Alaska '35
In 1935, scientist and filmmaker William O. Field documented the work of newly arriving Matanuska Valley Colony farmers in Alaska. These farmers and their families had relocated from the Midwest of the United States to the Matanuska Valley/Palmer area of Alaska as part of a New Deal resettlement plan. The colony was settled by about 200 families seeking relief from the hardships of the Great Depression. Field's film contains scenes of early Alaska Railroad steam engines at work, farmers and their families at work and play, colonists building and moving into houses, and farm machinery ranging from horse drawn wagons to Caterpillar tractors and threshing machines. (B&W/Silent/35mm film).
In 2016, this film was preserved through funding from the National Film Preservation Foundation (NFPF). Reflex Technologies of Burbank, California, scanned the film and created digital DPX files, which were then output to new 35mm dupe negative and answer print films by Video & Film Solutions of Rockville, Maryland. The original safety print film, new dupe negative and answer print films, and digital files are all being preserved by the Alaska Film Archives at University of Alaska Fairbanks.
This sequence contains excerpts from AAF-21002 from the William O. Field Papers collection held by the Alaska Film Archives, a unit of the Alaska and Polar Regions Collections & Archives Department in the Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. The Alaska Film Archives is supported by Rasmuson Rare Books Endowment. For more information please contact the Alaska Film Archives.
The Hidden City in Alaska : Episode 25
The Martini Project
This week we finally made it to the hidden city in Alaska. Which is Whittier, Alaska. This is located south of Anchorage and you will have to look into the tunnel times as it's located on the other side of a mountain. This is a beautiful city to visit filled with history, scenery, and water. This was a quick visit however we did get the opportunity to make it around to some very nice locations and enjoyed our visit. Also, a few miles before the entrance there is portage glacier so make sure and stop there and check out the remains of what was once a beautiful site.
Thank you to everyone on all of the social media sites who have commented and shared, it means a lot.
~Equipment & Gear used for the footage~
Main Vlog Camera Canon 80D:
Rode Mic Pro:
Don't Forget about our social media pages and website as well.
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Send Mail to
The Martini Project
1150 S.Colony Way, STE3 PMB321 Palmer, AK 99645
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The History of Drumthwacket
Drumthwacket is the governor's official residence in New Jersey with a history that dates back to the 1680s. For more New Jersey news, visit NJTV News online at njtvnews.org.
Alaska Community Innovation Summit Endnotes - June 12, 2019
On June 12, 2019, Doug Miller and Brendan Babb deliver closing presentations at the Alaska Community Innovation Summit. (1) Building Alaska Smart Communities, Doug Miller, Senior Manager, PMP, Wostmann and Associates, Alaska Smart Communities Forum; (2) Innovation in Government, Brendan Babb, Chief Innovation Officer, Municipality of Anchorage, Code for Anchorage.
10 Archaeological Mysteries of the United States
10 Archaeological Mysteries of the United States.
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These ancient American relics remain unexplained.
A centuries-old stone wall, stretching for miles; enormous pictures scratched into the ground of a desert; rocks arranged in a circle. You know what these landmarks are, right?
Guess again. Instead of the Great Wall of China or Stonehenge, these are all ancient American ruins and landmarks. The United States is a relative newcomer to the world stage, but there have been people long living on this continent, and they’ve left traces of their presence just as mysterious as those found in other countries.
1. Mystery Hill: America’s Stonehenge.
SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE.
About 40 miles north of the city of Boston, and about 25 miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean...
2. Casa Grande Ruins.
COOLIDGE, ARIZONA.
This is an artist's depiction of the Casa Grande (Great House), and its surrounding compound as it may have appeared around 1350 C.E....
3. The Blythe Intaglios.
BLYTHE, CALIFORNIA.
The Blythe Intaglios, often called America’s Nazca Lines, are a series of gigantic geoglyphs found fifteen miles north of Blythe California in the Colorado Desert....
4. Judaculla Rock.
SYLVA, NORTH CAROLINA.
Buried in the mountains of Jackson County, just outside of Sylva, there exists a very, very strange rock....
5. Bighorn Medicine Wheel.
LOVELL, WYOMING.
Located high in the Bighorn Mountains of Northern Wyoming, the centuries old Medicine Wheel....
