Most MYSTERIOUS Discoveries In Antarctica!
Check out the Most MYSTERIOUS Discoveries In Antarctica! This top 10 list of unexplained mysteries and bizarre things found frozen in ice has some of the most amazing discoveries from antarctica!
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10. Antarctic Volcano
You know that Antarctica is covered in ice, but surprisingly, this hostile part of the planet is actually sitting on something surprising. This year scientists made an amazing discovery about Antarctica. It turns out there is a huge expanse of buried volcanoes under the ice that until now, no one knew existed. And not just one or two… we’re talking 91 volcanoes! That’s a whole lot of lava…
9. Alien Ladder
When it comes to working out what’s going on in Antarctica, Google Earth is both a blessing and a curse. It gives scientists and even amateurs access to places most of us won’t ever be able to visit in person, but it is also a treasure trove for conspiracy theorists who are constantly speculating on the images!
8. Climate Change Soundtrack
The Earth is getting warmer by the decade. Surface temperature is rising and weather patterns are getting more extreme. If you’re not worried about climate change, you should be! Just in October of this year, 2018, the United Nations scientific panel issued a warning that damage and crisis caused by climate change may affect us severely by 2040.
7. Crashed Spaceship
When a strange object was found in the snows of South Georgia Island this year, it looked like UFO and alien hunters had finally gotten their wish. The long trail leading up to the object suggested that this thing, whatever it was, had crash-landed from another world.
6. Mysterious Light
Google has a lot to answer for when it comes to Antarctica. A member of Conspiracy Depot, spotted a mysterious object using Google Maps. Word spread and only a matter of months ago eagle-eyed internet users were speculating over the presence of a shaft of light, which appeared to be emanating from a black object on a mountainside. It was thought to be either a beam of light or something reflecting light off it. It’s been described as a “lantern”, or light pointing towards or indicating something.
5. Underwater World
When ice cracks it’s a pretty awesome spectacle. But there’s one thing you maybe don’t think about when something like that happens… the water underneath. The melting Ice can often be covering the most remarkable things and often for thousands of years.
4. Alien Bacteria
While we have just recently learnt of the possible existence of water on Mars, we should also remember that looking closer to home gives us an insight into extraterrestrial life. Last Christmas, a team from the University of New South Wales ventured into the harshest parts of the Antarctic landscapes, which are referred to as the “desert regions”.
3. Giant Hole
Ice is pretty much a constant in Antarctica so when something dramatic happens like a big hole appearing on the surface, it makes scientists sit up and pay attention. I mentioned ice cracking earlier but this is a different phenomenon known as a ‘polynia’.
2. Antarctic Pyramids
You’d think watching Antarctica on Google Earth would be pretty boring. What is there to look at, apart from mile after mile of snow and mountains? Well now you know there’s lots of stuff going on!! There’s plenty to check out if you’re into ETs and the supernatural! Enthusiasts’ brains went into overdrive in 2016 when a cluster of pyramid shapes were spotted from above.
1. Mysterious Structure
In 2012 an internet user posted a Google Earth image of what appears to be a buried object. Estimated to be over 14 miles in length and over 4 miles wide, it radiates white light and also seems to be obscured by online brush strokes, leading some to speculate Google has taken part in a cover up.
Origins Explained is the place to be to find all the answers to your questions, from mysterious events and unsolved mysteries to everything there is to know about the world and its amazing animals!
Who Owns Antiquity? Museums, Repatriation, and Armed Conflict
The Classics Department at Stanford University presents a Lorenz Eitner Lecture on Classical Arts and Culture intended to publicize classics scholarship to a wider public audience.
The last ten years, in particular, have been dominated by discussions of cultural property--either its destruction in zones of military conflict or its involvement in litigation and claims for repatriation. This lecture reviews recent developments in the art and antiquities market, the shifting acquisition policies in museums, and cultural heritage training programs for U.S. soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan.
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The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan by Winston S. Churchill
When the self-proclaimed Mahdi (“Guided One”) gathered Islamic forces and kicked the Anglo-Egyptians out of the Sudan, he unleashed a backlash. With the image of the heroic General Charles Gordon dying at Khartoum, the British public was ready to support a war to reclaim the lost territories. And when the political time was right, a British-Egyptian-Sudanese expedition led by the redoubtable Herbert Kitchener set out to do just that.
The river involved was the Nile. For millennia, its annual flood has made habitable a slender strip, though hundreds of miles of deserts, between its tributaries and its delta. Through this desolate region, man and beast struggled to supply the bare essentials of life. Though this same region, the expedition had to find and defeat an enemy several times larger than itself.
The young Churchill was hot to gain war experience to aid his career, and so he wangled a transfer to the 21st Lancers and participated in the last successful cavalry charge the world ever saw, in the climactic battle of Omdurman. He also had a position as war correspondent for the Morning Post, and on his return to England he used his notes to compose this book.
Chapter 01. The Rebellion of the Mahdi - 00:00
Chapter 02. The Fate of the Envoy - 1:24:09
Chapter 03. The Dervish Empire - 2:45:41
Chapter 04. The Years of Preparation - 3:33:13
Chapter 05. The Beginning of the War - 4:15:26
Chapter 06. Firket - 5:00:59
Chapter 07. The Recovery of the Dongola Province - 5:21:57
Chapter 08. The Desert Railway - 6:15:20
Chapter 09. Abu Hamed - 7:04:52
Chapter 10. Berber - 7:46:23
Chapter 11. Reconaissance - 8:22:42
Chapter 12. The Battle of the Atbara - 8:52:56
Chapter 13. The Grand Advance - 9:21:50
Chapter 14. The Operations of the First of September - 9:50:47
Chapter 15. The Battle of Omdurman - 10:17:57
Chapter 16. The Fall of the City - 11:34:01
Chapter 17. The Fashoda Incident - 11:55:29
Chapter 18. On the Blue Nile - 12:28:57
Chapter 19. The End of the Khalifa - 13:12:58
Appendix - 13:54:27
Derby
Derby (/ˈdɑrbi/ DAR-bi) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands region of England. It lies upon the banks of the River Derwent and is located in the south of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire, of which it was traditionally the county town. In the 2011 census, the city had a population of 248,700.
As home to Lombe's Mill, the first factory in the world, Derby is considered a birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, and due to its strategic central location, the city grew to become a foremost centre of the British rail industry.
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War of 1812 | Wikipedia audio article
The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theater of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right.
From the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France, Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France, which the US contested as illegal under international law. To man the blockade, Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy. Incidents such as the Chesapeake–Leopard affair inflamed anti-British sentiment in the US. In 1811, the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt affair, in which 11 British sailors died. Britain supplied Indians who raided American settlers on the frontier, hindering American expansion and provoking resentment. Historians debate whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America (Canada) contributed to the American decision to go to war. On June 18, 1812, US President James Madison, after heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress, signed the American declaration of war into law.With most of its army in Europe fighting Napoleon, Britain adopted a defensive strategy. American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity, especially in New England, where it was derogatorily referred to as Mr. Madison's War. American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada, improving British morale. American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed. In 1813, the Americans won the Battle of Lake Erie, gaining control of the lake, and at the Battle of the Thames defeated Tecumseh's Confederacy, securing a primary war goal. A final American attempt to invade Canada was fought to a draw at the Battle of Lundy's Lane during the summer of 1814. At sea, the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports, cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will. In 1814, one of these raids burned the capital, Washington, although the Americans later repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore.
In Britain, there was mounting opposition to wartime taxation and demands to reopen trade with America. With the abdication of Napoleon, the blockade of France ended and Britain ceased impressment, rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot. The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast, annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the US government near to bankruptcy. Neither side wanted to continue fighting. Peace negotiations began in August 1814, and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24. News of the peace did not reach America for some time. Unaware of the treaty, British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815. These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour, leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings, a period of national unity. News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter, halting military operations. The treaty was unanimously ratified by the US Senate on February 17, 1815, ending the war with no boundary changes.
Hanley Swan, near Malvern, Worcestershire, England 26th May 2009
The beautiful village of Hanley Swan, near Malvern, Worcestershire, England
Videoed Tuesday, 26th May 2009
For more information on Hanley Swan & Hanley Castle visit:
Situated in the parish of Hanley Castle, the Hanleys is a community of approximately 1500 people spread across two villages (Hanley Swan & Hanley Castle) stretching from the River Severn to within 2 miles of the Malvern Hills.
Hanley Castle, named after a 13th century castle long since demolished, is centred around a church of Norman origin and a 17th century pub. Hanley Swan, which developed along the two main routes through the parish and became a separate village about 100 years ago, is centred around a traditional village green with duck pond, pub and village stores.
