EFLondon retreat at Douai Abbey, Reading Berkshire
This is an Adult Formation program of the Diocese of Westminster conducted by Fr. John Ferrell OP on June 2, 2012 with theme Jesus as Model of Servant-Leadership in Lay Ministry
Spem and Allium
Dr M's short photo and musical montage of Reading Bach Choir's July concert at Douai Abbey, Upper Woolhampton rehearsing the magnificent Spem in alium by Thomas Tallis.
Michelle & Robs Wedding Video
Highlights and memories from Rob & Michelle's wonderful wedding day
DVD_VIDEO_RECORDER.mp4
Theale the past and the present. Memories of local residents.
Michael Tippett: Nobody Knows (A Child of Our Time)- Reading Phoenix Choir
A Child of Our Time is a secular oratorio by the British composer Michael Tippett (1905--1998), who also wrote the libretto. Composed between 1939 and 1941, it was first performed at the Adelphi Theatre, London, on 19 March 1944. The work was inspired by events that affected Tippett profoundly: the assassination in 1938 of a German diplomat by a young Jewish refugee, and the Nazi government's reaction in the form of a vicious pogrom against its Jewish population—the so-called Kristallnacht.(From Wikipedia)
Recorded by an audience member (and used with permission) at Douai Abbey in April 2013. Conducted by David Crown.
Ampleforth Abbey - the Orchards and Cider Mill
Apples have been produced at Ampleforth for well over 100 years in what is England's northernmost commercial orchard. In this short film orchard manager Cameron Smith talks to a tour group in the Cider Mill where Ampleforth Cider, Ampleforth Amber and Cider Brandy are produced, offers tastings in the nearby Windmill Pub and completes his tour in the two hectare orchard where some 2,000 trees have just been pruned in readiness for the season ahead.
CAN870 MEN IN MURDER VILLAGE VOLUNTEER FOR BLOOD TESTS
(23 Nov 1966) Police take blood samples in a murder hunt at Beenham, near Newbury in Berkshire. The victim was 17 year old Yolande Waddington.
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Life at Berkshire Maestros
1580 Dover Straits earthquake | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:25 1 Location and magnitude
00:01:32 2 Records
00:05:20 3 Impact
00:07:41 4 Other earthquakes in the Dover Straits
00:09:04 5 See also
00:09:20 6 Notes and references
00:09:30 7 External links
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Speaking Rate: 0.8851423593143461
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Though severe earthquakes in the north of France and Britain are rare, the 1580 Dover Straits earthquake appears to have been one of the largest in the recorded history of England, Flanders or northern France. Its effects started to be felt in London at around six o'clock in the evening of 6 April 1580, being Wednesday in the Easter week.
Ryan Conroy '15 Church Assembly Talk - Learning
In Ryan's church assembly talk on October 23, 2014, he recalls lessons learned while at Portsmouth Abbey School.
Portsmouth Abbey School is New England's coeducational Catholic Benedictine boarding school. Unique in its English Benedictine tradition, it offers a challenging academic curriculum rich in mathematics and science and built upon a signature Humanities program.
Located a short distance from Newport, Rhode Island, the campus sits on 525 acres bordered by Narragansett Bay and the Carnegie Abbey Club. This location provides a safe and welcoming environment for 340 boarding and day students in grades 9 – 12.
Added features of Portsmouth Abbey School are its 40 athletics teams, diverse community service programs, state-of-the-art squash & fitness center and its sailing, equestrian and world-class golf facilities. Given the school’s small size, students have the opportunity to become leaders and active members of the community.
Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:23 1 Location and magnitude
00:01:26 2 Records
00:04:56 3 Impact
00:07:07 4 Other earthquakes in the Dover Straits
00:08:25 5 See also
00:08:40 6 Notes and references
00:08:50 7 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9084125987277596
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Though severe earthquakes in the north of France and Britain are rare, the 1580 Dover Straits earthquake appears to have been one of the largest in the recorded history of England, Flanders or northern France. Its effects started to be felt in London at around six o'clock in the evening of 6 April 1580, being Wednesday in the Easter week.
