Cathedral quarter

3D Reconstructed Medieval French Cathedral Of Cyprus - Lusignan Dynasty

Original archaeological reconstruction with superior rendering of High Medieval Cathedral, Saint Nicholas, built circa 1200’s AD in Famagusta, Cyprus. Modern Cypriots being ancestrally a synthesis of all the peoples whom occupied the island, reflected here in their French Lusignan (Frankish) heritage of the Middle Ages – the Lusignan dynasty colonised Cyprus from 1192 to 1489AD. The most significant archaeological remnants through material-culture of this particular period and peoples on the island is of this great Gothic cathedral, later converted into a Mosque (Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque) following the Ottoman conquest (1571ad). Now largely in ruins, I hope to show the viewer this monument in its former glory, emulating the early Gothic architectural style of Medieval France including characteristic flying buttresses (typical of crusader architecture) whilst accurately depicting its proportions to scale. The surrounding medieval sea-shore city of Famagusta has also been included reflecting the stone-masonry type dwellings of the era. The flags of Lusignan Dynasty Kings of Cyprus and Jerusalem (Quarterly, 1 and 4 in silver, a cross of gold, between four crosses of the same and 2 and 3 barry silver and azure eight rooms, a lion gules armed langued and crowned with gold stitching on the whole) has been included in the interior of the structure flying from two columns. The later Ottoman Minaret additions have been omitted from the original plan. This structure was said to have been modelled on Reim's Cathedral, France. Archaeological reconstruction created by Christopher Antoniou ©.

NOTE: This is a sample preview of my work, hence the use of the Lumion watermark on the screen for non-commercial use.
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WELCOME - ARCHAEO RECONSTRUCTIONS” is a channel depicting all original 3D archaeological reconstructions, art/design and animation, whilst interpreting their significance both symbolically and functionally. Purely functional expression of human material-culture extends as far back as 3.4 million ybp, yet the emergence of human symbolic culture is as recent as circa 100,000ybp (first evidence in 'Blombos Cave'). Symbolic intention within material-culture allows one to appreciate how artefacts have/continue to act as cognitive 'Material-Anchors' in the tangible conceptualization and transmission of abstract ideas, an evolutionary extension of the human mind. Diachronic works spanning all mankind are notable. NOTE: THE CLIPS ON THIS CHANNEL ARE SAMPLES OF MY WORK, I CREATE QUALITY FULL HD ANIMATIONS AND DESIGNS BOTH ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GENERAL, AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST FOR ALL. YOU MAY CONTACT ME VIA EMAIL FOR TERMS & CONDITIONS. Channel and all designs, reconstructions by Christopher Antoniou ©.

“ARCHAEO RECONSTRUCTIONS”: I CREATE QUALITY FULL HD ANIMATIONS AND DESIGNS BOTH ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GENERAL, AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST FOR ANYONE INCLUDING PRODUCERS AND EDUCATORS. YOU MAY CONTACT ME FOR TERMS & CONDITIONS. EMAIL: christopherantoniouwork@gmail.com

#Medieval #Archaeology #Cathedral

Full Game: Spain vs. Russia - Final - FIBA 3x3 Europe Cup Qualifier - Poitiers, France

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Cathédrale de Saintes Cathedral

Mon blog sur les Charentes :
La cathédrale de Saintes - Charente Maritime - Ouest de la France - Mars 2007

Paris with Kids - Parc Floral

Paris with Kids. Niko and Mischa Lüfkens explore the Parc Floral in the Bois de Vincennes, part of Paris botanical gardens and discover the biggest and best playground in the French capital.

The French Quarter in One Minute

Got a minute? Check out New Orleans' famed French Quarter and all it has to offer. Learn more about things to do in the French Quarter at

Places to see in ( Orleans - France )

Places to see in ( Orleans - France )

Orléans is a city on the banks of the Loire River in north-central France, and it’s the capital of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Joan of Arc famously saved the city from English siege in 1429, an event celebrated with an annual festival. A re-creation of the house where she stayed during the battle, the Maison de Jeanne d’Arc, features multimedia exhibits on her life.

Orleans, the capital of the department of the Loiret and the Centre region of France (no not Tours) is a city that has struggled to return to former glories after being devastated during World War II. History has not been kind to Orleans what with the Romans, Attila the Hun and the English all doing their best to wipe it out even before then. A few historic buildings have survived and they, along with the obvious Joan of Arc connection keep it on the Loire Valley tourist map.