The name Hanley comes from the old English han leah, meaning a high clearing, the first settlement developing along what is now Church End. There is some evidence of a Roman fort by the river at the end of Quay Lane, where there used to be an important wharf, and of a Roman temple on the site of St Mary's church. But the first direct references to Hanley are found in two charters dated 962 and 972, which refer to the northern and southern boundaries of Hanlee, indicating that there was an Anglo-Saxon estate in this area.
2015 CSDR Symposium - Panels
Beyond the FAA:
Arbitration Procedure, Practice, and Policy in Historical Perspective
November 13, 2015
Panels
University of Missouri School of Law:
Copyright Information:
© 2015 - Curators of the University of Missouri
England | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
England
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but takes its name from the Angles, a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula, who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law – the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world – developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.England's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north (for example, the Lake District and Pennines) and in the west (for example, Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills). The capital is London, which has the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. England's population of over 55 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London, the South East, and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East, and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.The Kingdom of England – which after 1535 included Wales – ceased being a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland (through another Act of Union) to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Manchester | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:05 1 Name
00:04:06 2 History
00:04:15 2.1 Early history
00:09:08 2.2 Industrial Revolution
00:16:40 2.3 Blitz
00:18:28 2.4 Post-Second World War
00:21:01 2.5 Since 2000
00:23:48 3 Governance
00:27:59 4 Geography
00:31:22 4.1 Climate
00:33:30 4.2 Green belt
00:34:34 5 Demography
00:41:44 6 Economy
00:46:31 7 Landmarks
00:50:12 8 Transport
00:50:21 8.1 Rail
00:51:57 8.2 Metrolink (tram)
00:53:01 8.3 Bus
00:54:21 8.4 Air
00:56:20 8.5 Canal
00:56:56 9 Culture
00:57:05 9.1 Music
01:01:46 9.2 Performing arts
01:03:53 9.3 Museums and galleries
01:06:17 9.4 Literature
01:09:52 9.5 Nightlife
01:12:31 9.6 Gay Village
01:13:10 10 Education
01:17:18 11 Sport
01:20:59 12 Media
01:26:17 13 Twin cities and consulates
01:27:49 14 Honorary citizens
01:28:14 15 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8000024885116066
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 545,500 as of 2017. It lies within the United Kingdom's third-most populous metropolitan area, with a population of 3.2 million. It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council.
The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium, which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. It was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century. The first to be included, Wythenshawe, was added to the city in 1931. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city.Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea, 36 miles (58 km) to the west. Its fortune declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation, but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration.In 2014, the Globalisation and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK, after London and Edinburgh.
It is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the world's first inter-city passenger railway station; scientists first split the atom, developed the stored-program computer and produced graphene in the city. Manchester hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games.
Anglo-Saxons | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:21 1 Ethnonym
00:06:42 2 Contemporary meanings
00:11:09 3 Early Anglo-Saxon history (410–660)
00:12:30 3.1 Migration (410–560)
00:18:54 3.2 Development of an Anglo-Saxon society (560–610)
00:22:11 3.3 Conversion to Christianity (590–660)
00:25:52 4 Middle Anglo-Saxon history (660–899)
00:27:13 4.1 Mercian supremacy (626–821)
00:29:52 4.2 Learning and monasticism (660–793)
00:32:49 4.3 West Saxon hegemony and the Anglo-Scandinavian Wars (793–878)
00:38:46 4.4 King Alfred and the rebuilding (878–899)
00:42:33 5 Late Anglo-Saxon history (899–1066)
00:43:24 5.1 Reform and formation of England (899–978)
00:47:58 5.2 Athelred and the return of the Scandinavians (978–1016)
00:51:29 5.3 Conquest England: Danes, Norwegians and Normans (1016–1066)
00:57:11 6 After the Norman Conquest
01:01:08 7 Life and society
01:01:42 7.1 Kingship and kingdoms
01:08:12 7.2 Religion and the church
01:14:10 7.3 Fighting and warfare
01:22:16 7.4 Settlements and working life
01:26:50 7.5 Women, children and slaves
01:31:09 8 Culture
01:31:18 8.1 Architecture
01:40:02 8.2 Art
01:49:53 8.3 Language
01:56:05 8.4 Kinship
02:00:02 8.5 Law
02:06:49 8.6 Literature
02:12:55 8.7 Symbolism
02:18:59 9 See also
02:19:35 10 Notes
02:19:44 11 Citations
02:20:06 12 Further reading
02:20:15 12.1 General
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8911939524281147
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century. They comprise people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, their descendants, and indigenous British groups who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language; the cultural foundations laid by the Anglo-Saxons are the foundation of the modern English legal system and of many aspects of English society; the modern English language owes over half its words – including the most common words of everyday speech – to the language of the Anglo-Saxons. Historically, the Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period in Britain between about 450 and 1066, after their initial settlement and up until the Norman conquest.