Order of Saint Benedict | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Order of Saint Benedict
00:00:52 1 Historical development
00:04:27 1.1 England
00:07:34 1.1.1 Monastic Libraries in England
00:09:01 1.2 France
00:09:39 1.3 Germany
00:10:27 1.4 Switzerland
00:10:40 1.5 United States
00:12:31 2 Benedictine vow and life
00:15:33 3 Organization
00:16:59 4 Other orders
00:17:39 5 Notable Benedictines
00:17:49 5.1 Saints and Blesseds
00:17:58 5.2 Monks
00:18:06 5.2.1 Popes
00:18:14 5.2.2 Founders of abbeys and congregations and prominent reformers
00:18:25 5.2.3 Scholars, historians, and spiritual writers
00:18:35 5.2.4 Maurists
00:18:43 5.2.5 Bishops and martyrs
00:18:52 5.2.6 Twentieth century
00:19:00 5.3 Nuns
00:19:08 5.4 Oblates
00:19:27 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti, abbreviated as OSB), are a monastic Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. They are also sometimes called the Black Monks, in reference to the colour of its members' religious habits.
Despite being called an order, the Benedictines do not operate under a single hierarchy but are instead organised as a collection of independent monastic communities, with each community (monastery, priory or abbey) within the order maintaining its own autonomy. Unlike other religious orders, the Benedictines do not have a superior general or motherhouse with universal jurisdiction. Instead, the order is represented internationally by the Benedictine Confederation, an organisation that was set up in 1893 to represent the order's shared interests.
English Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
English Reformation
00:03:16 1 Background
00:03:25 1.1 Henry VIII: marriages and desire for a male heir
00:07:20 1.2 Parliamentary debate and legislation
00:08:40 1.3 Actions by Henry against English clergy
00:11:02 1.4 Further legislative acts
00:15:18 2 Early reform movements
00:21:29 3 Henrician Reformation
00:21:39 3.1 Moderate reform
00:27:04 3.2 Dissolution of the monasteries
00:32:06 3.3 Reformation reversed
00:39:09 4 Edward's Reformation
00:44:34 5 Marian Restoration
00:49:21 6 Elizabethan Settlement
00:52:34 6.1 Act of Supremacy 1558
00:54:58 6.2 Act of Uniformity 1558
00:59:18 6.3 Puritans and Roman Catholics
01:04:12 7 Legacy
01:05:43 8 Historiography
01:09:16 9 See also
01:09:35 10 Notes
01:09:44 10.1 Historiography
01:11:34 10.2 Primary sources
01:12:10 11 Further reading
01:16:10 12 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. These events were, in part, associated with the wider process of the European Protestant Reformation, a religious and political movement that affected the practice of Christianity across western and central Europe during this period. Many factors contributed to the process: the decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism, the rise of the common law, the invention of the printing press and increased circulation of the Bible, and the transmission of new knowledge and ideas among scholars, the upper and middle classes and readers in general. However, the various phases of the English Reformation, which also covered Wales and Ireland, were largely driven by changes in government policy, to which public opinion gradually accommodated itself.
Based on Henry VIII's desire for an annulment of his marriage (first requested of Pope Clement VII in 1527), the English Reformation was at the outset more of a political affair than a theological dispute. The reality of political differences between Rome and England allowed growing theological disputes to come to the fore. Until the break with Rome, it was the Pope and general councils of the Church that decided doctrine. Church law was governed by canon law with final jurisdiction in Rome. Church taxes were paid straight to Rome, and the Pope had the final word in the appointment of bishops.
The break with Rome was effected by a series of acts of Parliament passed between 1532 and 1534, among them the 1534 Act of Supremacy, which declared that Henry was the Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. (This title was renounced by Mary I in 1553 in the process of restoring papal jurisdiction; when Elizabeth I reasserted the royal supremacy in 1559, her title was Supreme Governor.) Final authority in doctrinal and legal disputes now rested with the monarch, and the papacy was deprived of revenue and the final say on the appointment of bishops.
