A Glimpse of Downtown Cumberland Md - A Western Maryland City
Cumberland is a city in and the county seat of Allegany County, Maryland, United States. At the 2010 census, the city had a population of 20,859, and the metropolitan area had a population of 103,299. Cumberland is a regional business and commercial center for Western Maryland and the Potomac Highlands of West Virginia. It also has a rich history.
Historically Cumberland was known as the Queen City, as it was once the second largest city in the state. Because of its strategic location on what became known as the Cumberland Road through the Appalachians, after the American Revolution it served as a historical outfitting and staging point for westward emigrant trail migrations throughout the first half of the 1800s. In this role, it supported the settlement of the Ohio Country and the lands in that latitude of the Louisiana Purchase. It also became an industrial center, served by major roads, a canal connecting to Washington, DC, and railroads. Industry declined after World War II. Much of the later urban, business and technological development in the state has been concentrated in eastern coastal cities. Today the Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area is one of the poorest in the United States, ranking 305th out of 318 metropolitan areas in per capita income.
This video focuses on some of Cumberland's notable landmarks including the Allegany Courthouse, Emmanuel Episcopal Church, downtown mall, the Mason Lodge #131, and railroad station. The clip ends with views of the Cumberland Narrows.
Cumberland Railroad station (Western Maryland Railway Station) is a historic railway station in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland. It was built in 1913 as a stop for the Western Maryland Railway (WM). The building was operated as a passenger station until the WM ended service in 1959, and it continued to be used by the railway until 1976. It was subsequently restored and currently serves as a museum and offices, as well as the operating base for a heritage railway.
The Emmanuel Episcopal Church of Cumberland, Maryland in Cumberland's Historic District is built on the foundations of Fort Cumberland, where George Washington began his military career; earthworks from the fort (built in 1755) still lie beneath the church. Although the Emmanuel parish dates from 1803, the cornerstone of the current native sandstone building was laid in 1849 and completed in 1851. The church contains original Tiffany stained-glass windows from three different periods and a scale model of Fort Cumberland. The grounds are part of the Fort Cumberland Walking Trail, signposted with plaques and detailed in a leaflet available from the visitor center.
The Cumberland Narrows (or simply The Narrows) is a water gap in western Maryland in the United States, just west of Cumberland. Wills Creek cuts through the central ridge of the Wills Mountain Anticline at a low elevation here between Wills Mountain to the north and Haystack Mountain to the south. Cliffs and talus of the two mountains' Tuscarora quartzite caprock are prominent within the Narrows. A prominent rocky outcropping at the south end of Wills Mountain in the Cumberland Narrows is known as Lover's Leap.
The Cumberland Town Center is located in a river valley in “Mountain Maryland” – the Appalachians in Allegany County – Cumberland is an historic town (27 listings in the National Register of Historic Places) that has evolved into a vibrant arts community.
Cumberland’s Town Centre is comprised of a three-block pedestrian mall with adjacent side streets and offers fine dining, unique shops, stylish living and blossoming artist colony, all housed in significant turn-of-the-century architecture.
Canal Place Heritage Area, at the western end of the C&O Canal, showcases the heritage of this former railroad hub. It also features an enticing mix of retail, galleries and recreation. Boat rides on the canal and excursions aboard an old-time train powered by a steam locomotive are available from Canal Place.
The “Trestle Walk” at Canal Place connects the restored Western Maryland Railway Station – home of the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad and the Allegany County Visitor Center – with the C&O Canal Tow Path, where you can begin an invigorating hike or bike ride.
Best Attractions & Things to do in Cumberland, Maryland MD
Cumberland Travel Guide. MUST WATCH. Top things you have to do in Cumberland. We have sorted Tourist Attractions in Cumberland for You. Discover Cumberland as per the Traveler Resources given by our Travel Specialists. You will not miss any fun thing to do in Cumberland.
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List of Best Things to do in Cumberland, Maryland (MD)
Great Allegheny Passage
Rocky Gap State Park
Sideling Hill Overlook & Rest Area
C&O Canal - Paw Paw Tunnel
C&O Canal National Historical Park and Visitors Museum
Allegany Museum
Charis Winery
Emmanuel Episcopal Church
Gordon-Roberts House
George Washington's Headquarters
IBEW Helps Secure Historic Maryland Church
Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Cumberland, Md., is one of America's most historic churches, built on the foundations of Fort Cumberland where George Washington began his military career. But protecting this historic site was becoming a problem, so the church turned to the best when it comes to electronic security: the IBEW.
Mountain Maryland's Best Kept Secrets - Secret Tunnels
Shhh... The Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Cumberland, Md., is known for its familiar steeple and beautiful architecture. But underneath all that beauty lies a secret from the past. Host Kimberli Rowley shares the story about the historical significance of the tunnels underneath the church. But remember, you didn't hear it from her!
