Cathedral of St. Nicholas

Божественная литургия в Оренбургском Никольском кафедральном соборе

Использование материалов канала без письменного разрешения ГТРК «Оренбург» запрещено.

Orenburg City | Study MBBS In Russia | Study MBBS In Orenburg State Medical University

The city of Orenburg is located in southwest Russia, near the border with Kazakhstan. The Russian Empire had begun expanding its reign in Asia starting with constructing the fortress city- Orenburg, on its eastern border. In order to sort this, a settlement was marked in 1735 at the place where ‘Or’ and the ‘Ural’ rivers cross.
Economic sectors of the city are fuel, ferrous & non-ferrous, metal extractions, chemicals, oil chemical & food industries and Agriculture (crops growing & cattle breeding). The city has Orenburg History Museum has an antique cannon & regional exhibits. Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts showcasing traditional lace shawls & Russian paintings, Drama Theatres, St. Nicholas Cathedral; are some of the major attractions of the place.
The city has a dry humid continental climatic conditions with very long & hot summers and long & cold winters. Transition months are April and October. It has a major railway center ever since the Samara-Zlatoust & Orenburg Tashkent railroads were completed in 1876 and 1905. It also has its Orenburg Tsentralny Airport located about 25 km east of the city, on the Orsk destination. Public transports include Buses, Trolleybuses and Fixed-route taxis.
Popular food corners of Orenburg are Pirogi, Stolle, Russkiye Bliny, Chapai, Incontro and an Indian food restaurant- Tortoffi bez Sakhara, etc.


#OrenburgCity #OrenburgStateMedicalUniversity #MBBSinOrenburgStateMedicalUniversity #MBBSInRussia

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President Putin Visits Stunning and Recently Restored “New Jerusalem” Monastery

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Vladimir Putin is inspecting the New Jerusalem Monastery. The first stage of full-scale restoration has just been completed. The president is escorted by co-chairs of the board of trustees which funds the restoration, the prime minister Dmitri Medvedev, and Patriarch Cyril.

Russian Police Dog Show; Tsar Nicholas; Targa-Florio 220503-04 | Footage Farm

Footage Farm is a historical audio-visual library. The footage in this video constitutes an unedited historical document and has been uploaded for research purposes. Some viewers may find the archive material upsetting. Footage Farm does not condone the views expressed in this video.
[1914 - Russian Police Dog Show; Estonian Troop Games; Tsar Nicholas II; Targa-Florio Road Race]
Russian Main title & inter-title: St. Petersburg - Police Dog training show.
09:15:57 Police w/ dogs march past large grandstand. Dogs leap over high wall to retrieve package. Series of dogs led by handlers to wall in park (?), dogs over & handlers around.
09:16:37 Russian inter-title: Derpt Soldiers playing games at festival of 95th Krasnoyarsk regiment.
09:16:43 Troops race across field, dog alongside. MCU tug-of-war. Blindfolded soldiers w/ poles, turn return & try to hit targets. Bucket on pole filled w/ water - cadets run, throw pole thru small hole in board beneath, one hits & dumps water. Pairs of cadets on pole having pillow fight as others watch & laugh.
09:17:25 Russian inter-title: Sevastopol - The laying of a dock in the presence of Tsar Nicholas II.
09:17:31 Officers saluting Tsar Nicholas (?), shake hands. Down steps to harbor w/ ships seen from above. Boarding small boat w/ steam engine & move out into harbor.
09:18:05 Russian inter-title: Sicily - Car race Targa-Florio - motor rally.
09:18:11 Village street, people watch race cars w/ driver & mechanic at high speed along dusty rough road thru town & countryside. Up twisted curving dirt mountain road.
Animals; Military training; Royalty; Automobile Racing; 1910s;
NOTE: Targa Florio was begun in 1906