Welcoming more visitors than any other attraction in the department, the Parc Floral de la Source is a semi-wild park next to the university, where Orléans meets the countryside. If you visit the tourist office they'll provide you with an itinerary to enable you to visit the main sites of interest in the city and appreciate the Romanesque churches, the many examples of renaissance architecture, the half timbered houses and the various museums throughout the city.

The three main places of interest have to be the impressive cathedral 'Ste-Croix', Hotel Groslot (former Hotel de Ville) and the re-creation of Joan of Arc's house on Place General-de-Gaulle. The kids might enjoy this more than adults so be sure to give a little insight into her history as an introduction.

Don't miss taking the kids, especially the younger ones, to Parc Floral de la Source a 32 hectare site which has everything from a butterfly kingdom ,kid's play area, puppet shows and glorious garden displays. It can be found south of the river in the direction of St-Cyr-en-Val. There is an entrance fee for adults - kids under 6 free. From the end of April to the first week in May, the anniversary of the liberation of Orleans by Joan of Arc is celebrated by a series of events including :medieval festival and market, concerts, exhibitions, sound and light displays plus various processions commencing with 'Joan' entering the city through the 'Port de Bourgogne'.



The high points of these festivities are during the first couple of days with the ceremony of the standard handed from the mayor to the bishop, the commemorative parades, concerts in the town and a firework display on the facade of the cathedral. Alot to see in Orleans such as :

Parc Floral de la Source
Orléans Cathedral
Musée des Beaux-Arts
Place du Martroi
Hôtel Groslot
Rue de Bourgogne
Hôtel Cabu
Île Charlemagne
Collégiale Saint-Aignan
Loire à Vélo
Fêtes Johanniques d’Orléans
Maison des Étangs
Château de Chambord
Château de Chamerolles
Martin Pouret
Maison de Jeanne d'Arc
Musée Historique et Archéologique de l'Orléanais
FRAC Centre
Parc Louis-Pasteur
Base de loisirs de l'Île Charlemagne
Hôtel Groslot Garden

( Orleans - France ) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting Orleans . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Orleans - France

Join us for more :

St. Hilaire le Grand, Poitiers

This was the most massive, awe-inspiring church I've ever been in (and I've been in a lot of them). Consecrated in 1049, it originally had a timber roof. When stone vaulting was added in the 12th century, odd configurations of columns and piers were added to the nave to support the extra weight. After the French revolution, the church was used as a stone quarry and horribly disfigured. It has since been rebuilt, although it is two bays shorter than it was originally.

As you can tell, I have a thing for vaulting and architecture in general. Sadly, my memory card filled up before I reached the altar for a view into St. Hilaire's crypt. I can't wait to see this place again. It was stunning.

It was silent when we got there on a Sunday afternoon, but shortly after we arrived, an organist showed up and began playing. The organ, though lovely, is very loud. You might want to adjust your volume.

Mende:La cathedrale.

La cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Privat de Mende est le siège épiscopal du diocèse de Mende. Située dans le centre-ville de la préfecture de la Lozère, elle est classée monument historique . Il s'agit du seul édifice pleinement gothique de l'ensemble du département.

L'église, dont la construction fut décidée dans les années 1360 par le pape Urbain V, a succédé à trois autres sanctuaires, le premier d'époque mérovingienne, le second préroman, l'avant-dernier roman. Richement décorée, elle fut victime des troubles des guerres de religion et dut être en grande partie reconstruite au début du XVIIe siècle ; elle sera achevée au XIXe siècle par l'adjonction d'un portail néo-gothique.

Élevée au rang de basilique mineure en 1874, la cathédrale offre notamment à la vénération des fidèles une vierge noire du XIIe siècle. Son mobilier comprend des orgues et des boiseries du XVIIe siècle, des tapisseries d'Aubusson du début du XVIIIe siècle, un maître-autel du XXe siècle ; on y conserve aussi le battant de la « Non-Pareille », la plus grosse cloche de la chrétienté à l'époque de sa mise en place.

