visigoths, Saracens, and Crusaders. At the beginning of its history it was a Gaulish settlement then in the 3rd century A.D., the Romans decided to transform it into a fortified town. The Roman defences were in place by 333 AD, when the town is described as a castellum. The original walls were supported by between 34 and 40 towers, spaced from 18 to 30 metres apart along the curtain wall. Each tower was semicircular in plan and about 14 metres tall. There were probably 40 main entrances to the town.
The Gallo-Roman walls were rebuilt during the town's occupation by the Visigoths in the 5th and 6th centuries, but the original structure remained in place.
Bernard Aton IV Trencavel, vicomte of Albi, Nîmes, and Béziers, introduced a period of prosperity for the city with numerous construction projects. During this period, a new sect known as Catharism sprang up in Languedoc. In 1096, the vicomte of Trencavel authorized the construction of the basilica of Saint-Nazaire with the blessing of Pope Urban II. In 1107, the citizens rejected his sovereignty and called on Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona to remove him. However, with the help of Bertrand, Count of Toulouse, Bernard Aton regains control of the Cité. In 1120, there is a second revolt, but Bernard Aton re-establishes order a few years later. In 1130, he starts construction of a palace for himself and restoration of the Gallo-Roman fortifications. The Cité of Carcassonne is surrounded by a complete fortification for the first time..
At this time, the city has a large population of 3 to 4 thousand, including the residents of the two settlements below the walls of the Cité: the bourg Saint-Vincent on the north, and the bourg Saint-Michel south of the Narbon gate.
In 1208, Pope Innocent III calls on the barons of the north to mount a crusade against the Cathars, beginning the Albigensian Crusade. The Count of Toulouse, accused of heresy, and his principal vassal, the Vicomte of Trencavel, are the main target of this attack. On 1 August 1209, the Cité is beseiged by the crusaders. Raimond-Roger Trencavel surrenders quickly on the 15th of August in exchange for the lives of the citizens. The town around the Cité is destroyed, and the citizens driven out. The vicomte dies of dysentery in his own chateau on 10 November 1209.
His lands are given to Simon de Montfort, the leader of the crusaders. When he dies in 1218 at the siege of Toulouse, his son, Amaury de Montfort, takes possession of the Cité, but is unable to maintain it. He cedes it to Louis VIII of France, but Raymond VII of Toulouse and the counts of Foix ally themselves against him. In 1224, Raimond II Trencavel retakes the Cité. However, Louis VIII launches another crusade in 1226. From that time forth, the Cité becomes a royal domain. A period of terror ensues, with numerous massacres and the Inquisition.
After 1226, an additional line of fortifications was added outside of the Roman walls. The town was finally annexed to the kingdom of France in 1247 A.D. It provided a strong French frontier between France and the Crown of Aragon. During this period, the inner, Roman walls were largely demolished and replaced, while the new outer walls were reinforced and extended to the south. The new towers built during this work were mainly circular, but two were square. Construction continued into the reign of King Philip IV in the early 14th century.
In 1659, after the Treaty of the Pyrenees, the province of Roussillon became a part of France, and the town lost its military significance. Fortifications were abandoned and the town became one of the economic centres of France, concentrating on the woolen textile industry.
In 1849 the French government decided that the city fortifications should be demolished. This decision was strongly opposed by the local people. Jean-Pierre Cros-Mayrevieille and Prosper Mérimée, an eminent archaeologist and historian, led a campaign to preserve the fortress as a historical monument. The government later reversed its decision and in 1853 restoration work began. The architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was charged with renovating the fortress. Viollet-le-Duc's work was criticised during his lifetime as inappropriate to the climate and traditions of the region. After his death in 1879, the restoration work was continued by his pupil, Paul Boeswillwald, and later by the architect Nodet.
The citadel was restored at the end of the 19th century and in 1997 it was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.
