Dutch Reformed 'Klein Kerkie and Wall of Rememberance'
Whether you are a religious person or not, the miniature The Dutch Reformed 'Klein Kerkie' in Elliot in the Eastern Cape is worth a visit.
20091014151354
Shout Out from Reformed Church Members in South Africa to the RCA
Mining the Golden Mountains of Suriname With An Ex-Rebel Leader
Gold is everywhere in Suriname, from political power to what the locals wear on their fingers, the effects of gold mining seep into all aspects of society. The industry is a necessary source of income for many Surinamese, but it's also destroying the environment, bad for public health, and rife with corruption.
VICE Netherlands went to Suriname to see how gold is intertwined with everyday life in the country. They ride along with 'Jungle' Ronnie Brunswick - an ex-rebel leader who waged a violent civil war but is now a successful businessman, owning thousands of hectares of gold mining land. VICE Netherlands also witnessed the dangers of mercury, which is used widely in the recovery of gold, and visited Benz Village, where everything in life is paid for with gold.
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KETI-KOTI2008
Celebration of freedom from slavery 145 year ago
Singing in Suriname
Singing at church my second week in Suriname with Jana.
The Dutch church is about piracy
We ended up searching for a part of the comic book market in Haarlem in the local Roman Catholic church... and this is what I noticed...
Step By Step -1997-2008 Introducing SOSTHEAMERICAS
History and Background
In 1995, Fitness Promoter, George Marcello received a life saving liver transplant with 2 days left to live. It was a known fact that Canada had one of the lowest rates of organ and tissue donations in the entire world. George wanted to change this. He created Step By Step.
Step by Step Organ Transplant Association, a non-profit charitable organization was incorporated November 16 1998 and received a charitable status October 25 1999. Step By Steps mission is to promote the importance of organ and tissue donations throughout the world by inspiring the public, media and the 3 levels of government.
7 Campaigns
1st Toronto/Ottawa Walk In 1997
George created a charitable organization and called it Step By Step and began by walking from Toronto to Ottawa with his friend Sam Vinci. This campaign raised local attention to this issue.
2nd Ontario Walk In 1999
Step By Step recruited the YMCA, Salvation Army and many other organizations as George walked 2,500 kilometers around the province of Ontario. He walked under the watchful eye of his road manager Joe Camara. This campaign raised Provincial attention and inspired Premier Harris to allocate 120 million dollars towards this issue and as well, created a new organ agency. (Presently called the Trillium Gift of Life Network) George was recognized in the 37th Parliamentary Throne Speech.
3rd Canada 769 Day Walk
In 2000, Step By Step continued to recruit more organizations and individuals and organized a 500 community tour across Canada. George walked over 12,000 kilometers for 769 days and received national and world attention. His holiness Pope John Paul II granted George an audience and proclaimed organ and tissue a genuine act of love.
4th Kristophers Wish
In 2004, Step By Step arranged a 200 community tour across Canada for Kristopher Knowles, a 14 year old boy that needed a liver transplant. This campaign was called Kristophers Wish and as he made his way across Canada, he touched the hearts of many Canadians.
5th European Tour
In 2005, Step By Step and Multimedia Nova arranged the European Tour for George Marcello. The purpose for this tour was to gather important information from the worlds leading organ donor countries and use it to help solve Canadas organ shortage
6th SOS4000
On October 1, 2007, St. Johns NL, Kristopher Knowles officially passed the Torch of Life to Student Torch Champion Samantha Elton Taite. The Torch was relayed to over 100 students through Canada until the final destination in Yellowknife, North West Territories where student Torch Champions Kathleen O'Brien and Derick Polakoff carried the Torch to the finish line.
7th SOSTHEAMERICAS
Student Torch Relay of the Americas, On October 24, 2009, the Torch of Life will start a two year journey that will include over 500 different Students Torch Champions from over 500 different cities in 34 countries from the Americas.
Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Rep. Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru St. Kitts & Nevis
St. Lucia St. Vincent & Grenadines Suriname Trinidad & Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela
In the past 11 years, Step By Step
Inspired over 4,000 media stories about organ and tissues donations
Created over 4,000 activities in communities that reached schools, churches, cultural and social audiences
Lobbied for improvements in many areas regarding organ donation and transplantation
Reached all 3 levels of Government and inspired over 1000 officials
Over 1,000,000 people touched the famous Torch of Life and received donor cards
Created the Celebrity Donor Campaign
Step by Step woke up Ontario
Step by Step woke up Canada
Step By Step is hoping to wake up the world
Dutch Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dutch Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch Empire (Dutch: Het Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) comprised the overseas colonies, enclaves, and outposts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies, mainly the Dutch West India and the Dutch East India Company, and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1815.
It was initially a trade-based entity which derived most of its influence from merchant enterprise and Dutch control of international maritime shipping routes through strategically placed outposts, rather than expansive territorial ventures. With a few notable exceptions, the majority of the Dutch Empire's overseas holdings consisted of coastal forts, factories, and port settlements with varying degrees of incorporation of their hinterlands and surrounding regions. Dutch chartered companies often dictated that their possessions be kept as confined as possible to avoid unnecessary expense, and while some such as the Dutch Cape Colony (modern South Africa) and Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia) expanded anyway due to the pressure of independently minded Dutch colonists, others remained undeveloped, isolated trading centres dependent on an indigenous host nation. This was reflective of the fact that the primary network of the Dutch Empire was commercial exchange as opposed to sovereignty over a homogeneous landmass.The imperial ambitions of the Dutch were bolstered by the strength of their existing shipping industry, as well as the key role they played in the expansion of maritime trade between Europe and the Orient. Because small European trading companies often lacked the capital or the manpower for large scale operations, the States General chartered the Dutch West India Company and the Dutch East India Company in the early seventeenth century. These were considered the largest and most extensive maritime trading companies at the time, and once held a virtual monopoly on strategic European shipping routes westward through the Southern Hemisphere around South America through the Strait of Magellan, and eastward around Africa, past the Cape of Good Hope. The companies' domination of global commerce contributed greatly to a commercial revolution and a cultural flowering in the Netherlands known as the Dutch Golden Age. In their search for new trade passages between Asia and Europe, Dutch navigators explored and charted vast regions such as New Zealand, Tasmania, and parts of the eastern coast of North America.In the 18th century, the Dutch Empire began to decline as a result of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, in which it lost a number of its colonial possessions and trade monopolies to the British Empire. Nevertheless, the main portions of the empire survived until the advent of global decolonisation following World War II (1939–1945), namely the East Indies (Indonesia) and Dutch Guiana (Surinam). Three former colonial territories in the West Indies islands around the Caribbean Sea—Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten—are retained as constituent countries represented within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Dutch Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dutch Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch Empire (Dutch: Het Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) comprised the overseas colonies, enclaves, and outposts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies, mainly the Dutch West India and the Dutch East India Company, and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1815.
It was initially a trade-based entity which derived most of its influence from merchant enterprise and Dutch control of international maritime shipping routes through strategically placed outposts, rather than expansive territorial ventures. With a few notable exceptions, the majority of the Dutch Empire's overseas holdings consisted of coastal forts, factories, and port settlements with varying degrees of incorporation of their hinterlands and surrounding regions. Dutch chartered companies often dictated that their possessions be kept as confined as possible to avoid unnecessary expense, and while some such as the Dutch Cape Colony (modern South Africa) and Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia) expanded anyway due to the pressure of independently minded Dutch colonists, others remained undeveloped, isolated trading centres dependent on an indigenous host nation. This was reflective of the fact that the primary network of the Dutch Empire was commercial exchange as opposed to sovereignty over a homogeneous landmass.The imperial ambitions of the Dutch were bolstered by the strength of their existing shipping industry, as well as the key role they played in the expansion of maritime trade between Europe and the Orient. Because small European trading companies often lacked the capital or the manpower for large scale operations, the States General chartered the Dutch West India Company and the Dutch East India Company in the early seventeenth century. These were considered the largest and most extensive maritime trading companies at the time, and once held a virtual monopoly on strategic European shipping routes westward through the Southern Hemisphere around South America through the Strait of Magellan, and eastward around Africa, past the Cape of Good Hope. The companies' domination of global commerce contributed greatly to a commercial revolution and a cultural flowering in the Netherlands known as the Dutch Golden Age. In their search for new trade passages between Asia and Europe, Dutch navigators explored and charted vast regions such as New Zealand, Tasmania, and parts of the eastern coast of North America.In the 18th century, the Dutch Empire began to decline as a result of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, in which it lost a number of its colonial possessions and trade monopolies to the British Empire. Nevertheless, the main portions of the empire survived until the advent of global decolonisation following World War II (1939–1945), namely the East Indies (Indonesia) and Dutch Guiana (Surinam). Three former colonial territories in the West Indies islands around the Caribbean Sea—Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten—are retained as constituent countries represented within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Slavery | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Slavery
00:01:40 1 Terminology
00:02:50 2 Types
00:02:59 2.1 Chattel slavery
00:03:40 2.2 Bonded labour
00:04:15 2.3 Forced labour
00:06:06 2.4 Forced marriage
00:06:47 2.5 Dependents
00:07:09 3 Characteristics
00:07:19 3.1 Economics
00:12:42 3.2 Identification
00:14:14 4 Early history
00:15:38 5 Classical antiquity
00:15:47 5.1 Africa
00:15:55 5.2 Asia
00:16:03 5.3 Europe
00:16:11 5.3.1 Ancient Greece
00:18:25 6 Middle Ages
00:18:34 6.1 Africa
00:19:13 6.2 Arab slave trade
00:19:50 6.3 Americas
00:19:59 6.3.1 Mexico
00:20:20 6.4 Asia
00:20:28 6.4.1 China
00:21:03 6.4.2 Korea
00:22:24 6.5 Europe
00:23:54 6.5.1 England
00:24:48 6.5.2 Ottoman Empire
00:25:52 6.5.3 Poland
00:26:10 6.5.4 Portugal
00:27:05 6.5.5 Russia
00:27:54 6.5.6 Scandinavia
00:28:08 6.5.7 Spain
00:29:00 7 Modern history
00:29:10 7.1 Africa
00:38:28 7.2 Americas
00:41:09 7.2.1 Barbados
00:43:24 7.2.2 Brazil
00:45:56 7.2.3 Cuba
00:50:05 7.2.4 Haiti
00:53:39 7.2.5 Jamaica
00:54:26 7.2.6 Mexico
00:55:06 7.2.7 Puerto Rico
00:59:10 7.2.8 Suriname
01:01:43 7.2.9 United States
01:07:15 7.3 Asia
01:07:29 7.3.1 China
01:09:58 7.3.2 India
01:13:07 7.3.3 Indochina
01:13:52 7.3.4 Japan
01:16:41 7.3.5 Korea
01:18:27 7.4 Nazi Germany
01:18:59 7.5 Ottoman Empire and Black Sea
01:20:52 8 Contemporary slavery
01:22:59 8.1 Distribution
01:24:44 8.2 Economics
01:25:14 8.3 Trafficking
01:26:59 9 Abolitionism
01:34:37 10 Apologies
01:39:03 10.1 Reparations
01:40:04 11 Other uses of the term
01:40:21 11.1 Examples
01:41:28 11.1.1 Wage slavery
01:42:00 12 In films
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property. A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the term chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised, de jure slavery. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against their own will. Scholars also use the more generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour to refer to such situations. However, and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word, slaves may have some rights and protections according to laws or customs.
Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become enslaved from the time of their birth, capture, or purchase.
Historically, slavery has been legalized institutionally in most societies at some point, but is now outlawed in all recognized countries. The last country to officially abolish slavery was Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are an estimated 40.3 million people worldwide subject to some form of modern slavery. The most common form of modern slave trade is commonly referred to as human trafficking. In other areas, slavery (or unfree labour) continues through practices such as debt bondage, the most widespread form of slavery today, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, certain adoptions in which children are forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced marriage.
Slavery | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:40 1 Terminology
00:02:51 2 Types
00:03:00 2.1 Chattel slavery
00:03:41 2.2 Bonded labour
00:04:16 2.3 Forced labour
00:06:08 2.4 Forced marriage
00:06:49 2.5 Dependents
00:07:11 3 Characteristics
00:07:20 3.1 Economics
00:12:45 3.2 Identification
00:14:15 4 Early history
00:15:40 5 Classical antiquity
00:15:49 5.1 Africa
00:15:57 5.2 Asia
00:16:06 5.3 Europe
00:16:14 5.3.1 Ancient Greece
00:18:28 6 Middle Ages
00:18:37 6.1 Africa
00:19:16 6.2 Arab slave trade
00:19:53 6.3 Americas
00:20:02 6.3.1 Mexico
00:20:23 6.4 Asia
00:20:31 6.4.1 China
00:21:07 6.4.2 Korea
00:22:27 6.5 Europe
00:23:58 6.5.1 England
00:24:51 6.5.2 Ottoman Empire
00:25:56 6.5.3 Poland
00:26:14 6.5.4 Portugal
00:27:10 6.5.5 Russia
00:27:59 6.5.6 Scandinavia
00:28:12 6.5.7 Spain
00:29:05 7 Modern history
00:29:14 7.1 Africa
00:38:35 7.2 Americas
00:41:17 7.2.1 Barbados
00:43:33 7.2.2 Brazil
00:46:05 7.2.3 Cuba
00:50:16 7.2.4 Haiti
00:53:50 7.2.5 Jamaica
00:54:38 7.2.6 Mexico
00:55:18 7.2.7 Puerto Rico
00:59:23 7.2.8 Suriname
01:01:56 7.2.9 United States
01:07:30 7.3 Asia
01:07:44 7.3.1 China
01:10:14 7.3.2 India
01:13:24 7.3.3 Indochina
01:14:09 7.3.4 Japan
01:16:59 7.3.5 Korea
01:18:44 7.4 Nazi Germany
01:19:17 7.5 Ottoman Empire and Black Sea
01:21:10 8 Contemporary slavery
01:23:19 8.1 Distribution
01:25:04 8.2 Economics
01:25:34 8.3 Trafficking
01:27:19 9 Abolitionism
01:34:59 10 Apologies
01:39:27 10.1 Reparations
01:40:28 11 Other uses of the term
01:40:46 11.1 Examples
01:41:53 11.1.1 Wage slavery
01:42:24 12 In films
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property. A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the term chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised, de jure slavery. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against their own will. Scholars also use the more generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour to refer to such situations. However, and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word, slaves may have some rights and protections according to laws or customs.
Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become enslaved from the time of their birth, capture, or purchase.
Historically, slavery has been legalized institutionally in most societies at some point, but is now outlawed in all recognized countries. The last country to officially abolish slavery was Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are an estimated 40.3 million people worldwide subject to some form of modern slavery. The most common form of modern slave trade is commonly referred to as human trafficking. In other areas, slavery (or unfree labour) continues through practices such as debt bondage, the most widespread form of slavery today, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, certain adoptions in which children are forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced marriage.
Jonathan Israel: The Radical Enlightenment & Jewish Emancipation- Stroum Lectures 2017
Jonathan Israel of the Institute for Advanced Study surveys the Radical Enlightenment thinkers who followed Baruch Spinoza in advocating for democratic republicanism and equal treatment for Jews, paving the way for the modern democracy and modern ideas of human rights.
This lecture was presented on May 21, 2017 as part of the annual Stroum Lecture series hosted by the Stroum Center for Jewish Studies at the University of Washington, part of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies.
Comment Policy:
The Stroum Center for Jewish Studies believes that comments are a valuable source of dialogue and wants to include your thoughts as part of the conversation. To create a welcoming space for all, we publish comments that are respectful and relevant to the conversation.
Slavery | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Slavery
00:01:40 1 Terminology
00:02:51 2 Types
00:03:00 2.1 Chattel slavery
00:03:41 2.2 Bonded labour
00:04:16 2.3 Forced labour
00:06:08 2.4 Forced marriage
00:06:49 2.5 Dependents
00:07:11 3 Characteristics
00:07:20 3.1 Economics
00:12:45 3.2 Identification
00:14:16 4 Early history
00:15:41 5 Classical antiquity
00:15:50 5.1 Africa
00:15:58 5.2 Asia
00:16:07 5.3 Europe
00:16:15 5.3.1 Ancient Greece
00:18:29 6 Middle Ages
00:18:38 6.1 Africa
00:19:17 6.2 Arab slave trade
00:19:54 6.3 Americas
00:20:03 6.3.1 Mexico
00:20:24 6.4 Asia
00:20:32 6.4.1 China
00:21:08 6.4.2 Korea
00:22:28 6.5 Europe
00:23:59 6.5.1 England
00:24:52 6.5.2 Ottoman Empire
00:25:57 6.5.3 Poland
00:26:15 6.5.4 Portugal
00:27:11 6.5.5 Russia
00:28:00 6.5.6 Scandinavia
00:28:13 6.5.7 Spain
00:29:06 7 Modern history
00:29:15 7.1 Africa
00:38:36 7.2 Americas
00:41:18 7.2.1 Barbados
00:43:34 7.2.2 Brazil
00:46:06 7.2.3 Cuba
00:50:17 7.2.4 Haiti
00:53:51 7.2.5 Jamaica
00:54:39 7.2.6 Mexico
00:55:19 7.2.7 Puerto Rico
00:59:24 7.2.8 Suriname
01:01:57 7.2.9 United States
01:07:31 7.3 Asia
01:07:45 7.3.1 China
01:10:15 7.3.2 India
01:13:25 7.3.3 Indochina
01:14:10 7.3.4 Japan
01:17:00 7.3.5 Korea
01:18:45 7.4 Nazi Germany
01:19:18 7.5 Ottoman Empire and Black Sea
01:21:11 8 Contemporary slavery
01:23:20 8.1 Distribution
01:25:05 8.2 Economics
01:25:35 8.3 Trafficking
01:27:20 9 Abolitionism
01:35:00 10 Apologies
01:39:28 10.1 Reparations
01:40:29 11 Other uses of the term
01:40:47 11.1 Examples
01:41:54 11.1.1 Wage slavery
01:42:25 12 In films
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property. A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the term chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised, de jure slavery. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against their own will. Scholars also use the more generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour to refer to such situations. However, and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word, slaves may have some rights and protections according to laws or customs.
Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become enslaved from the time of their birth, capture, or purchase.
Historically, slavery has been legalized institutionally in most societies at some point, but is now outlawed in all recognized countries. The last country to officially abolish slavery was Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are an estimated 40.3 million people worldwide subject to some form of modern slavery. The most common form of modern slave trade is commonly referred to as human trafficking. In other areas, slavery (or unfree labour) continues through practices such as debt bondage, the most widespread form of slavery today, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, certain adoptions in which children are forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced marriage.
Slave labour | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:58 1 Terminology
00:03:20 2 Types
00:03:28 2.1 Chattel slavery
00:04:15 2.2 Bonded labour
00:04:55 2.3 Forced labour
00:07:04 2.4 Forced marriage
00:07:51 2.5 Dependents
00:08:15 3 Characteristics
00:08:25 3.1 Economics
00:14:44 3.2 Identification
00:16:29 4 Early history
00:18:06 5 Classical antiquity
00:18:15 5.1 Africa
00:18:23 5.2 Asia
00:18:32 5.3 Europe
00:18:40 5.3.1 Ancient Greece
00:21:16 6 Middle Ages
00:21:25 6.1 Africa
00:22:10 6.2 Arab slave trade
00:22:52 6.3 Americas
00:23:00 6.3.1 Mexico
00:23:23 6.4 Asia
00:23:32 6.4.1 China
00:24:12 6.4.2 Korea
00:25:46 6.5 Europe
00:27:30 6.5.1 England
00:28:31 6.5.2 Ottoman Empire
00:29:46 6.5.3 Poland
00:30:06 6.5.4 Portugal
00:31:09 6.5.5 Russia
00:32:05 6.5.6 Scandinavia
00:32:19 6.5.7 Spain
00:33:20 7 Modern history
00:33:29 7.1 Africa
00:44:26 7.2 Americas
00:47:34 7.2.1 Barbados
00:50:11 7.2.2 Brazil
00:53:08 7.2.3 Cuba
00:58:03 7.2.4 Haiti
01:02:13 7.2.5 Jamaica
01:03:08 7.2.6 Mexico
01:03:52 7.2.7 Puerto Rico
01:08:39 7.2.8 Suriname
01:11:38 7.2.9 United States
01:18:09 7.3 Asia
01:18:24 7.3.1 China
01:21:18 7.3.2 India
01:24:57 7.3.3 Indochina
01:25:48 7.3.4 Japan
01:29:05 7.3.5 Korea
01:31:08 7.4 Nazi Germany
01:31:45 7.5 Ottoman Empire and Black Sea
01:33:56 8 Contemporary slavery
01:36:26 8.1 Distribution
01:38:26 8.2 Economics
01:39:00 8.3 Trafficking
01:41:01 9 Abolitionism
01:49:57 10 Apologies
01:55:10 10.1 Reparations
01:56:21 11 Other uses of the term
01:56:40 11.1 Examples
01:57:56 11.1.1 Wage slavery
01:58:32 12 In films
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8756681845771577
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property. A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the term chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised, de jure slavery. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against their own will. Scholars also use the more generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour to refer to such situations. However, and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word, slaves may have some rights and protections according to laws or customs.
Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become enslaved from the time of their birth, capture, or purchase.
Historically, slavery has been legalized institutionally in most societies at some point, but is now outlawed in all recognized countries. The last country to officially abolish slavery was Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are an estimated 40.3 million people worldwide subject to some form of modern slavery. The most common form of modern slave trade is commonly referred to as human trafficking. In other areas, slavery (or unfree labour) continues through practices such as debt bondage, the most widespread form of slavery today, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, certain adoptions in which children are forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced marriage.