ПРАВОСЛАВНЫЕ ХРАМЫ, ПОСТРОЕННЫЕ ПРИ CОВЕТСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ

ПРАВОСЛАВНЫЕ ХРАМЫ, ПОСТРОЕННЫЕ ПРИ CОВЕТСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ,
1921 г. Старообрядческая церковь Николая Чудотворца у Тверской заставы, Москва, 1925 г. Церковь Флора и Лавра, Хредино, Струго-Красненский район, Псковская область, 1926 г. Церковь Параскевы Пятницы, Великодворье, Гусь-Хрустальный район, Владимирская область, 1926 г. Церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы, Войново, Меленковский район, Владимирская область, 1926 г. Церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы, Щелково, Кимрский район, Тверская область, 1936 г. Церковь Казанской иконы Божией Матери, Тосно, Тосненский район, Ленинградская область, 1946 г. Храм Михаила Архангела, Магнитогорск, 1946 г. Храм Святителя Николая Чудотворца - Магнитогорск, 1946 г. Церковь Симеона Верхотурского, Саракташ, Оренбургская область, 1947 г. Собор Воскресения Христова, Бишкек, Киргизия, 1952 г., Церковь Михаила Архангела - Караганда, 1956 г. Церковь Спаса Преображения, Айкино, Усть-Вымский район, Республика Коми, 1957 г. Церковь Николая Чудотворца в Бирюлеве, Бирюлево Западное, Москва, 1975 г., Церковь Архангела Михаила, Новокузнецк, 1976 г., Церковь Вознесения , Белово Кемеровской области, 1982 г., Покровская церковь , Прокопьевск, Церковь Введения во храм Пресвятой Богородицы, Рыжево, Егорьевский район, Московская область
Orthodox church, built with Sovetskaya VLASTI
1921 Old Believer Church of St. Nicholas in Tverskaya Zastava, Moscow, 1925 Church of Flora and Lavra, Hredino, strugo-krasnensky district, Pskov region, 1926 Church of St. Paraskeva, Velikodvore, Gus Crystal district, Vladimir region, 1926 . Church of the Assumption of Our Lady, Wojnowo, Melenkovsky district, Vladimir region, 1926 Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, Shchelkovo Kimrsky district, Tver region, 1936 Church of the Kazan icon of the Mother of God, Tosno, Tosno district, Leningrad, 1946 Church of the Archangel Michael, Magnitogorsk, 1946 Church of St. Nicholas - Magnitogorsk, 1946 Church of St. Simeon Verkhoturye, Saraktash, Orenburg region, 1947 Cathedral of the Resurrection, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 1952, Church of St. Michael the Archangel - Karaganda, 1956 The church of the Transfiguration, Aikino, the Republic of Komi Ust-Vymsky district, 1957 Church of St. Nicholas in Biryulyovo, Biryulyovo West, Moscow, 1975, the Church of Archangel Michael, Novokuznetsk, 1976 Church of the Ascension, Belovo Kemerovo region 1982, Church of the Intercession, Prokopyevsk, Church of Presentation of Mary, Ryzhevo Egoryevsky district, Moscow region

Best Attractions and Places to See in Kislovodsk, Russia

Kislovodsk Travel Guide. MUST WATCH. Top things you have to do in Kislovodsk. We have sorted Tourist Attractions in Kislovodsk for You. Discover Kislovodsk as per the Traveler Resources given by our Travel Specialists. You will not miss any fun thing to do in Kislovodsk.

This Video has covered Best Attractions and Things to do in Kislovodsk.

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List of Best Things to do in Kislovodsk, Russia
Kislovodsk National Park
Narzannaya Gallery
Flower Calendar
Yaroshenko Memorial House Museum
State Philarmonic
Kurortny Boulevard
Cathedral of St. Nicholas
Mountain Maloye Sedlo
Air Temple
Cableway

Alexander 1st of Russia

just a video on Alexander 1st of Russia. I do not own anything used in this video. All Copyright goes to the rightful owners.

GORA BELAYA

Timeline of Russian innovation | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of Russian innovation

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, starting from the Early East Slavs and up to the Russian Federation.
The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories:

Indigenous inventions, like airliners, AC transformers, radio receivers, television, artificial satellites, ICBMs
Products and objects that are uniquely Russian, like Saint Basil's Cathedral, Matryoshka dolls, Russian vodka
Products and objects with superlative characteristics, like the Tsar Bomba, the AK-47, and Typhoon class submarine
Scientific and medical discoveries, like the periodic law, vitamins and stem cellsThis timeline examines scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by various peoples of Russia and its predecessor states, regardless of ethnicity, and also lists inventions by naturalized immigrant citizens. Certain innovations achieved by a national operation may also may be included in this timeline, in cases where the Russian side played a major role in such projects.

Gora Belaya, Sverdlovsk Oblast

Crimean Choir - Russian Folk Song

Crimean Choir onder leiding van Igor Mykhaylevsky.
Russian Folksong
Nederlands Toernee 2007
In 2009 zal het Crimean Choir wederom een toernee door Nederland maken. Meer informatie hierover op de website
Opname Cees Zwaard

My husband compelled me - Omsk Russian Folk Chorus

A great Russian choral folk piece from an old record...

Title: Заставил меня муж

LYRICS:
Наша Дарья хоть куда:
И стройна, и молода,
Белолица, круглолица
И на песни мастерица.
Не глупа и не ревнива,
И в работе не ленива,
А такая неумеха,
Что ни сделает — все плохо.

Припев: То-то, лю-ли, то-то лю-ли,
У хозяйки Дарьи,
То-то лю-ли, то-то лю-ли
Каждый день аварии.
Заставил меня муж
Раз лежаночку топить.
Я дрова рубить пошла,
Да топорик не нашла.
Наломала я руками,
Не утянешь и быками.
Печку дома затопила,
Чуть избу всю не спалила.
Припев.