6. Dighton Rock.
BERKELEY, MASSACHUSETTS.
In the fall of 1680, John Danforth – with his freshly minted degree from Harvard College – visited the South Shore of Massachusetts in Taunton and took a side trip to see one of the curiosities of the age....
7. The Great Serpent Mound.
HILLSBORO, OHIO.
The Great Serpent Mound is a 1,300 foots long, and 3 foots high prehistoric effigy mound located on a plateau of a crater along Ohio Brush Creek in Adams County, Ohio....
8. Berkeley Mystery Walls.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA.
The ancient Berkeley walls remain an ancient unsolved enigma. Often referred to as the “Great Wall of California”...
9. Miami Circle.
MIAMI, FLORIDA.
The worst place in Florida to discover an ancient mystery is on prime real estate in downtown Miami....
10. Hemet Maze Stone.
HEMET, CALIFORNIA.
Near the town of Hemet in the Reinhardt canyon, of southern California there is a curious petroglyph known as the Hemet maze stone...
Music: Kevin Macleod
Artist:
3: Theory and Practice of Freedom of Expression
One of the thorniest faces of free speech debate is the tension between free expression as an abstract principle and kinds of speech that harm, such as hate speech, incitements to violence, or uses of information which can cause economic damage or threaten security or privacy. And technologies change how information can move, and harm. This week we put a historian of the earliest post-printing-press debates over free speech in dialog with a historian of the information practices of hate groups in America.
Recorded October 19th, 2018
New York prison escapee killed by police, accomplice still at large
Originally published on 27 June, 2015
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Law enforcement officers on Friday shot and killed one of two prisoners who escaped a maximum security prison in New York three weeks ago and are still pursuing the second escapee near the Canadian border, authorities said.
Richard Matt, a 49-year-old convicted murderer, was shot and killed by U.S. Border Patrol officers after he was discovered in a wooded area in the town of Malone, according to the New York State Police. Authorities were still searching for the second prisoner, David Sweat, a 35-year-old imprisoned for killing a sheriff’s deputy.
Officials said they cannot confirm the whereabouts of Sweat, but have no reason to believe he was not with Matt recently and still in the area. Malone is located 27 miles (43 km) northwest of the Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora, where the convicts staged their elaborate escape and were found missing on June 6. Nearly 1,100 law enforcement officers have been involved in the manhunt. Authorities closed in on Malone after two burglaries were reported this week at backwoods cabins, and items believed to have been dropped by Matt were discovered, said superintendent of the New York State Police Joseph D’Amico.
Matt was found after a motorist reported that someone shot at his camper around 1:51 p.m.A cabin in the area of the shooting was searched and officers found signs that a gun had been fired inside and someone had recently left, D’Amico said.
While searching the nearby woods, officers heard coughs, which is when they encountered and killed Matt, D’Amico said. Matt was armed with a 20-gauge shotgun when he was killed. According to authorities, Matt did not fire at police during the encounter.
Dozens of law enforcement vehicles have converged on the area and are continuing the search for Sweat.
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Alabama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Alabama
00:01:58 1 Etymology
00:04:02 2 History
00:04:10 2.1 Pre-European settlement
00:05:45 2.2 European settlement
00:08:11 2.3 Early 19th century
00:10:49 2.3.1 Civil War and Reconstruction
00:13:52 2.4 20th century
00:23:39 3 Geography
00:26:45 3.1 Climate
00:30:46 3.2 Flora and fauna
00:32:05 4 Demographics
00:33:20 4.1 Ancestry
00:37:00 4.2 Census-designated and metropolitan areas
00:37:11 4.3 Cities
00:37:19 4.4 Language
00:38:14 4.5 Religion
00:42:48 4.6 Health
00:43:29 5 Economy
00:47:02 5.1 Largest employers
00:47:21 5.2 Agriculture
00:47:55 5.3 Industry
00:51:34 5.4 Tourism
00:52:12 5.5 Healthcare
00:52:32 5.6 Banking
00:53:47 5.7 Electronics
00:54:23 5.8 Construction
00:54:49 6 Law and government
00:54:58 6.1 State government
00:59:54 6.2 Taxes
01:02:11 6.3 County and local governments
01:04:50 6.4 Politics
01:07:53 6.5 Elections
01:08:01 6.5.1 State elections
01:10:28 6.5.2 Local elections
01:11:37 6.5.3 Federal elections
01:12:25 7 Education
01:12:34 7.1 Primary and secondary education
01:14:34 7.2 Colleges and universities
01:17:15 8 Media
01:20:19 9 Culture
01:20:28 9.1 Literature
01:20:36 9.2 Sports
01:20:44 9.2.1 College sports
01:22:12 9.2.2 Professional sports
01:23:19 10 Transportation
01:23:28 10.1 Aviation
01:23:58 10.2 Rail
01:24:18 10.3 Roads
01:26:18 10.4 Ports
01:27:00 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State. The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U.S., suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1970s. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state's economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.