The theology and liturgy of the Church of England became markedly Protestant during the reign of Henry's son Edward VI largely along lines laid down by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. Under Mary, the whole process was reversed and the Church of England was again placed under papal jurisdiction. Soon after, Elizabeth reintroduced the Protestant faith but in a more moderate manner. The structure and theology of the church was a matter of fierce dispute for generations.
The violent aspect of these disputes, manifested in the English Civil Wars, ended when the last Roman Catholic monarch, James II, was deposed, and Parliament asked William III and Mary II to rule jointly in conjunction with the English Bill of Rights in 1688 (in the Glorious Revolution), from which emerged a church polity with an established church and a number of non-conformist churches whose members at first suffered various civil disabilities that were removed over time. The legacy of the past Roman Catholic Establishment remained an issue for some ...
Napoleon III | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Napoleon III
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Napoleon III (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870 and, as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, the President of France from 1848 to 1852. He was the only president of the French Second Republic and the founder of the Second French Empire.
The nephew and heir of Napoleon I, he was the first head of state of France to hold the title of president, the first elected by a direct popular vote and the youngest until the election of Emmanuel Macron in 2017. Barred by the Constitution and Parliament from running for a second term, he organized a self-coup d'état in 1851 and then took the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of his uncle's coronation. He remains the longest-serving French head of state since the French Revolution. His downfall was brought about by the Franco-Prussian War in which France was quickly and decisively defeated by the North German Confederation, led by Prussia.
During the first years of the Empire, Napoleon's government imposed censorship and harsh repressive measures against his opponents. Some six thousand were imprisoned or sent to penal colonies until 1859. Thousands more went into voluntary exile abroad, including Victor Hugo. From 1862 onwards, he relaxed government censorship and his regime came to be known as the Liberal Empire. Many of his opponents returned to France and became members of the National Assembly.Napoleon III commissioned the grand reconstruction of Paris, carried out by his prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. He launched similar public works projects in Marseille, Lyon and other French cities. Napoleon III modernized the French banking system, greatly expanded and consolidated the French railway system and made the French merchant marine the second largest in the world. He promoted the building of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made France an agricultural exporter. Napoleon III negotiated the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier free trade agreement with Britain and similar agreements with France's other European trading partners. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike and the right to organize. Women's education greatly expanded as did the list of required subjects in public schools.In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world. He was a supporter of popular sovereignty and of nationalism. In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War (1853–56). His regime assisted Italian unification and in doing so annexed Savoy and the County of Nice to France—at the same time, his forces defended the Papal States against annexation by Italy. Napoleon doubled the area of the French overseas empire in Asia, the Pacific and Africa. His army's intervention in Mexico which aimed to create a Second Mexican Empire under French protection ended in failure.
From 1866, Napoleon had to face the mounting power of Prussia as Chancellor Otto von Bismarck sought German unification under Prussian leadership. In July 1870, Napoleon entered the Franco-Prussian War without allies and with inferior military forces. The French army was rapidly defeated and Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan. The Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris and Napoleon went into exile in England, where he died in 1873.
Benedictines | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Benedictines
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
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In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti, abbreviated as OSB), are a monastic Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. They are also sometimes called the Black Monks, in reference to the colour of its members' religious habits.
Despite being called an order, the Benedictines do not operate under a single hierarchy but are instead organised as a collection of independent monastic communities, with each community (monastery, priory or abbey) within the order maintaining its own autonomy. Unlike other religious orders, the Benedictines do not have a superior general or motherhouse with universal jurisdiction. Instead, the order is represented internationally by the Benedictine Confederation, an organisation that was set up in 1893 to represent the order's shared interests.