The early Anglo-Saxon period includes the creation of an English nation, with many of the aspects that survive today, including regional government of shires and hundreds. During this period, Christianity was established and there was a flowering of literature and language. Charters and law were also established. The term Anglo-Saxon is popularly used for the language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons in England and eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. In scholarly use, it is more commonly called Old English.The history of the Anglo-Saxons is the history of a cultural identity. It developed from divergent groups in association with the people's adoption of Christianity, and was integral to the establishment of various kingdoms. Threatened by extended Danish invasions and military occupation of eastern England, this identity was re-established; it dominated until after the Norman Conquest. The visible Anglo-Saxon culture can be seen in the material culture of buildings, dress styles, illuminated texts and grave goods. Behind the symbolic nature of these cultural emblems, there are strong elements of tribal and lordship ties. The elite declared themselves as kings who developed burhs, and identified their roles and peoples in Biblical terms. Above all, as Helena Hamerow has observed, local and extended kin groups remained...the essential unit of production throughout the Anglo-Saxon period. The effects persist in the 21st century as, according to a study published in March 2015, the genetic makeup of British populations today shows divisions of the tribal political units of the early Anglo-Saxon peri ...
J. R. R. Tolkien | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:58 1 Biography
00:02:07 1.1 Family origins
00:04:18 1.2 Childhood
00:09:37 1.3 Youth
00:12:15 1.4 Courtship and marriage
00:16:37 1.5 First World War
00:18:07 1.5.1 France
00:19:57 1.5.2 Battle of the Somme
00:23:07 1.5.3 Home front
00:25:10 1.6 Academic and writing career
00:26:55 1.6.1 iBeowulf/i
00:29:29 1.6.2 Second World War
00:31:05 1.7 Family
00:32:08 1.8 Retirement and later years
00:34:30 1.9 Final years
00:36:49 2 Views
00:40:03 2.1 Religion
00:41:22 2.2 Politics and race
00:41:32 2.2.1 Anti-communism
00:42:25 2.2.2 Opposition to National Socialism
00:45:05 2.2.3 Total war
00:47:19 2.3 Nature
00:48:01 3 Writing
00:48:32 3.1 Influences
00:48:41 3.1.1 British adventure stories
00:50:26 3.1.2 European mythology
00:55:57 3.1.3 Catholicism
00:58:39 3.2 Publications
00:58:48 3.2.1 iBeowulf/i: The Monsters and the Critics
01:00:01 3.2.2 On Fairy-Stories
01:00:54 3.2.3 Children's books and other short works
01:01:39 3.2.4 iThe Hobbit/i
01:02:10 3.2.5 iThe Lord of the Rings/i
01:04:37 3.3 Posthumous publications
01:04:47 3.3.1 iThe Silmarillion/i
01:05:59 3.3.2 iUnfinished Tales/i and iThe History of Middle-earth/i
01:07:07 3.3.3 iMr. Bliss/i
01:08:20 3.3.4 iThe Children of Húrin/i
01:08:54 3.3.5 iThe Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún/i
01:10:27 3.3.6 iThe Fall of Arthur/i
01:11:21 3.3.7 iBeowulf: A Translation and Commentary/i
01:12:21 3.3.8 iThe Story of Kullervo/i
01:12:46 3.3.9 iBeren and Lúthien/i
01:13:17 3.3.10 iThe Fall of Gondolin/i
01:13:45 3.4 Manuscript locations
01:14:46 4 Languages and philology
01:14:57 4.1 Linguistic career
01:16:59 4.2 Language construction
01:19:08 5 Artwork
01:20:15 6 Legacy
01:20:24 6.1 Adaptations
01:22:48 6.1.1 Film adaptations
01:25:54 6.1.2 Television
01:26:36 6.2 Memorials
01:30:45 6.3 Commemorative plaques
01:31:57 6.4 Artwork
01:32:24 6.5 Autographs
01:33:07 6.6 Canonization process
01:34:13 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.902753193969051
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (; 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and academic, who is best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.
He served as the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, from 1945 to 1959. He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis—they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972.
After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and Middle-earth within it. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings.While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre. This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the father of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy. In 2008, The Times ranked him sixth on a list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Forbes ranked him the fifth top-earning dead celebrity in 2009.