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Aztec | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:08:13 1 Definitions
00:14:50 2 History
00:14:59 2.1 Sources of knowledge
00:19:48 2.2 Central Mexico in the classic and postclassic
00:22:14 2.3 Mexica migration and foundation of Tenochtitlan
00:25:01 2.4 Early Mexica rulers
00:28:34 2.5 Early rulers of the Aztec Empire
00:28:45 2.5.1 Motecuzoma I Ilhuicamina
00:31:51 2.5.2 Axayacatl and Tizoc
00:34:57 2.5.3 Ahuitzotl
00:36:51 2.6 Final Aztec rulers and the Spanish conquest
00:42:11 3 Political and social organization
00:42:22 3.1 Nobles and commoners
00:44:47 3.2 Family and gender
00:46:55 3.3 iAltepetl/i and icalpolli/i
00:50:06 3.4 Triple Alliance and Aztec Empire
00:53:55 4 Economy
00:54:05 4.1 Agriculture and subsistence
00:57:16 4.2 Crafts and trades
00:58:40 4.3 Trade and distribution
01:01:28 4.4 Tribute
01:03:32 5 Urbanism
01:04:28 5.1 Tenochtitlan
01:07:14 5.1.1 The Great Temple
01:09:11 5.2 Other major city-states
01:10:28 6 Religion
01:11:13 6.1 Deities
01:13:53 6.2 Mythology and worldview
01:16:44 6.3 Calendar
01:19:38 6.4 Human sacrifice and cannibalism
01:24:11 7 Art and cultural production
01:25:11 7.1 Writing and iconography
01:28:20 7.2 Music, song and poetry
01:28:27 7.3 Ceramics
01:28:38 7.4 Painted art
01:30:56 7.5 Sculpture
01:31:05 7.6 Featherwork
01:33:38 8 Colonial period, 1521–1821
01:33:47 8.1 Population decline
01:36:56 8.2 Social and political continuity and change
01:37:05 9 Legacy
01:40:08 9.1 The Aztecs and national identity
01:40:17 9.2 Aztec history and international scholarship
01:42:55 9.3 Language and placenames
01:43:09 9.4 Cuisine
01:45:43 9.5 In popular culture
01:45:53 10 See also
01:48:12 11 Notes
01:48:24 12 References
01:52:53 13 Bibliography
01:53:03 14 Primary sources in English
01:54:18 15 External links
02:04:48 Aztec history and international scholarship
02:09:35 Language and placenames
02:10:59 Cuisine
02:12:22 In popular culture
02:15:07 See also



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Aztecs () were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec peoples included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Aztec culture was organized into city-states (altepetl), some of which joined to form alliances, political confederations, or empires. The Aztec Empire was a confederation of three city-states established in 1427, Tenochtitlan, city-state of the Mexica or Tenochca; Texcoco; and Tlacopan, previously part of the Tepanec empire, whose dominant power was Azcapotzalco. Although the term Aztecs is often narrowly restricted to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, it is also broadly used to refer to Nahua polities or peoples of central Mexico in the prehispanic era, as well as the Spanish colonial era (1521–1821). The definitions of Aztec and Aztecs have long been the topic of scholarly discussion, ever since German scientist Alexander von Humboldt established its common usage in the early nineteenth century.Most ethnic groups of central Mexico in the post-classic period shared basic cultural traits of Mesoamerica, and so many of the traits that characterize Aztec culture cannot be said to be exclusive to the Aztecs. For the same reason, the notion of Aztec civilization is best understood as a particular horizon of a general Mesoamerican civilization. The culture of central Mexico includes maize cultivation, the social division between nobility (pipiltin) and commoners (macehualtin), a pantheon (featuring Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc and Quetzalcoatl), and the calendric system of a xiuhpohualli of 365 days intercalated with a tonalpohualli of 260 days. Particular to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan was the patron God Huitzilopochtli, ...

Aztec | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Aztec

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Aztecs () were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec peoples included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Aztec culture was organized into city-states (altepetl), some of which joined to form alliances, political confederations, or empires. The Aztec empire was a confederation of three city-states established in 1427, Tenochtitlan, city-state of the Mexica or Tenochca; Texcoco; and Tlacopan, previously part of the Tepanec empire, whose dominant power was Azcapotzalco. Although the term Aztecs is often narrowly restricted to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, it is also broadly used to refer to Nahua polities or peoples of central Mexico in the prehispanic era, as well as the Spanish colonial era (1521–1821). The definitions of Aztec and Aztecs have long been the topic of scholarly discussion, ever since German scientist Alexander von Humboldt established its common usage in the early nineteenth century.Most ethnic groups of central Mexico in the post-classic period shared basic cultural traits of Mesoamerica, and so many of the traits that characterize Aztec culture cannot be said to be exclusive to the Aztecs. For the same reason, the notion of Aztec civilization is best understood as a particular horizon of a general Mesoamerican civilization. The culture of central Mexico includes maize cultivation, the social division between nobility (pipiltin) and commoners (macehualtin), a pantheon (featuring Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc and Quetzalcoatl), and the calendric system of a xiuhpohualli of 365 days intercalated with a tonalpohualli of 260 days. Particular to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan was the patron God Huitzilopochtli, twin pyramids, and the ceramic ware known as Aztec I to IV.From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of dense population and the rise of city-states. The Mexica were late-comers to the Valley of Mexico, and founded the city-state of Tenochtitlan on unpromising islets in Lake Texcoco, later becoming the dominant power of the Aztec Triple Alliance or Aztec Empire. It was a tributary empire that expanded its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica in the late post-classic period. It originated in 1427 as an alliance between the city-states Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan; these allied to defeat the Tepanec state of Azcapotzalco, which had previously dominated the Basin of Mexico. Soon Texcoco and Tlacopan were relegated to junior partnership in the alliance, with Tenochtitlan the dominant power. The empire extended its reach by a combination of trade and military conquest. It was never a true territorial empire controlling a territory by large military garrisons in conquered provinces, but rather dominated its client city-states primarily by installing friendly rulers in conquered territories, by constructing marriage alliances between the ruling dynasties, and by extending an imperial ideology to its client city-states. Client city-states paid tribute to the Aztec emperor, the Huey Tlatoani, in an economic strategy limiting communication and trade between outlying polities, making them dependent on the imperial center for the acquisition of luxury goods. The political clout of the empire reached far south into Mesoamerica conquering polities as far south as Chiapas and Guatemala and spanning Mesoamerica from the Pacific to the Atlantic oceans.
The empire reached its maximal extent in 1519, just prior to the arrival of a small group of Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés. Cortés allied with city-states opposed to the Mexica, particularly the Nahuatl-speaking Tlaxcalteca as well as other central Mexican polities, including Texcoco, its former ally in the Trip ...

PHX Public Safety and Veterans Subcommittee Meeting PT1 - September 12, 2018

PHX Public Safety and Veterans Subcommittee Meeting PT1 - September 12, 2018

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