Russia: Space Olympic torch bearers honoured
20140611-053
W/S ISS-39 crew laying flowers at the memorial to the first human in space Yuri Gagarin
C/U ISS-39 crew laying flowers at the memorial to the first human in space Yuri Gagarin
M/S ISS-39 crew laying flowers at the memorial to the first human in space Yuri Gagarin
W/S ISS-39 crew leaving memorial
M/S ISS-39 crew waving to crowd of fans
W/S Marching band
W/S Mikhail Tyurin
W/S Rick Mastracchio
W/S ISS-39 crew walking to presser
SOT Mikhail Tyurin, Cosmonaut (Russian): Everybody shared the feeling that we were doing the right thing. Because the torch is a symbol of the Olympics. And the Olympics stand for peace and friendship.
W/S Cosmonauts Koichi Wakata, Mikhail Tyurin, Rick Mastracchio
W/S Press conference
M/S Presser attendees
M/S Presser attendees
SCRIPT
The historic crew of the ISS-39 mission has had a day of events at Star City outside Moscow. They met the press to discuss their 187 day mission to the International Space Station during which they entered the history books by delivering the Olympic Torch to the ISS for the first time in history.
The crew then laid flowers at the memorial to the first human in space Yuri Gagarin and in the evening there was another ceremony with officials drawn mostly from Roscosmos.
The three men originally blasted off on November 7 2013 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and returned on March 14.
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Russian cosmonaut Leonov laid to rest near Moscow
(15 Oct 2019) Alexei Leonov, the first person to walk in space, was laid to rest at a memorial cemetery outside Moscow on Tuesday.
The legendary cosmonaut, who died on Friday at 85, was buried in a lavish ceremony, attended by hundreds of well-wishers and other celebrated cosmonauts and astronauts.
Leonov staked his place in history on 18 March, 1965, when he exited his space capsule to spend 12 minutes in space.
Ten years later, he was the commander of the Soviet section at the Apollo-Soyuz flight, the first joint Soviet-US space mission.
Tom Stafford, commander of the US section in the joint mission, was among those payint his respects to Leonov.
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Russian Rocket Launch, 1950s - Film 33594
Russian or Soviet space programme.
Top brass visit rocket launch site. Cosmonaut is winched up in a box to the rocket and put inside. Yuri Gagarin (?) inside. Close up in a space suit in the capsule. Engines are started and rocket launched. Takes off through air.
Cosmonauts, 1960's - Film 31214
Russian Cosmonauts. Soviet Union. U.S.S.R
Interviews. Space probe launch. A session of the Supreme Soviet. Two cosmonauts attend. Village behind gates where cosmonauts live. Cosmonaut Alexei Leonev and his family in their apartment. Film of cosmonaut doing space walk, C.C.C.P on his spacesuit helmet.
Early Soviet Space Program | Soviets In Space - Part III Reel 1
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Unedited footage of the early Soviet Space Program with scenes of Baikonur Cosmodrome, Russian Cosmonaut, Giant Dish Antennas, Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin and more..
00:01 CU images of people in the Soviet Union city of Baikonur, formerly known as Leninsk, constructed to service the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Various shots of the tall antenna tower, buildings, and people of the Russian city Baikonur during the Soviet Union (Russian) space program in the mid-to-late 1950s
02:29 Shows man in horse drawn cart and modern buss transportation
02:59 Russian Cosmonaut undergoing physical examination
05:46 Shows Russian Military Commander speaking to others in a Ready Room
07:21 Scenes of large, parabolic, satellite, dish antennas in motion at the Soviet Union Baikonur Cosmodrome
09:01 Russian Cosmonaut undergoing eye examination
13:14 LS view of the Soviet Union Cosmic Centre (Center), Baikonur Cosmodrome. Beautiful scenes of setting sun with a satellite antenna in FG
16:21 Shows man at large instrument panel in control center. CU of very large satellite antenna array at Baikonur Cosmodrome, cut to control panel and reel-to-reel mainframe computers in control room
17:45 Shows parade celebrating 50 years of Cosmic Center in Russia. CU Images of a cartoon face of earth with space satellites rotating it
18:30 Shows Russian children playing a game
20:01 Footage of large parabolic, satellite, dish antennas in motion at Cosmic Center in Russia
21:55 Yuri Gagarin arrives and exits MIG-21 aircraft
22:28 Footage of various large instrument panels in a control room
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Georgy Zhukov inspects troops during Russian Revolution Celebrations in Berlin, G...HD Stock Footage
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Georgy Zhukov inspects troops during Russian Revolution Celebrations in Berlin, Germany.