Emmanuel Episcopal Church 9AM Service 1/25/2015
The Third Sunday After Epiphany
BEFORE ANNUAL MEETING
First Presbyterian Church of Cumberland, Cumberland, Maryland, USA, Jun 2011
First Presbyterian Church of Cumberland
11 Washington Street
Cumberland, MD 21502
USA
Tel.: +1 (301) 777 3700
Fax: +1 (301) 777 1462
Email: secretary@pennswoods.net
fpc-cumberland.org
O Magnum Mysterium for SSAATTBB Choir
Premiered by Frostburg State University's Chamber Choir November 24, 2013 at Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Cumberland, MD
oldest church in America real
oldest church in America real
stjbellsjune2015
St. James Episcopal Church, Clayton, GA
Ringing bells in solidarity with Emanuel AME Episcopal Church, Charleston, SC
West Virginia's oldest continuously-used Catholic church turns 170
James K. Polk, the 11th President of the United States, was in office when the first services were held.
St. Johns Episcopal Church and Focus at BGSU - a Documentry by Peter Fisher
A look at St. Johns Episcopal Church in Bowling Green, Ohio and Focus an on campus organization at Bowling Green State University.
Valedictorian Speech Christ Episcopal School
Clayton Williams valedictorian speech Christ Episcopal School Covington, LA May 17, 2013.
St. John United Church of Christ: Sunday service with Marian McClure Taylor
Marian McClure Taylor, executive director of The Kentucky Council of Churches, preached at St. John United Church of Christ on Sunday January 19, 2014.
You can learn more about the ministry of St. John at:
To learn more about The Kentucky Council of Churches go to:
Anglican | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Anglican
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that evolved out of the practices, liturgy and identity of the Church of England following the Protestant Reformation.Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans. The majority of Anglicans are members of national or regional ecclesiastical provinces of the international Anglican Communion, which forms the third-largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. They are in full communion with the See of Canterbury, and thus the Archbishop of Canterbury, whom the communion refers to as its primus inter pares (Latin, first among equals). He calls the decennial Lambeth Conference, chairs the meeting of primates, and the Anglican Consultative Council. Some churches that are not part of the Anglican Communion also consider themselves Anglican, including those that are part of the Continuing Anglican movement and Anglican realignment.Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible, traditions of the apostolic Church, apostolic succession (historic episcopate), and writings of the Church Fathers. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity, having definitively declared its independence from the Holy See at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Protestantism. These reforms in the Church of England were understood by one of those most responsible for them, Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism.In the first half of the 17th century, the Church of England and its associated Church of Ireland were presented by some Anglican divines as comprising a distinct Christian tradition, with theologies, structures, and forms of worship representing a different kind of middle way, or via media, between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism – a perspective that came to be highly influential in later theories of Anglican identity and expressed in the description of Anglicanism as Catholic and Reformed. The degree of distinction between Protestant and Catholic tendencies within the Anglican tradition is routinely a matter of debate both within specific Anglican churches and throughout the Anglican Communion. Unique to Anglicanism is the Book of Common Prayer, the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches have used for centuries, and is thus acknowledged as one of the ties that bind the Anglican Communion together.
After the American Revolution, Anglican congregations in the United States and British North America (which would later form the basis for the modern country of Canada) were each reconstituted into autonomous churches with their own bishops and self-governing structures; these were known as the American Episcopal Church and the Church of England in the Dominion of Canada. Through the expansion of the British Empire and the activity of Christian missions, this model was adopted as the model for many newly formed churches, especially in Africa, Australasia, and Asia-Pacific. In the 19th century, the term Anglicanism was coined to describe the common religious tradition of these churches; as also that of the Scottish Episcopal Church, which, though originating earlier within the Church of Scotland, had come to be recognised as sharing this common identity.
Topeka, Kansas
Topeka is the capital city of the State of Kansas and the seat of Shawnee County. It is situated along the Kansas River in the central part of Shawnee County, located in northeast Kansas, in the Central United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 127,473. The Topeka Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Shawnee, Jackson, Jefferson, Osage, and Wabaunsee counties, had a population of 233,870 in the 2010 census.
The name Topeka is a Kansa-Osage sentence that means Place where we dug potatoes or a good place to dig potatoes. As a placename, Topeka was first recorded in 1826 as the Kansa name for what is now called the Kansas River. Topeka's founders chose the name in 1855 because it was novel, of Indian origin and euphonious of sound. The mixed-blood Kansa Native American, Joseph James, called Jojim, is credited with suggesting the name of Topeka. The city, laid out in 1854, was one of the Free-State towns founded by Eastern antislavery men immediately after the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Bill. In 1857, Topeka was chartered as a city.