England national rugby union team | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:20 1 History
00:02:28 1.1 Early years
00:10:30 1.2 Professional era
00:16:43 2 Twickenham
00:18:54 2.1 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
00:21:13 2.2 England matches outside Twickenham
00:21:22 3 Strip
00:25:55 4 Record
00:26:04 4.1 Six Nations
00:26:59 4.2 World Cup
00:29:24 4.3 Overall
00:30:59 5 Players
00:31:07 5.1 Current squad
00:31:30 5.2 Notable players
00:37:28 6 Individual records
00:37:38 6.1 Most capped players
00:37:50 6.2 Top point scorers
00:38:03 6.3 Top try scorers
00:38:15 7 Training
00:39:03 7.1 Club versus country
00:41:19 7.2 Coaches
00:41:59 8 Media coverage
00:42:26 9 See also
00:42:48 10 Bibliography
00:44:36 11 Notes and references
00:44:46 12 External links
00:44:59 13 Titles
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There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The England national rugby union team competes in the annual Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, and Wales. They have won this championship outright on a total of 28 occasions (with the addition of 10 shared victories), 13 times winning the Grand Slam and 25 times winning the Triple Crown, making them the most successful team in the tournament's history. They are ranked fourth in the world by the International Rugby Board as of 5 November 2018. England are to date the only team from the northern hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup, when they won the tournament back in 2003. They were also runners-up in 1991 and 2007.
The history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team played their first official Test match, losing to Scotland by one try. England dominated the early Home Nations Championship (now the Six Nations) which started in 1883. Following the schism of rugby football in 1895 into union and league, England did not win the Championship again until 1910. England first played against New Zealand in 1905, South Africa in 1906, and Australia in 1909. England was one of the teams invited to take part in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and went on to appear in the final in the second tournament in 1991, losing 12–6 to Australia. Following their 2003 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam, they went on to win the 2003 Rugby World Cup – defeating Australia 20–17 in extra time. They again contested the final in 2007, losing 15–6 to South Africa.
England players traditionally wear a white shirt with a rose embroidered on the chest, white shorts, and navy blue socks with a white trim.
Their home ground is Twickenham Stadium where they first played in 1910. The team is administered by the Rugby Football Union (RFU). Four former players have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame; one of these is also a member of the IRB Hall of Fame. Seven other former players are members of the IRB Hall—four solely for their accomplishments as players, two solely for their achievements in other roles in the sport, and one for achievements both as a player and administrator.
Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
In the Catholic Church, the veneration of Mary, mother of Jesus, encompasses various Marian devotions which include prayer, pious acts, visual arts, poetry, and music devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Popes have encouraged it, while also taking steps to reform some manifestations of it. The Holy See has insisted on the importance of distinguishing true from false devotion, and authentic doctrine from its deformations by excess or defect. There are significantly more titles, feasts, and venerative Marian practices among Roman Catholics than in other Western Christian traditions. The term hyperdulia indicates the special veneration due to Mary, greater than the ordinary dulia for other saints, but utterly unlike the latria due only to God. The term Mariolatry is a Protestant pejorative label for perceived excessive Catholic devotion to Mary.
Belief in the incarnation of God the Son through Mary is the basis for calling her the Mother of God, which was declared a dogma at the Council of Ephesus in 431. At the Second Vatican Council and in Pope John Paul II's encyclical Redemptoris mater, she is spoken of also as Mother of the Church.Growth of Roman Catholic veneration of Mary and Mariology has often come not from official declarations, but from Marian writings of the saints, popular devotion, and at times reported Marian apparitions. The Holy See approves only a select few as worthy of belief; most recently the 2008 recognition of apparitions as far back as 1665.Further pious veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary encouraged by Popes are exhibited in the canonical coronations granted to popular Marian images venerated in a particular locality all over the world, while Marian movements and societies with millions of members have arisen from belief in events such as Akita, Fátima, and Lourdes, and other reasons.
Benedictine | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Benedictine
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti, abbreviated as OSB), are a monastic Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. They are also sometimes called the Black Monks, in reference to the colour of its members' religious habits.