Pennsylvania | Wikipedia audio article
Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle. The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area, and the 6th-most populous state according to the last official U.S. Census count in 2010. It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states. Pennsylvania's two most populous cities are Philadelphia (1,567,872), and Pittsburgh (303,625). The state capital and its 10th largest city is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles (225 km) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary.The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn, the son of the state's namesake. Part of Pennsylvania (along the Delaware River), together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden. It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12, 1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the state's largest city of Philadelphia. During the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washington's headquarters during the bitter winter of 1777–78.
Secret War in Laos Documentary Film: Laotian Civil War and U.S. Government Involvement
The Laotian Civil War (1953--75) was a fight between the Communist Pathet Lao (including many North Vietnamese of Lao ancestry, and the Royal Lao Government in which both the political rightists and leftists received heavy external support for a proxy war from the global Cold War superpowers. Among United States Central Intelligence Agency Special Activities Division US and Hmong veterans of the conflict, it is known as the Secret War.[8]
The Kingdom of Laos was a covert theatre for battle for the other belligerents during the Vietnam War. The Franco--Lao Treaty of Amity and Association signed 22 October 1953, transferred remaining French powers -- except control of military affairs -- to the Royal Lao Government -- which did not include any representatives from the Lao Issara anti-colonial armed nationalist movement[9] — and otherwise establishing Laos as an independent member of the French Union.[10]
The following years were marked by a rivalry between the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right wing under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing Lao Patriotic Front under Prince Souphanouvong and future Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane. A number of attempts were made to establish coalition governments, and a tri-coalition government was finally seated in Vientiane.
The fighting in Laos involved the North Vietnamese Army, American, Thai, and South Vietnamese forces directly and through irregular proxies in a battle for control over the Laotian Panhandle. The North Vietnamese Army occupied the area for use as the Ho Chi Minh Trail supply corridor and staging area for offensives into South Vietnam. There was a second major theatre of action on and near the northern Plaine des Jarres.
The North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao emerged victorious in 1975, as part of the general communist victory in Indochina that year.
Williamstown Real Estate- Sold Home
Sold Home-Dramatic Post and Beam 3 bedroom, 2.5 baths, large awning covered deck and view of 18 hole Waubeeka Golf Course in Williamstown MA. A top place to retire and to live according to Money Magazine 2007 and one of the top 100 sites to vacation in the world according to National Geographic Traveler Magazine
Dover, Delaware
Dover is the capital and second largest city in the U.S. state of Delaware. It is also the county seat of Kent County, and the principal city of the Dover, Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Kent County. It is located on the St. Jones River in the Delaware River coastal plain. It was named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England. As of 2010, the city had a population of 36,047.
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Collections as Data: Stewardship and Use Models to Enhance Access
The rise of accessible digital collections coupled with the development of tools for processing and analyzing data has enabled researchers to create new models of scholarship and inquiry. The National Digital Initiatives team invites leaders and experts from organizations that are collecting, preserving and providing researcher access to digital collections as data to share best practices and lessons learned. This event will also highlight new collaborative initiatives at the Library of Congress that seek to enhance researcher engagement and the use of digital collections as data.
Hashtag: #AsData
Schedule:
Shannon Martineau | Oral History Interview
This video is from an oral history project on LaVan Martineau the writer of the best selling Book “The Rocks Begin To Speak” published in1971.
Mr Martineau’s daughter Shannan was interviewed at the DSU library. She is a member of the Southern Piaute tribe , the Shivwit Band. She shared information on her tribal history and her fathers lifelong interaction with the Southern Piautes. Also how his interest and dedication in studying the local petroglyphs resulted in the publication of his book.