The Seduction of Etain: Hewitt Launch

Photos from the launch of The Seduction of Etain exhibition at the John Hewitt bar, a popular pub in the heart of Belfast's Cathedral Quarter. The exhibition launch featured music by traditional Irish band Realta and poetry performed by established acts from Belfast's poetry circuit.

galles france 2008

echauffement des bleus

Cathédrale Saint Gatien Tours France 37

by night :


inside :

garden of cathedral :

NOTRE DAME DE PARIS :

Saint Gatien's Cathedral is the Roman Catholic cathedral church of the Tours diocese and the metropolitan cathedral of the Tours ecclesiastic province, in Indre-et-Loire, France. Saint-Gatien's Cathedral was built between 1170 and 1547. At the time construction began, it was located at the south end of the bridge over the Loire, on the road from Paris to the south-west of France. It has been a classified Monument historique since 1862.
The first cathedral of Saint-Maurice was built by Lidoire, bishop of Tours from 337 to 371 (preceding St Martin). Burnt in 561, it was restored by Gregory of Tours and rededicated in 590. Its location, at the south-west angle of the castrum, as well as its eastern orientation, resulted in the original access being through the late-Roman surrounding wall (such a configuration is quite rare).[1]


View of the nave
The cathedral was then rebuilt during the second quarter of the 12th century and again burnt in 1166 during the conflict between Louis VII of France and Henry II of England (also count of Anjou, the neighboring region).

The present cathedral replaces the 13th century Romanesque building. The first phase concerned the south transept and the towers, as early as 1170. The chancel was rebuilt from 1236 to 1279 by Étienne de Mortagne but the nave took much longer to build. The architect Simon du Mans rebuilt the transept and started the nave, including six spans, aisle and chapel, built during the 14th century — the first two spans correspond to those of the old Romanesque cathedral and date back to the 12th century. The nave was only finished during the 15th century by architects Jean de Dammartin, Jean Papin and Jean Durand, thanks to the generosity of Charles VII and the Duke of Brittany Jean V.


Cathedral plan
While building the present cathedral, the nave was then extended westward and the towers surrounding its entrance were erected during the first half of the 16th century, the first tower in 1507 by Pierre de Valence 87 m high, and the second tower during 1534 and 1547 by Pierre Gadier. Highlighting the special feature of the building, called supra, the towers were erected outside of the old city. The late-Roman surrounding wall is visible in cross section at the rear of the towers from the north.

In 1356, the cathedral received its new name of saint Gatien. Its construction having been particularly slow,[2] it presents a complex pattern of French religious types of architecture from the 13th century to the 15th. For example, the tower buttresses are Romanesque, the ornamentation generally is pure Gothic, and the tops of the towers are Renaissance (beginning of the 16th century).

Treasures[edit]
The organ, donated by -Good will- Martin de Beaune, was built by Barnabé Delanoue in the 16th century. One can also see, in the cathedral, the tomb of the children of Charles VIII and Anne of Brittany, who died as infants. This tomb, in Carrara marble, made by Girolamo da Fiesole, in the Italian style, and whose recumbent statues are reminiscent of 15th-century French medieval tradition (school of Michel Colombe), was kept since 1506 in Saint-Martin de Tours before being moved in 1834 to Saint-Gatien.

Environment[edit]
To the north of the cathedral is a small cloister, also built during the Renaissance. This cloister is known as the cloître de la Psalette, in reference to its function as a school of psalms (religious chants). To the south of the cathedral is the former archbishop's palace, built in the early 18th century, which has now become the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours.

Burials
Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, Duke of Touraine, buried with his son, Sir James Douglas in the Choir, following the Battle of Verneuil 1424.

Fleur-de-lis

The fleur-de-lis or fleur-de-lys (plural: fleurs-de-lis) is a stylized lily (in French, fleur means flower, and lis means lily) or iris that is used as a decorative design or symbol. It may be at one and the same time, religious, political, dynastic, artistic, emblematic, and symbolic, especially in French heraldry.
The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C (⚜) in the Miscellaneous Symbols block.


This video is targeted to blind users.

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Article text available under CC-BY-SA
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Musée d'Orsay art nouveau PARIS

Paris (French: [paʁi] is the capital and most populous city of France. Situated on the Seine River in the north of the country, it is in the centre of the Île-de-France region, also known as the région parisienne, Paris Region. The City of Paris largely retains its one and a half century old administrative boundaries, with an area of 105 km² (41 mi²) and as of 2014 a population of 2,241,346.[4][5] Together with its suburbs, the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 (Jan. 2012 census).[2] Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census),[3] constituting one-fifth of the population of France.[6] The administrative region covers 12,012 km² (4,638 mi²), with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014, and has its own regional council and president.[7]

Paris was founded in the 3rd century BC by a Celtic people called the Parisii, who gave the city its name. By the 12th century, Paris was the largest city in the western world, a prosperous trading centre, and the home of the University of Paris, one of the first in Europe. In the 18th century, it was the centre stage for the French Revolution, and became an important centre of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, a position it still retains today. Since the 19th century, the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders.

Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world, the Louvre, as well as the Musée d'Orsay, noted for its collection of French Impressionist art, and the Musée National d'Art Moderne, a museum of modern and contemporary art. The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral (12th century); the Sainte-Chapelle (13th century); the Eiffel Tower (1889); and the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre (1914). In 2014 Paris received 22.4 million visitors, making it one of the world's top tourist destinations.[8] Paris is also known for its fashion, particularly the twice-yearly Paris Fashion Week, and for its haute cuisine, and three-star restaurants. Most of France's major universities and grandes écoles are located in Paris, as are France's major newspapers, including Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Libération.

Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris played host to the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Every July, the Tour de France of cycling finishes in the city.

The city is also a major rail, highway, and air-transport hub, served by the two international airports Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 4.5 million passengers daily.[9] Paris is the hub of the national road network, and is surrounded by three orbital roads: the Périphérique, the A86 motorway, and the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs.

France vs. Spain | Final Full Game | FIBA 3x3 Women's Series 2019 | La Rochelle

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Bill Cooper - Mystery Babylon Hours 11 - 15 #41 #42 #43 #46 #47

TheTruthIsFullOfLies, when you find the truth, you will also find a lot of lies.

I am going to do this until you either wake up or I die a martyr. If you don't wake up then I would rather be killed as this world will not be worth living in...



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#41 Mystery Babylon 11: The Assassins

This is Part 11 in a series of live broadcasts by William Cooper on the Hour of the Time shortwave radio program on Mystery Babylon.
The story of the Hashshashin, from whence the word assassin is derived, an Arab/Islam tentacle of Mystery Babylon.
Again the symbology, initiations, and esoteric secrets are similar to Freemasonry.
The Hashshashin, who utilized drugs, illusion, mind control, covert methods of spying, political assassinations, terrorism, and murder of their enemies, are the forerunners of modern covert Black Ops organizations such as the CIA, Mossad, MI-6, Al Qaeda, KGB, and Hezbollah.

#42 Mystery Babylon 12: The Templars and The Assassins 51:52

This is Part 12 in a series of live broadcasts by William Cooper on the Hour of the Time shortwave radio program on Mystery Babylon.
The rise of the Knight Templars. It is a myth that the Templars were created to defend Jerusalem and pilgrim travelers, for they were created as an Order of the Mystery Religion. An Order cloaked with the appearance of Christianity. The Templars learned their ways from the Hashshashin, with whom they were in contact with in the mid-east. The Templars brought the Mystery Religion back to Europe with them, along with their riches and became the first international bankers. They were the original Communists and introduced Socialism to the nations of Europe and Lorded over the Kings and Princes of Europe.
They were the beginning of the modern era's march towards the New World Order.
William Cooper also briefly talks about Waco and Ruby Ridge.

#43 Mystery Babylon 13: The End of The Templars 1:42:07

This is Part 13 in a series of live broadcasts by William Cooper on the Hour of the Time shortwave radio program on Mystery Babylon.
The Oaths of the Templars. The Hospitaliters. Templars richer than the kings and nations they operated in. The Templars, frustrated in their attempt to take back the Holy Land from the Moslem hordes, plotted to turn on the Pope and the Kings of Europe and to overcome all of Christianity. The story of Jacques DeMolay, the persecution and execution of the Templars, and the fall of the Templars who are driven underground. The Baphomet and the adoration of man's intellect. The origins of Friday the 13th and the first October Surprise.

#46 Mystery Babylon 14: The Skull and Bones 2:29:06

This is Part 14 in a series of live broadcasts by William Cooper on the Hour of the Time shortwave radio program on Mystery Babylon.
England and Scotland became the safe haven for the persecuted and fugitive Templars on the continent.
The elusive connection between the Order of The Knight Templars and the Order of Freemasonry is found in the genealogy of the families of the Elite. William Cooper discusses the book, Born in Blood, the Lost Secrets of Freemasonry, by John J. Robinson.
The French Roots of Freemasonry.
The Freemason's symbology and ritual confirms the connection with the Templar persecution in France. The Freemasons, who were not, as popularly believed, a guild of medieval stone masons, but an underground secret society to designed to protect the fugitive Templars from the deadly persecution of the Pope and the King of France, were known also as the Sons of Light.
The origins of the legend of Hiram Abiff.
The connection to the Skull and Bones, the Pirates, the Rosicrucian Order, the French Revolution, the Order of the Quest, the Brotherhood of Death, the Bush family, families of America's elite, the US Intelligence agencies, and the American political parties.

#47 Mystery Babylon 15: The Roshaniya 3:15:22

This is Part 15 in a series of live broadcasts by William Cooper on the Hour of the Time shortwave radio program on Mystery Babylon.
The Roshaniya, or Illumined Ones of Afghanistan, were a re-emergence of the Cult of the Assassins. The Roshaniya's connection to the Jesuits and the Illuminati of Germany formed by Jesuit Priest, Adam Weishaupt.
The USA was designed as the vehicle of Mystery Babylon to forge the world into their great work, a one word totalitarian socialist government, a government of the elite over the masses.
The coming King of the World. The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion.
Comparison of the Bavarian Illuminati to the Roshaniya.
Now, with the back ground on the Templars, the Assassins, and Roshaniya, we are starting to see the connection to the world events of today with the USA and Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, but there is much more to come.

Hundred Years' War | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Hundred Years' War

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries.
Tensions between the crowns of France and England can be traced back to the origins of the English royal family itself, which was French (Norman, and later, Angevin) in origin. For this reason, English monarchs had historically held not only the English crown, but also titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals to the kings of France. The status of the English king's French fiefs was a major source of conflict between the two monarchies throughout the Middle Ages. French monarchs systematically sought to check the growth of English power, stripping away lands as the opportunity arose, particularly whenever England was at war with Scotland, an ally of France. Over the centuries, English holdings in France had varied in size, at some points dwarfing even the French royal domain; by 1337, however, only Gascony was left to the English.
In 1316, a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne (later retroactively attributed to the ancient Salic law). In 1328, Charles IV of France died without sons or brothers. His closest male relative was his nephew Edward III of England, whose mother, Isabella of France, was sister of the deceased king. Isabella claimed the throne of France for her son, but the French rejected it, maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right she did not possess. Furthermore, political sentiment favored a Frenchman for the crown rather than a foreign prince. The throne passed instead to Philip, Count of Valois, a patrilineal cousin of Charles IV, who would become Philip VI of France, the first king of the House of Valois. The English had not expected their claim to meet with success, and did not press the matter when it was denied. However, disagreements between Philip and Edward induced the former to confiscate the latter's lands in France, and in turn prompted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne.
Several overwhelming English victories in the war—especially at Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt—raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph, and convinced the English to continue pouring money and manpower into the war over many decades. However, the greater resources of the French monarchy prevented the English kings from ever completing the conquest of France. Starting in 1429, decisive French victories at Orléans, Patay, Formigny, and Castillon concluded the war in favour of the House of Valois, with England permanently losing most of its possessions on the continent.
Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Local conflicts in neighbouring areas, which were contemporarily related to the war, including the War of the Breton Succession (1341–1365), the Castilian Civil War (1366–1369), the War of the Two Peters (1356–1369) in Aragon, and the 1383–85 crisis in Portugal, were availed by the parties to advance their agendas. Later historians adopted the term Hundred Years' War as a historiographical periodization to encompass all of these events, thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history.
The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors. By its end, feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troop ...

free hugs Orleans France abrasouverts fr

Orléans était une étape assez exceptionnelle car non seulement je dormais chez mon frère, mais en plus il a partagé la session de free hugs avec moi.

Richard I of England | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Richard I of England


00:01:48 1 Early life and accession in Aquitaine
00:01:58 1.1 Childhood
00:07:40 1.2 Revolt against Henry II
00:11:47 1.3 Final years of Henry II's reign
00:18:47 2 King and crusader
00:18:56 2.1 Coronation and anti-Jewish violence
00:20:38 2.2 Crusade plans
00:23:00 2.3 Occupation of Sicily
00:25:00 2.4 Conquest of Cyprus
00:27:08 2.5 Marriage
00:28:26 2.6 In the Holy Land
00:35:07 2.7 Captivity, ransom and return
00:38:24 2.8 Later years and death
00:46:43 3 Character and sexuality
00:49:00 4 Legacy
00:49:08 4.1 Heraldry
00:50:09 4.2 Medieval folklore
00:51:18 4.3 Modern reception
00:53:50 4.4 Depictions in modern fiction
00:56:36 5 Ancestors
00:56:45 6 Notes
00:56:54 7 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was known as Richard Cœur de Lion or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. He was also known in Occitan as Oc e No (Yes and No), because of his reputation for terseness.By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father. Richard was a central Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and scoring considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, although he did not retake Jerusalem from Saladin.Richard spoke both French and Occitan. He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. Following his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his life as king was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France. Rather than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, he has been perceived as preferring to use it merely as a source of revenue to support his armies. Nevertheless, he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects. He remains one of the few kings of England remembered by his epithet, rather than regnal number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.