Заставил меня муж
Раз коровушку доить.
Я подойником стучу,
На буренушку ворчу.
А буренушка моя Незадачливая:
Так ногою поддала — Молоко все пролила.
Припев.
— Где ты, Дарьгошка, гуляла, Где ты долго пропадала?
— Я на реченьку ходила, Рыбку неводом ловила.
— Ох ты, Дарьюшка моя, Где же рыбка твоя?
— Неводок я обронила, Чуть на дно не угодила.
Припев.
Заставил меня муж Как-то шанежки месить.
Замесила на дрожжах,
Не удержишь на вожжах.
Стала тесто подбивать,
Захотелось подремать.
До обеда проспала,
Вся квашонка уплыла.
Припев.
Дорогой мой муженек
Раз пельменей захотел.
Я варила в чугуне
Двести восемьдесят две.
Сварился в тот день Вот такой пельмень!
Ай да я, хозяйка-диво, Как я мужу угодила!

г.Калязин, История, Видеоэкскурсия I. Колокольня Никольского собора / Kalyazin

#Калязин #ТверскаяОбласть #ЗатопленныйХрам #Kalyazin
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Russian Folk

I downloaded these songs a few years back and I think they're Russian, but they might not be... I couldn't read the language on the website and I have no idea what they're saying... I added some Russian art mostly related to folk tales...

Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records


00:01:07 1 Early East Slavs
00:07:36 2 Kievan Rus'
00:07:45 2.1 10th century
00:11:15 2.2 11th century
00:15:10 2.3 12th century
00:17:34 2.4 13th century
00:19:22 3 Grand Duchy of Moscow
00:19:31 3.1 14th century
00:22:30 3.2 15th century
00:27:48 3.3 Early 16th century
00:29:36 4 Tsardom of Russia
00:29:45 4.1 Late 16th century
00:34:44 4.2 17th century
00:42:50 4.3 Early 18th century
00:45:24 5 Russian Empire
00:45:33 5.1 1720s
00:46:22 5.2 1730s
00:49:21 5.3 1740s
00:49:35 5.4 1750s
00:50:04 5.5 1760s
00:50:36 5.6 1770s
00:52:21 5.7 1780s
00:52:35 5.8 1790s
00:53:44 5.9 19th century
00:54:20 5.10 1810s
00:54:44 5.11 1820s
00:55:27 5.12 1830s
00:56:17 5.13 1840s
00:56:36 5.14 1850s
00:58:51 5.15 1860s
01:00:01 5.16 1870s
01:02:51 5.17 1880s
01:05:35 5.18 1890s
01:07:46 5.19 20th century
01:10:02 5.20 1910s
01:12:47 6 Soviet Union
01:12:56 6.1 Late 1910s
01:13:50 6.2 1920s
01:16:14 6.3 1930s
01:23:47 6.4 1940s
01:27:01 6.5 1950s
01:32:10 6.6 1960s
01:36:56 6.7 1970s
01:40:20 6.8 1980s
01:42:35 6.9 Early 1990s
01:43:54 7 Russian Federation
01:44:04 7.1 1990s
01:45:57 7.2 2000s
01:48:09 7.3 2010s
01:48:52 8 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, starting from the Early East Slavs and up to the Russian Federation.
The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories:

Indigenous inventions, like airliners, AC transformers, radio receivers, television, artificial satellites, ICBMs
Products and objects that are uniquely Russian, like Saint Basil's Cathedral, Matryoshka dolls, Russian vodka
Products and objects with superlative characteristics, like the Tsar Bomba, the AK-47, and Typhoon class submarine
Scientific and medical discoveries, like the periodic law, vitamins and stem cellsThis timeline examines scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by various peoples of Russia and its predecessor states, regardless of ethnicity, and also lists inventions by naturalized immigrant citizens. Certain innovations achieved by a national operation may also may be included in this timeline, in cases where the Russian side played a major role in such projects.