Despite being called an order, the Benedictines do not operate under a single hierarchy but are instead organised as a collection of independent monastic communities, with each community (monastery, priory or abbey) within the order maintaining its own autonomy. Unlike other religious orders, the Benedictines do not have a superior general or motherhouse with universal jurisdiction. Instead, the order is represented internationally by the Benedictine Confederation, an organisation that was set up in 1893 to represent the order's shared interests.
Timeline of the French Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of the French Revolution
00:00:05 1 1788 – The royal treasury is empty; Prelude to the Revolution
00:01:29 2 1789 – The Revolution Begins; the Estates-General and the Constituent Assembly
00:06:29 2.1 July 14 – The Siege and Surrender of the Bastille
00:09:47 2.2 August 27 – Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
00:11:27 2.3 October 6 – Women's March on Versailles
00:13:50 3 1790 – the Rise of the Political Clubs
00:16:59 3.1 July 14 – iFête de la Fédération/i
00:20:10 4 1791 – The unsuccessful flight of the Royal Family from Paris
00:22:29 4.1 June 20–21 – The Royal Family flees Paris
00:27:23 5 1792 – War and the overthrow of the monarchy
00:32:40 5.1 August 10 – Storming of the Tuileries; Downfall of the King
00:34:52 5.2 September 2–7 – Massacres in Paris prisons
00:35:42 5.3 September 20 – French victory at Valmy; Debut of the Convention
00:38:03 6 December 10, 1792-January 21, 1793 – Trial and Execution of Louis XVI
00:39:37 7 1793 – France at war against Europe; The Jacobins seize power; The Terror begins
00:40:27 7.1 Uprising in the Vendée
00:42:14 7.2 April 6 – Committee on Public Safety takes control of government
00:44:06 7.3 May 31-June 2 – The Jacobin Coup d'État
00:46:04 7.4 July 13 – Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat by Charlotte Corday
00:47:57 7.5 September 17 – The Reign of Terror begins
00:49:47 7.6 October 16 – The execution of Marie-Antoinette
00:52:34 8 1794 – The fury of the Terror, the Cult of the Supreme Being, and the Downfall of Robespierre
00:55:14 8.1 March 30 – The arrest and trial of Danton and Desmoulins
00:58:23 8.2 June 8 – Festival of the Supreme Being; Acceleration of the Terror
01:00:34 8.3 July 26–28 – Arrest and execution of Robespierre; End of the Terror
01:04:46 9 1795 – The Directory Replaces the Convention
01:08:21 9.1 May 20–24 – Last Paris uprising by the Jacobins and isans-culottes/i
01:10:00 9.2 June 25-July 27 – Renewed uprisings in the Vendée and a royalist invasion of Brittany
01:11:44 9.3 August 22-September 23 – The new Constitution is approved: the Directory takes power
01:12:28 9.4 October 5 – A whiff of grapeshot: General Bonaparte suppresses a royalist rebellion in Paris
01:14:13 10 1796 – Napoleon's campaign in Italy; Defeat of the royalists in the Vendée; a failed uprising in Paris
01:20:00 11 1797 – Bonaparte chases the Austrians from Italy; a republican coup d'état against the royalists in Paris
01:25:06 11.1 September 4 – A republican coup d'état against the royalists
01:26:43 12 1798 – New republics in Switzerland and Italy; an election annulled; Bonaparte invades Egypt
01:32:41 13 1799 – France at War in Italy and Germany; Bonaparte returns from Egypt; the Consulate seizes power; End of the Revolution
01:36:40 13.1 Conflicts between the Directory and the Legislature (June 1799)
01:41:16 13.2 Bonaparte returns to France (October 9, 1799)
01:43:02 13.3 The Coup d'État of November 9–10
01:46:02 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The following is a timeline of the French Revolution.
Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was the first President of the French Second Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I. He was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote. However, when he was blocked by the Constitution and Parliament from running for a second term, he organized a coup d'état in 1851, and then took the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation.
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