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Topeka, Kansas | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Topeka, Kansas
00:01:39 1 History
00:01:48 1.1 Early history
00:02:38 1.2 19th century
00:07:40 1.3 20th century
00:12:48 1.4 21st century
00:13:45 1.4.1 Google, Kansas
00:14:58 2 Geography
00:16:01 2.1 Climate
00:18:41 3 Demographics
00:18:50 3.1 2010 census
00:21:13 3.2 2000 census
00:24:08 3.3 Crime
00:25:59 3.4 Religion
00:27:50 4 Economy
00:30:14 5 Arts and culture
00:30:23 5.1 Arts
00:30:44 5.2 Points of interest
00:32:15 5.3 Sports
00:32:23 5.4 Cuisine
00:33:06 6 Government
00:33:14 6.1 City
00:33:57 6.2 State
00:34:05 7 Education
00:34:14 7.1 Elementary and secondary education
00:35:21 7.2 Post-secondary education
00:36:04 8 Media
00:36:12 8.1 Print
00:36:36 8.2 Radio
00:37:04 8.3 Television
00:37:17 9 Infrastructure
00:37:26 9.1 Transportation
00:39:43 9.2 Utilities
00:40:05 9.3 Health care
00:40:26 10 Notable people
00:40:35 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Topeka (; Kansa: Tó Pee Kuh) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Kansas and the seat of Shawnee County. It is situated along the Kansas River in the central part of Shawnee County, in northeast Kansas, in the Central United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 127,473. The Topeka Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Shawnee, Jackson, Jefferson, Osage, and Wabaunsee counties, had a population of 233,870 in the 2010 census.
The name Topeka is a Kansa-Osage sentence that means place where we dug potatoes, or a good place to dig potatoes. As a placename, Topeka was first recorded in 1826 as the Kansa name for what is now called the Kansas River. Topeka's founders chose the name in 1855 because it was novel, of Indian origin and euphonious of sound. The mixed-blood Kansa Native American, Joseph James, called Jojim, is credited with suggesting the name of Topeka. The city, laid out in 1854, was one of the Free-State towns founded by Eastern antislavery men immediately after the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Bill. In 1857, Topeka was chartered as a city.
The city is well known for the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson and declared racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. Three ships of the U.S. Navy have been named USS Topeka after the city.
Virginia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:12 1 Geography
00:03:19 1.1 Geology and terrain
00:05:48 1.2 Climate
00:07:50 1.3 Ecosystem
00:11:08 2 History
00:12:06 2.1 Colony
00:16:31 2.2 Statehood
00:19:01 2.3 Civil War and aftermath
00:21:30 2.4 Post-Reconstruction
00:24:32 3 Cities and towns
00:27:14 4 Demographics
00:28:18 4.1 Ethnicity
00:32:09 4.2 Languages
00:33:36 4.3 Religion
00:36:27 5 Economy
00:37:50 5.1 Government
00:39:09 5.2 Business
00:41:00 5.3 Agriculture
00:42:33 5.4 Taxes
00:43:35 6 Culture
00:45:32 6.1 Fine and performing arts
00:47:45 6.2 Festivals
00:49:16 7 Media
00:51:09 8 Education
00:54:04 9 Health
00:56:09 10 Transportation
00:59:03 11 Law and government
01:01:38 12 Politics
01:06:09 13 Sports
01:08:49 14 State symbols
01:10:33 15 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Virginia ( (listen)), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. Virginia is nicknamed the Old Dominion due to its status as the first English colonial possession established in mainland North America and Mother of Presidents because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2017 is over 8.4 million.The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution. In the American Civil War, Virginia's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy, and Virginia's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union; that led to the creation of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008. It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport.
Virginia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Virginia
00:02:12 1 Geography
00:03:19 1.1 Geology and terrain
00:05:47 1.2 Climate
00:07:50 1.3 Ecosystem
00:11:07 2 History
00:12:05 2.1 Colony
00:16:29 2.2 Statehood
00:18:59 2.3 Civil War and aftermath
00:21:28 2.4 Post-Reconstruction
00:24:30 3 Cities and towns
00:27:12 4 Demographics
00:28:15 4.1 Ethnicity
00:32:05 4.2 Languages
00:33:32 4.3 Religion
00:36:22 5 Economy
00:37:46 5.1 Government
00:39:05 5.2 Business
00:40:55 5.3 Agriculture
00:42:28 5.4 Taxes
00:43:29 6 Culture
00:45:27 6.1 Fine and performing arts
00:47:39 6.2 Festivals
00:49:10 7 Media
00:51:03 8 Education
00:53:59 9 Health
00:56:03 10 Transportation
00:58:55 11 Law and government
01:01:30 12 Politics
01:06:01 13 Sports
01:08:41 14 State symbols
01:10:25 15 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Virginia ( (listen)), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. Virginia is nicknamed the Old Dominion due to its status as the first English colonial possession established in mainland North America and Mother of Presidents because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2017 is over 8.4 million.The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution. In the American Civil War, Virginia's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy, and Virginia's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union; that led to the creation of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008. It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport.
Virginia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Virginia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Virginia ( (listen)), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. Virginia is nicknamed the Old Dominion due to its status as the first English colonial possession established in mainland North America and Mother of Presidents because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2017 is over 8.4 million.The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution. In the American Civil War, Virginia’s Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy, and Virginia’s First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union; that led to the creation of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008. It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport.
Virginia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Virginia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Virginia ( (listen)), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. Virginia is nicknamed the Old Dominion due to its status as the first English colonial possession established in mainland North America and Mother of Presidents because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2017 is over 8.4 million.The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution. In the American Civil War, Virginia’s Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy, and Virginia’s First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union; that led to the creation of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008. It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport.