Salzburg
Salzburg (/ˈsɔːlzˌbɜrɡ/, /ˈsɔːltsˌbɜrɡ/, /ˈsɑːlzˌbɜrɡ/, /ˈsæltsˌbɜrɡ/, /ˈzɑːltsˌbɜrɡ/ or /ˈzæltsˌbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈzalt͡sbʊɐ̯k] ( ); Austro-Bavarian: Såizburg; literally: Salt Fortress) is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg.
Salzburg's Old Town (Altstadt) is internationally renowned for its baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centers north of the Alps. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. The city has three universities and a large population of students. Tourists also frequent the city to tour the city's historic center, many palaces, and the scenic Alpine surroundings.
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Timeline of Christian missions | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:12 1 Apostolic Age
00:01:57 2 Early Christianity
00:05:57 3 Era of the seven Ecumenical Councils
00:16:04 4 Middle Ages
00:19:07 5 1000 to 1499
00:27:30 6 1500 to 1600
00:44:58 7 1600 to 1699
01:03:37 8 1700 to 1799
01:26:16 9 1800 to 1849
01:42:16 10 1850 to 1899
01:59:20 11 1900 to 1949
02:11:58 12 1950 to 1999
02:24:01 13 2000 to present
02:26:46 14 Footnotes
02:26:55 15 See also
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Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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This timeline of Christian missions chronicles the global expansion of Christianity through a listing of the most significant missionary outreach events.
Casanova: The Seduction of Europe Symposium
Welcome and Introductions—Eric M. Lee, director, Kimbell Art Museum and George T. M. Shackelford, deputy director, Kimbell Art Museum
Introducing Casanova: The Man and His World—C. D. Dickerson, head of sculpture and decorative arts, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
The Lust for Luxury—Thomas Michie, Russell B. and Andrée Beauchamp Stearns Senior Curator of Decorative Arts and Sculpture, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Dress and Undress—Pamela A. Parmal, David and Roberta Logie Curator of Textile and Fashion Arts, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Canaletto and Tiepolo: An Odd Couple—Frederick Ilchman, Chair, Art of Europe, and Mrs. Russell W. Baker Curator of Paintings, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Casanova in Pompadour's Paris
Esther Bell, Robert and Martha Berman Lipp Senior Curator, Clark Art Institute,
Williamstown, Massachusetts
Third Order of Saint Francis | Wikipedia audio article
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Third Order of Saint Francis
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SUMMARY
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The Third Order of Saint Francis, historically known as the Order of Penance of Saint Francis, is a third order within the Franciscan movement of the Catholic Church. It includes both congregations of vowed men and women, and fraternities of men and women living standard lives in the world, married most of the time.
It has been believed that the Third Order of Saint Francis was the oldest of all third orders, but historical evidence does not support this. Similar institutions are found in documentation of some monastic orders in the 12th century. In addition, a third order has been found among the Humiliati, confirmed together with its rule by Pope Innocent III in 1201.In 1978, the Third Order of Saint Francis was reorganised and given a new Rule of Life by Pope Paul VI. With the new rule, the name used by the secular branch of the order was changed to the Secular Franciscan Order.
Meister Eckhart | Wikipedia audio article
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Meister Eckhart
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Eckhart von Hochheim (c. 1260 – c. 1328), commonly known as Meister Eckhart or Eckehart, was a German theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near Gotha, in the Landgraviate of Thuringia (now central Germany) in the Holy Roman Empire.Eckhart came into prominence during the Avignon Papacy, at a time of increased tensions between monastic orders, diocesan clergy, the Franciscan Order, and Eckhart's Dominican Order of Preachers. In later life, he was accused of heresy and brought up before the local Franciscan-led Inquisition, and tried as a heretic by Pope John XXII. He seems to have died before his verdict was received.He was well known for his work with pious lay groups such as the Friends of God and was succeeded by his more circumspect disciples John Tauler and Henry Suso. Since the 19th century, he has received renewed attention. He has acquired a status as a great mystic within contemporary popular spirituality, as well as considerable interest from scholars situating him within the medieval scholastic and philosophical tradition.
Göttingen | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:21 1 General information
00:03:26 2 History
00:03:35 2.1 Early history
00:04:30 2.2 Imperial palace of Grona
00:05:48 2.3 Foundation of the town
00:08:23 2.4 Expansion
00:12:32 2.5 Growth and independence
00:19:12 2.6 Loss of independence to the present day
00:20:25 2.6.1 University
00:21:41 2.6.2 Railway
00:22:02 2.6.3 Third Reich era
00:25:30 2.6.4 Contemporary history
00:25:48 3 Cultural relevance
00:27:16 4 Incorporations
00:27:48 5 Demographics
00:28:22 6 Transport
00:29:08 7 Religion
00:32:03 8 Politics
00:33:45 9 Coat of arms
00:34:40 10 International relations
00:34:50 10.1 Twin towns – sister cities
00:35:33 11 Notable people born in Göttingen
00:37:51 12 Notable people who died in Göttingen
00:40:14 13 Sport
00:41:00 14 Universities and colleges
00:42:36 15 Cultural establishments
00:42:46 15.1 Theatre
00:43:06 15.2 Museums, collections, exhibitions
00:44:05 15.3 Gardens
00:44:48 15.4 Local media
00:45:55 16 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Göttingen (, also US: , German: [ˈɡœtɪŋən] (listen); Low German: Chöttingen) is a university city in Lower Saxony, Germany, the capital of the eponymous district. It is run through by River Leine. At the start of 2017, the population was 134,212.
Göttingen | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Göttingen
00:00:20 1 General information
00:03:36 2 History
00:03:45 2.1 Early history
00:04:38 2.2 Imperial palace of Grona
00:05:51 2.3 Foundation of the town
00:08:17 2.4 Expansion
00:12:14 2.5 Growth and independence
00:18:23 2.6 Loss of independence to the present day
00:19:34 2.6.1 University
00:20:44 2.6.2 Railway
00:21:05 2.6.3 Third Reich era
00:24:20 2.6.4 Contemporary history
00:24:45 3 Cultural relevance
00:26:10 4 Incorporations
00:26:40 5 Demographics
00:27:12 6 Transport
00:28:00 7 Religion
00:30:43 8 Politics
00:32:16 9 Coat of arms
00:33:08 10 International relations
00:33:18 10.1 Twin towns – sister cities
00:33:59 11 Notable people born in Göttingen
00:36:03 12 Notable people who died in Göttingen
00:37:50 13 Sport
00:38:38 14 Universities and colleges
00:40:15 15 Cultural establishments
00:40:25 15.1 Theatre
00:40:45 15.2 Museums, collections, exhibitions
00:41:42 15.3 Gardens
00:42:24 15.4 Local media
00:43:26 16 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Göttingen (German pronunciation: [ˈɡœtɪŋən] listen ; Low German: Chöttingen) is a university city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Göttingen. The River Leine runs through the town. At the start of 2017, the population was 134,212.
Italian literature | Wikipedia audio article
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Italian literature
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Italian literature is written in the Italian language, particularly within Italy. It may also refer to literature written by Italians or in Italy in other languages spoken in Italy, often languages that are closely related to modern Italian. An early example of Italian literature is the tradition of vernacular lyric poetry performed in Occitan, which reached Italy by the end of the 12th century. In 1230, the Sicilian School is notable for being the first style in standard Italian. Dante Alighieri, one of the greatest of Italian poets, is notable for his Divine Comedy. Petrarch did classical research and wrote lyric poetry. Renaissance humanism developed during the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries. Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity. Early humanists, such as Petrarch, were great collectors of antique manuscripts. Lorenzo de Medici shows the influence of Florence on the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci wrote a treatise on painting. The development of the drama in the 15th century was very great. The fundamental characteristic of the era following Renaissance is that it perfected the Italian character of its language. Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini were the chief originators of the science of history. Pietro Bembo was an influential figure in the development of the Italian language and an influence on the 16th-century revival of interest in the works of Petrarch.
In 1690 the Academy of Arcadia was instituted with the goal of restoring literature by imitating the simplicity of the ancient shepherds with sonnets, madrigals, canzonette and blank verse. In the 17th century, some strong and independent thinkers, such as Bernardino Telesio, Lucilio Vanini, Bruno and Campanella turned philosophical inquiry into fresh channels, and opened the way for the scientific conquests of Galileo Galilei, who is notable both for his scientific discoveries and his writing. In the 18th century, the political condition of Italy began to improve, and philosophers throughout Europe in the period known as The Enlightenment. Apostolo Zeno and Metastasio are two of the notable figures of the age. Carlo Goldoni, a Venetian, created the comedy of character. The leading figure of the literary revival of the 18th century was Giuseppe Parini.
The ideas behind the French Revolution of 1789 gave a special direction to Italian literature in the second half of the 18th century. Love of liberty and desire for equality created a literature aimed at national object. Patriotism and classicism were the two principles that inspired the literature that began with Vittorio Alfieri. Other patriots included Vincenzo Monti and Ugo Foscolo. The romantic school had as its organ the Conciliatore established in 1818 at Milan. The main instigator of the reform was Manzoni. The great poet of the age was Giacomo Leopardi. History returned to its spirit of learned research. The literary movement that preceded and was contemporary with the political revolution of 1848 may be said to be represented by four writers - Giuseppe Giusti, Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi, Vincenzo Gioberti and Cesare Balbo. After the Risorgimento, political literature becomes less important. The first part of this period is characterized by two divergent trends of literature that both opposed Romanticism, the Scapigliatura and Verismo. Important early-20th-century writers include Italo Svevo and Luigi Pirandello (winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature). Neorealism was developed by Alberto Moravia. Umberto Eco became internationally successful with the Medieval detective story Il nome della rosa (The Name of the Rose, 1980).