Russian SFSR | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian SFSR

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Росси́йская Сове́тская Федерати́вная Социалисти́ческая Республика, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə sɐˈvʲɛtskəjə fʲɪdʲɪrɐˈtʲivnəjə sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə] (listen)), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, as well as being unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia, or simply Russia, was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous and most economically developed of the 15 Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, during the last two years of the existence of the USSR. The Russian Republic comprised sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.
The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. By 1961, it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing in production to only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the perestroika restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s under General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives.
The Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on 7 November 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state and the world's first constitutionally socialist state with the ideology of Communism. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR officially setting up of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The 1977 Soviet Constitution stated that Union Republic is a sovereign [...] state that has united [...] in the Union and each Union Republic shall retain the right freely to secede from the USSR. On 12 June 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, established separation of powers (instead of Soviet form of government), established citizenship of Russia and stated that the RSFSR shall retain the right of free secession from the USSR. On 12 June 1991, Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007) was elected the first President of the Russian Federation, supported by the Democratic Russia pro-reform movement.
The August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt with the temporary brief internment of President Mikhail Gorbachev destabilised the Soviet Union. On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its original founding states (i.e. denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a loose confederation. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet (the Russian SFSR parliament), therefore Russian SFSR had denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR itself and the ties with the other Soviet Socialist Republ ...

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Росси́йская Сове́тская Федерати́вная Социалисти́ческая Республика, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə sɐˈvʲɛtskəjə fʲɪdʲɪrɐˈtʲivnəjə sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə] (listen)), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, as well as being unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia, or simply Russia, was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous and most economically developed of the 15 Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, during the last two years of the existence of the USSR. The Russian Republic comprised sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.
The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. By 1961, it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing in production to only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the perestroika restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s under General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives.
The Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on 7 November 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state and the world's first constitutionally socialist state with the ideology of Communism. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR officially setting up of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The 1977 Soviet Constitution stated that Union Republic is a sovereign [...] state that has united [...] in the Union and each Union Republic shall retain the right freely to secede from the USSR. On 12 June 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, established separation of powers (instead of Soviet form of government), established citizenship of Russia and stated that the RSFSR shall retain the right of free secession from the USSR. On 12 June 1991, Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007) was elected the first President of the Russian Federation, supported by the Democratic Russia pro-reform movement.
The August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt with the temporary brief internment of President Mikhail Gorbachev destabilised the Soviet Union. On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its original founding states (i.e. denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a loose confederation. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet (the Russian SFSR parliament), therefore Russian SFSR had denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR itself and the ties with t ...

Catherine the Great | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:03:39 1 Early life
00:10:30 2 Reign of Peter III and the icoup d'état/i of July 1762
00:14:34 3 Reign (1762–96)
00:14:45 3.1 Coronation (1762)
00:16:13 3.2 Foreign affairs
00:17:39 3.2.1 Russo-Turkish Wars
00:19:52 3.2.2 Russo-Persian War
00:21:56 3.2.3 Relations with Western Europe
00:23:36 3.2.4 Partitions of Poland
00:25:22 3.2.5 Relations with Japan
00:26:21 3.3 Economics and finance
00:28:16 3.4 Arts and culture
00:35:08 3.5 Education
00:42:35 3.6 Religious affairs
00:43:52 3.6.1 Islam
00:46:09 3.6.2 Judaism
00:48:16 3.6.3 Russian Orthodoxy
00:50:40 3.7 Personal life
00:52:51 3.7.1 Poniatowski
00:55:43 3.7.2 Orlov
00:57:25 3.7.3 Potemkin
00:59:20 3.8 Serfs
00:59:42 3.8.1 Rights and conditions
01:03:46 3.8.2 Attitudes towards Catherine
01:06:27 4 Final months and death
01:10:51 5 Children
01:11:00 6 Romanov dynastic issues
01:11:11 6.1 Pretenders and potential pretenders to the throne
01:13:01 6.1.1 Rise of pretenders
01:17:03 6.1.2 Pretenders and royal marks
01:19:36 6.2 Succession to the throne
01:20:22 7 Titles and styles
01:21:13 8 In popular culture
01:22:22 9 Ancestry
01:22:31 10 List of prominent Catherinians
01:23:29 11 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.9799328397112379
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
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Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; 2 May [O.S. 21 April] 1729 – 17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader. She came to power following a coup d'état that she organised—resulting in her husband, Peter III, being overthrown. Under her reign, Russia was revitalised; it grew larger and stronger and was recognised as one of the great powers of Europe.
In her accession to power and her rule of the empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably count Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, the Crimean Khanate was crushed following victories over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo–Turkish wars, and Russia colonised the territories of Novorossiya along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, king Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. In the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America.
Catherine reformed the administration of Russian guberniyas, and many new cities and towns were founded on her orders. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernise Russia along Western European lines. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and private landowners led to increased levels of reliance on serfs. This was one of the chief reasons behind several rebellions, including the large-scale Pugachev's Rebellion of cossacks and peasants.
Catherine decided to have herself inoculated against smallpox by a Scottish doctor, Thomas Dimsdale. While this was considered a controversial method at the time, she succeeded. Her son Pavel was later inoculated as well. Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire stating: My objective was, through my example, to save from death the multitude of my subjects who, not knowing the value of this technique, and frightened of it, were left in danger. By 1800, approximately 2 million inoculations were administer ...