J. Kēhaulani Kauanui on Decolonization in Settler Colonial Context
In hegemonic legal discourse, as well as dominant academic paradigms, discussions of decolonization most often take (former) franchise colonies as their point of reference. Postcolonial theory itself emerged from the study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, and how it endures after putative decolonization. But what sort of decolonization is possible in settler colonial contexts? In Patrick Wolfe’s theorization of settler colonialism, he argued that this model of domination operates by “the logic of elimination of the native” because the acquisition of land is its central feature. Based on enduring settlement, settler colonialism is – as Wolfe put it – “a structure, not an event.” Thus, in tending to settler colonialism as an ongoing structure of domination, what decolonization must entail will differ than in franchise colonies (or other colonial situations). As such, decolonization that includes a commitment to decoloniality should impact historical interpretation, and by extension studies of race and indigeneity that challenge the logic of elimination.
J. Kēhaulani Kauanui is Professor of American Studies and an affiliate faculty member in Anthropology at Wesleyan University, where she serves as the current Chair of the American Studies Department, and the current Director of the Center for the Americas.
Sponsored by the Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America, the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, and the Sawyer Seminar on Race and Indigeneity in the Americas at Brown University.
Friday, March 8, 2019
Brown University
Parallel universe (fiction) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:12 1 Overview
00:04:34 2 Science fiction
00:08:24 2.1 Hyperspace
00:10:31 2.2 Time travel and alternative history
00:14:10 2.3 Counter-Earth
00:15:13 2.4 Convergent evolution
00:18:33 2.5 Convergent evolution due to contamination
00:19:38 2.6 Simulated reality
00:19:56 3 Fantasy
00:20:04 3.1 Stranger in a strange land
00:22:48 3.2 Between the worlds
00:24:04 3.3 Fantasy multiverses
00:25:43 3.4 Fictional universe as alternative universe
00:32:06 3.5 Elfland
00:34:59 3.6 Isekai
00:35:31 4 Films
00:40:19 5 Television
00:52:32 5.1 As an ongoing subplot
00:56:37 5.2 Television series involving parallel universes
00:59:43 6 Comic books
01:08:14 7 Video games
01:23:10 8 Fan fiction
01:23:19 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8421312713893405
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A parallel universe, also known as an alternate universe or alternate reality, is a hypothetical self-contained reality co-existing with one's own. A specific group of parallel universes are called a multiverse, although this term can also be used to describe the possible parallel universes that constitute reality. While the three terms are generally synonymous and can be used interchangeably in most cases, there is sometimes an additional connotation implied with the term alternate universe/reality that implies that the reality is a variant of our own, with some overlap with the similarly-named alternate history. The term parallel universe is more general, without implying a relationship, or lack of relationship, with our own universe. A universe where the very laws of nature are different – for example, one in which there are no Laws of Motion – would in general count as a parallel universe but not an alternative reality and a concept between both fantasy world and earth.
Clarice Smith Distinguished Lecture Series: Sylvia Yount
Sylvia Yount is the Lawrence A. Fleischman Curator in Charge of the American Wing at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where she oversees fine and decorative arts from the colonial period to the early twentieth century. In her curatorial and administrative practice, Yount works to expand and enrich traditional collection and gallery narratives by including Latin and Native American art as well as work by women and artists of color. Her presentation explores the challenges and opportunities of these efforts in the context of shifting definitions of American art and identity, both past and present.
Lectures begin at 6:30 p.m. Free tickets in the G Street Lobby at 6 p.m.
The Clarice Smith Distinguished Lectures in American Art highlight excellence and innovation in American art through evenings with an outstanding artist, critic, and scholar. These talks are a forum for discussing the creative experience and what American art is today.
This annual series is made possible by the generosity of Clarice Smith.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:30 1 History
00:08:53 1.1 1800 to 1900
00:12:10 1.2 1900 to present
00:15:56 2 Geography
00:18:17 2.1 Cityscape
00:18:25 2.1.1 Areas
00:18:59 2.1.1.1 Golden Triangle
00:20:26 2.1.1.2 Central
00:21:12 2.1.1.3 North Side
00:22:24 2.1.1.4 South Side
00:24:00 2.1.1.5 East End
00:24:57 2.1.1.6 West End
00:25:15 2.1.2 Ethnicities
00:26:27 2.1.3 Population densities
00:26:58 2.1.4 Images
00:27:06 2.2 Regional identity
00:28:20 2.3 Climate
00:31:41 2.3.1 Air quality
00:34:51 2.3.2 Water quality
00:36:46 3 Demographics
00:41:48 4 Economy
00:46:57 5 Arts and culture
00:47:07 5.1 Entertainment
00:53:02 5.2 Theatre
00:54:30 5.3 Literature
00:57:22 5.4 Food
00:58:00 5.5 Local dialect
00:59:39 5.6 Livability
01:04:07 6 Sports
01:05:51 6.1 Baseball
01:08:11 6.2 Football
01:11:29 6.3 Hockey
01:14:11 6.4 Basketball
01:18:24 6.5 Golf
01:19:38 6.6 Annual sports events
01:20:47 6.7 Professional wrestling
01:21:39 7 Government and politics
01:21:49 7.1 Government
01:22:53 7.2 Politics
01:25:12 7.3 Law enforcement
01:26:25 7.4 Crime
01:27:23 8 Education
01:32:11 9 Media
01:32:20 9.1 Newspapers
01:33:16 9.2 Television
01:34:57 9.3 Radio
01:36:25 9.4 Film
01:37:28 10 Utilities
01:38:02 11 Health care
01:41:59 11.1 Health discoveries
01:43:22 12 Transportation
01:44:35 12.1 Rail
01:46:15 12.2 Port
01:46:39 12.3 Expressways and highways
01:49:07 12.4 Airports
01:49:26 12.5 Public transit
01:51:33 12.5.1 Public transportation statistics
01:52:27 13 Notable people
01:52:36 14 Sister cities
01:52:51 15 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9235496583945051
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Pittsburgh ( PITS-burg) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. A population of about 301,048 residents live within the city limits, making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S. The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania (behind Philadelphia), and the 27th-largest in the U.S.
Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state, at the confluence of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers. Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclined railways, a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest, as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires, Virginians, Whiskey Rebels, and Civil War raiders.Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita. America's 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. This heritage left the area with renowned museums, medical centers, parks, research centers, and a diverse cultural district.Today, Google, Apple Inc., Bosch, Facebook, Uber, Nokia, Autodesk, Microsoft and IBM are among 1,600 technology firms generating $20.7 billion in annual Pittsburgh payrolls. The area has served as the long-time federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research and the nuclear navy. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh. The nation's eighth-largest bank, eight Fortune 500 co ...
Slavery in the United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Slavery in the United States
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human chattel enslavement, primarily of Africans and African Americans, that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slavery had been practiced in British America from early colonial days, and was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It lasted in about half the states until 1865, when it was prohibited nationally by the Thirteenth Amendment. As an economic system, slavery was largely replaced by sharecropping.
By the time of the American Revolution (1775–1783), the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry. When the United States Constitution was ratified (1789), a relatively small number of free people of color were among the voting citizens (male property owners). During and immediately following the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states and a movement developed to abolish slavery. Northern states depended on free labor and all had abolished slavery by 1805. The rapid expansion of the cotton industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased demand for slave labor to pick cotton when it all ripened at once, and the Southern states continued as slave societies. Those states attempted to extend slavery into the new Western territories to keep their share of political power in the nation. Southern leaders also wanted to annex Cuba as a slave territory. The United States became polarized over the issue of slavery, split into slave and free states, in effect divided by the Mason–Dixon line which delineated (free) Pennsylvania from (slave) Maryland and Delaware.
Congress during the Jefferson administration prohibited the importation of slaves, effective 1808, although smuggling (illegal importing) via Spanish Florida was not unusual. Domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South. More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South, which had a surplus of labor, and taken to the Deep South in a forced migration, splitting up many families. New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South, and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation.As the West was developed for settlement, the Southern state governments wanted to keep a balance between the number of slave and free states to maintain a political balance of power in Congress. The new territories acquired from Britain, France, and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises. By 1850, the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union, and tensions continued to rise. Many white Southern Christians, including church ministers, attempted to justify their support for slavery as modified by Christian paternalism. The largest denominations, the Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, split over the slavery issue into regional organizations of the North and South. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, seven states broke away to form the Confederacy. The first six states to secede held the greatest number of slaves in the South. Shortly after, the Civil War began when Confederate forces attacked the US Army's Fort Sumter. Four additional slave states then seceded. Due to Union measures such as the Confiscation Acts and Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, the war effectively ended slavery, even before ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865 formally ended the legal institution throughout the United States.