St. Nazaire & St. Celse Basilica, Choral music, Carcassonne, Languedoc-Roussillon, France, Europe
The former cathedral and present basilica St-Nazaire and St Celse in Carcassonne is one of the most important religious buildings in the south of France. City and church lay on a side route of the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela (Via Tolosana). The medieval church with a Romanesque and partly Gothic is at its highest point and at the same time in the center of the Cité of Carcassonne. It is believed that at this point already in the time of Theodoric I. Westgotenherrschers, but no later than the 6th century the bishop of the church founded in the year 533 the diocese of Carcassonne could have been, which was replaced by a Carolingian church in the 8th or 9th century. In June 1096, Pope Urban II visited the city, and blessed certain of the Romanesque building stones. This new building - so today's nave - was probably completed around the middle of the 12th century. After the annexation of the Vice-county Carcassonne to the French crown a new construction of the eastern section (choir and transept) was taken in the style of northern French Gothic in attack in the years 1269-1330; it is assumed that the nave should be renewed, but this occurred in the turmoil of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) and the Wars of Religion (1562-1598), had uch negative impact on the number of pilgrims, not more. It is believed that at this point already in the time of Theodoric I. Westgotenherrschers, but no later than the 6th century the bishop of the church founded in the year 533 the diocese of Carcassonne could have been, which was replaced by a Carolingian church in the 8th or 9th century. In June 1096, Pope Urban II visited the city, and blessed certain of the Romanesque building stones. This new building - so today's nave - was probably completed around the middle of the 12th century. After the annexation of the Vice-county Carcassonne to the French crown a new construction of the eastern section (choir and transept) was taken in the style of northern French Gothic in attack in the years 1269-1330; it is assumed that the nave should be renewed, but this occurred in the turmoil of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) and the Wars of Religion (1562-1598), who also had negative impact on the number of pilgrims, not more. As part of the Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII., The French bishoprics were reorganized. The bishopric of Carcassonne was in the medieval building of Saint-Michel in the populous sub-city (ville-basse) transferred (see: Cathedral of Carcassonne). Already in 1840, the former Cathedral of Carcassonne was recognized as a monument historique. In the mid-19th century, the west facade, the north portal and all gargoyles of the church by Viollet-le-Duc were reconstructed fundamentally. Because of its historic importance of the church of St-Nazaire and St Celse of Pope Leo XIII was. in 1898 to the rank of a minor basilica. As part of the Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII., The French bishoprics were reorganized. The bishopric of Carcassonne was in the medieval building of Saint-Michel in the populous sub-city (ville-basse) transferred (see: Cathedral of Carcassonne). Already in 1840, the former Cathedral of Carcassonne was recognized as a monument historique. In the mid-19th century, the west facade, the north portal and all gargoyles of the church by Viollet-le-Duc were reconstructed fundamentally. Because of its historic importance of the church of St-Nazaire and St Celse of Pope Leo XIII was. in 1898 to the rank of a minor basilica. Comparatively low Romanesque nave and the high Gothic chancel easily distinguished from each other with their buttresses - already in the can exterior. On the south side of the Gothic Bishop Chapel is still preserved; the formerly existing cloister but disappeared. On both sides of the church, the aisles were two - extended late-Gothic chapels - adjacent to the transept. Clearly visible in the plan are the different concavities of the nave (barrel vault) and the transept and the choir (ribbed vault). The - in the 19th century largely renewed - Romanesque portal with its round arches and Archivolts his shapeless Tympanonplatte is located on the north side of the church. Upon entering the church interior impress the clean lines of the three-nave - and thus for the french sense of space rather unusual - the nave; this is then also by some researchers with Cluniac, ie Northern French building traditions associated - an idea which is supported by the the apex pointed barrel vault of the nave.
Carcassonne, France: Europe's Ultimate Fortress City
More info about travel to Carcassonne: The fortress city of Carcassonne is a 13th-century world of towers, turrets, and cobblestone alleys. This is Europe's ultimate walled fortress city.
At you'll find money-saving travel tips, small-group tours, guidebooks, TV shows, radio programs, podcasts, and more on this destination.
La Cité by night, Carcassonne, France
The old town in Carcassonne in the south of France, the magnificent fortified Cité ... various snippets showing la Cité after dark.
Toulouse's Ancient Canal and Castle of Carcassonne
A quick visit to the ancient Canal du Midi in Toulouse, followed by the beautiful hilltop medieaval castle of Carcassonne, southern France. UNESCO World Heritage Sites. (September 2013).
( Music: Green Sun's The Second Birth)
Carcassonne.mov
Carcassonne is one of the most magical medieval towns in Europe, surrounded by a huge wall and perfectly preserved as it looked five centuries ago. features three video screens running simultaneously
Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne (UNESCO/NHK)
Since the pre-Roman period, a fortified settlement has existed on the hill where Carcassonne now stands. In its present form it is an outstanding example of a medieval fortified town, with its massive defences encircling the castle and the surrounding buildings, its streets and its fine Gothic cathedral. Carcassonne is also of exceptional importance because of the lengthy restoration campaign undertaken by Viollet-le-Duc, one of the founders ...
Source: UNESCO TV / © NHK Nippon Hoso Kyokai
URL:
AudioDiary: February 18 Carcassonne: Cathedral and Calvary
CARCASSONNE: JARDIN DU CALVAIRE (CALVARY GARDEN)
Jardin du Calvaire (Calvary Garden) is located inside one of Carcassonne’s three remaining bastions. The “Big Tower” (also called the Bastion les Moulins [Tower of the Mills]) was built after 1359 and was part of the walls and fortifications that used to surround the Bastide Saint-Louis (Ville Basse) of Carcassonne. Located on the Southwest corner of the city, the bastion was later covered with windmills in 1599 to power mills grinding grain into flour for bakeries that would supply the city with “300 breads everyday for the poor.”
In 1825 a group formed to create the Jardin du Calvaire within the bastion. The leader of the group was Canon Cazaintre who is now buried on the site. The garden’s design was created by architect Jean-François Champagne. Jardin du Calvaire is circled with “Station of the Cross” shrines on its perimeter, has cypress and olive trees and laurels, and sculptures reenacting the crucifixion on Calvary Hill.
La Cité, Carcassonne, France
A video I made from various snippets filmed in and around la Cité, the magnificent old town in Carcassonne in the south of France. An amazing place, absolutely fantastic.
My Dinner in Carcassonne
It’s Day 24 of my 100-day trip to Europe, and I’m in Carcassonne, updating the Rick Steves France guidebook with my co-author, Steve Smith.
Surveying this touristy town, we were very happy with the variety of great-value restaurants we recommend in the book. As usual, our favorites are personality-driven. Here at Restaurant L’Escargot, the owner, Thomas, is hustling all night serving his diners. Our challenge is not only to find the good places but to describe each restaurant vividly, so our readers can choose smartly. Eating, soaking the experience in good wine, making friends with the proprietors, and taking notes...it’s tough work, but we manage.
(Heading to France? You can pick up a copy of our guidebook at
Places to see in ( Carcassonne - France )
Places to see in ( Carcassonne - France )
Carcassonne, a hilltop town in southern France’s Languedoc area, is famous for its medieval citadel, La Cité, with numerous watchtowers and double-walled fortifications. The first walls were built in Gallo-Roman times, with major additions made in the 13th and 14th centuries. Château Comtal, a 12th-century castle within the Cité, offers archaeological exhibits and a tour of the inner ramparts. Carcassonne is a city in south-west France that is best known for its UNESCO World Heritage listed walled city. It can be visited comfortably as a day trip.
Carcassonne is divided into two main parts:
The Cité de Carcassonne, a medieval fortress settlement with a history that exceeds two and a half thousand years. Picturesque fortifications (over 3 km of walls with 52 towers, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves was partly shot here) were reconstructed by Viollet-le-Duc in 19th century (like with most monuments reconstructed in that time authenticity was not the main objective). It is listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The town centre, known as the ville basse (literally 'lower city'), where the other sights and hotels are located.
Perched on a rocky hilltop and bristling with zigzag battlements, stout walls and spiky turrets, the fortified city of Carcassonne looks like something out of a children’s storybook when it's seen from afar. A Unesco World Heritage Site since 1997, it’s most people’s idea of the perfect medieval castle. La Cité, as the old walled town is now known, attracts over four million visitors every year, peaking in high summer. Time your visit for late in the day (or better still for spring and autumn) to truly appreciate the old town's medieval charm.
The Cité historic fortress (built upon ruins predating Christianity) that was featured in the movie Robin Hood - Prince of Thieves. It is also told that the Cité inspired Walt Disney for the Castle of his Sleeping Beauty. You can enter the Cité through one of its four gates: Porte Narbonnaise (see picture, common entrance when you arrive by car).
Alot to see in ( Carcassonne - France ) such as :
Canal du Midi
Château de Quéribus
Château Comtal
Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus
Museum of the Inquisition
Musée de l'École
Maison des Mémoires
Maison de La Chevalerie
Musée des Beaux-Arts - Carcassonne
Chapelle des Dominicaines
Cité de Carcassonne
Lac de la Cavayère
Cite Médiévale
Le Parc Australien
Porte Narbonnaise
Carcassonne Cathedral
Porte d'Aude
Pont Vieux
Musee Des Beaux Arts
Parc Aquaviva
Eglise Saint-Gimer
Portail des Jacobins
Écluse double de Fresquel
Place Carnot
Parkplatz Carcassonne
Place Gaston Jordan
L'ancienne manufacture royale de draps de la Trivalle à Carcassonne
Carmelite church
L'ancien bâtiment des moteurs des fontaines de la Cité
Murs de Carcassonne
Carcassonne
Pont Neuf
André Chénier Garden
Écluse du Moulin
( Carcassonne - France ) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting Carcassonne . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Carcassonne - France
Join us for more :
Top 15 Things To Do In Carcassonne, France
Cheapest Hotels To Stay In Carcassonne -
Best Tours To Enjoy Carcassonne -
Cheap Airline Tickets -
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Here are top 15 things to do in Carcassonne, France
All photos belong to their rightful owners. Credit next to name.
1. Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus -
2. Canal du Midi – barge trip -
3. Carcassonne Cathedral -
4. Narbonne -
5. Château Comtal and Ramparts -
6. Lac de la Cavayère -
7. Carcassonne Lower City -
8. La Cité de Carcassonne -
9. Museum of the Inquisition -
10. Musée des Beaux-Arts -
11. Caunes-Minervois -
12. Châteaux de Lastours -
13. Wine -
14. School Museum -
15. Cuisine -
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Inside Carcassonne Church - Saint Nazaire - France
Inside Carcassonne Church - Saint Nazaire - France
Carcassonne, France
© A look round Carcassonne, France. This is is from our past travels and the URL on it is now defunct. Our latest travel blog is
Cite de Carcassonne. France
The magnificent medieval Cathare stronghold, Cite de Carcassonne, Languedoc, South of France. Basilique Saint-Nazaire XIII
New Cite of Carcassonne
The first signs of settlement in this region have been dated to about 3500 BC, but the hill site of Carsac -- a Celtic place-name that has been retained at other sites in the south -- became an important trading place in the 6th century BC. The Volcae Tectosages fortified...
Carcassonne became strategically identified when Romans fortified the hilltop around 100 BC and eventually made the colonia of Julia Carsaco, later Carcasum (by the process of swapping consonants known as metathesis). The main part of the lower courses of the northern ramparts dates from Gallo-Roman times. In 462 the Romans officially ceded Septimania to the Visigothic king Theodoric II who had held Carcassonne since 453; he built more fortifications at Carcassonne, which was a frontier post on the northern marches: traces of them still stand. Theodoric is thought to have begun the predecessor of the basilica that is now dedicated to Saint Nazaire. In 508 the Visigoths successfully foiled attacks by the Frankish king Clovis. Saracens from Barcelona took Carcassonne in 725, but King Pepin the Short (Pépin le Bref) drove them away in 759-60; though he took most of the south of France, he was unable to penetrate the impregnable fortress of Carcassonne.[citation needed]
Main article: County of Carcassonne
A medieval fiefdom, the county of Carcassonne, controlled the city and its environs. It was often united with the County of Razès. The origins of Carcassonne as a county probably lie in local representatives of the Visigoths, but the first count known by name is Bello of the time of Charlemagne. Bello founded a dynasty, the Bellonids, which would rule many honores in Septimania and Catalonia for three centuries.
Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209
In 1067, Carcassonne became the property of Raimond Bernard Trencavel, viscount of Albi and Nîmes, through his marriage with Ermengard, sister of the last count of Carcassonne. In the following centuries, the Trencavel family allied in succession either with the counts of Barcelona or of Toulouse. They built the Château Comtal and the Basilica of Saint-Nazaire. In 1096, Pope Urban II blessed the foundation stones of the new cathedral, a Catholic bastion against the Cathars.
Carcassonne became famous in its role in the Albigensian Crusades, when the city was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars. In August 1209 the crusading army of Simon de Montfort forced its citizens to surrender. Raymond-Roger de Trencavel was imprisoned whilst negotiating his city's surrender, held in his own dungeon, and allowed to die. Montfort was appointed the new viscount. He added to the fortifications. Carcassonne became a border citadel between France and the kingdom of Aragon (Spain).[citation needed]
In 1240, Trencavel's son tried to reconquer his old domain but in vain. The city submitted to the rule of the kingdom of France in 1247, and King Louis IX founded the new part of the town across the river. He and his successor Philip III built the outer ramparts. Contemporary opinion still considered the fortress impregnable. During the Hundred Years' War, Edward the Black Prince failed to take the city in 1355, although his troops destroyed the Lower Town.[citation needed]
In 1659, the Treaty of the Pyrenees transferred the border province of Roussillon to France, and Carcassonne's military significance was reduced. Fortifications were abandoned, and the city became mainly an economic centre that concentrated on the woollen textile industry, for which a 1723 source quoted by Fernand Braudel found it the manufacturing centre of Languedoc
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