Index of World War II articles (U) | Wikipedia audio article
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SUMMARY
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U-571 (film)
UA
U-boat Front Clasp
U-boat War Badge
U-Boote westwärts
U-Man
U.S.-British Staff Conference (ABC-1)
U.S. 20th Air Base Group
U.S. 5th Interceptor Command
U.S. Army Forces Far East
U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East
U.S. Army M-1943 Uniform
U.S. campaigns in WWII
U.S. Divisions Active in the Normandy Campaign
U.S. Grant Sharp, Jr.
U.S. Marine Raider Stiletto
U.S. theaters of operations in World War II
Uckermark concentration camp
Udo von Woyrsch
Udo Walendy
Uehara Yūsaku
Ugo Agostoni
Ugo Cavallero
Ugo de Carolis
Ugo Frigerio
Uilke Vuurman
Uk vz. 59
Ukishima Maru
Ukrainian-German collaboration during World War II
Ukrainian Canadian internment
Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral, Paris
Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Ukrainian Liberation Army
Ukrainian National Army
Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army
Uku Masing
Ulanhu
Ulbricht group
Ulithi
Ulla Erna Frieda Juerss
Ulrich Graf (SS officer)
Ulrich Kleemann
Ulrich Ramé
Ulrich von Hassell
Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld
Ulster Defence Volunteers
Ultra-Metallo
Ultra
Ulven concentration camp
Ulvert M. Moore
Ulysses S. Grant III
Umberto Caligaris
Umberto De Morpurgo
Umberto Meoli
Umezawa Michiharu
Umrao Singh
Umschlagplatz
Unbestowed awards of Nazi Germany
Uncle Albert
Uncle Sam Wants You recruitment poster
Uncompleted U-boat projects
Under a War-Torn Sky
Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy
Under the Flag of the Rising Sun
Under the Red Sea Sun
Underground education in Poland during World War II
Underground media in German-occupied Europe
Unidentified body on Christmas Island
Unio Sarlin
Union Movement
Union of Bulgarian National Legions
Union of Poles in Germany
Union of Retaliation
Unit 100
Unit 1855
Unit 200
Unit 2646
Unit 516
Unit 543
Unit 731
Unit 773
Unit 8604
Unit 88
Unit 9420
Unit Ei 1644
Unit identification aircraft markings
United Church, The Chapel on the Hill, Oak Ridge, TN
United Defense M42
United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan (1941)
United Klans of America
United Nations Conference on International Organization
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
United Nations War Crimes Commission
United Nations
United States Air Forces Southern Command
United States aircraft production during World War II
United States Army Air Forces
United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War II
United States Army Forces in the British Isles
United States Army North
United States Army Pigeon Service
United States Army Uniform in World War II
United States Asiatic Fleet
United States Engineer Regiments in World War II
United States Fourth Fleet
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
United States home front during World War II
United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121
United States in the 1950s
United States Maritime Commission
United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory
United States Navy Armed Guard
United States Office of War Information
United States Political Leadership in World War II
United States Porpoise-class submarine
United States Strategic Air Forces
United States Submarine Operations in World War II
United States v. Price
United States
Unity Mitford
Universal Carrier
Universal Order
University of Nantes
University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle
University of Paris strike of 1229
University of Paris
University of Santo Tomas
University of Tennessee Arboretum
UNPROFLEET
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Unryū-class aircraft carrier
Untermensch
Unternehmen Bodenplatte
Unternehmen Rheinübung
Unterscharführer
Untersturmführer
Up An' Atom (B-29)
Up Front (game)
Up Periscope
Upper Silesian Offensive Operation
Uprising (2001 film)
Uraga Dock Company
Urakami Cathedral
Urakami
Ural bomber
Ural Maru
Uravan, Colorado
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