Russian Revolution Celebration in Berlin, Germany after World War II. Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov inspects British, French, American and Russian units. Trees in the background. Zhukov and United States Army Major General James Maurice Gavin in a grandstand. A Russian officer speaks from the grandstand in front of the Russian Victory Monument in Charlottenburg. A Russian Army band plays. A statue of a Russian soldier atop the Victory Monument. Russian troops parade after unveiling. Honor company of 82nd Airborne Division march past. Major General Gavin shakes hands with Zhukov. Officers place wreaths at the Victory Monument. Russian artillery fires salute. Photographers take photographs. The officers salute in front of the monument. Wreaths placed at the base of the monument. Location: Berlin Germany. Date: November 11, 1945.
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VOA Special English - All About - The Space Race - ASITIS
VOA ASITIS - Space Race is No More, 45 Years after Moon Landing
45 years ago, humans visited another world for the 1st time. 2 American astronauts stepped out of their spacecraft and onto the moon. This happened during a fierce competition in space technology between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union. The time period is known as the Space Race.
The Space Race began in the 1950s during the period of political and military tension called the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Alexander Laveykin is the deputy director of the Memorial Museum of Cosmonauts. He is also a former cosmonaut, the Russian term for space explorer. He says the Space Race was as much about politics as it was about science.
“There was a big competition between us and America: who will launch the 1st space satellite? It turned out, we were the 1st ones.”
The Soviet Union launched the 1st man-made satellite, Sputnik, in 1957. It was a 58 cm. metal ball with 4 wire transmitters. The satellite circled the Earth and transmitted a simple signal. The American public did not like hearing about the Russians’ success.
In 1958, the U.S. launched its 1st satellite called Explorer 1. But the Soviets again moved ahead in the Space Race. In 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the 1st person to orbit the Earth. He returned to the Soviet Union as a hero.
One month after Mr. Gagarin, Alan Shepherd became the 1st American astronaut in space.
Kathleen Lewis is a museum official at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C. She says then-President John Kennedy wanted the U.S. to set higher goals than the Soviets. He wanted the U.S. to land on the moon.
“On the United States side, I think there is a bit of hubris that we can do anything better.”
On July 20, 1969, American Neil Armstrong became the 1st person to walk on the moon.
The space race slowed and moved toward cooperation in the 1970s. The United States and the Soviet Union conducted their 1st joint space mission in 1975. Doug Millard works at London’s Science Museum. He says building the International Space Station and the decline of Communism in the Soviet Union helped end the Cold War.
Kathleen Lewis says current 10sions between the US and Russia do not seem to affect their cooperation in space.
“You don't want to be arguing politics when you're up in a tin can 200-and-some miles [325 km] above Earth. You have nowhere to go, so you've got to focus on things that you can agree on and avoid the things that you might have disagreements on.”
Currently, the American and Russian space agencies do not have plans for increased cooperation. But their competitive space race is now a thing of the past.
I’m Jonathan Evans.
Nicholas de Monchaux: Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo | Talks at Google
Nicholas de Monchaux spoke at the Google Mountain View campus on April 6, 2011, about his book Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo:
When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin stepped onto the lunar surface in July of 1969, they wore spacesuits made by Playtex: twenty-one layers of fabric, each with a distinct yet interrelated function, custom-sewn for them by seamstresses whose usual work was fashioning bras and girdles. This talk is the story of those spacesuits. It is a story of the Playtex Corporation's triumph over the military-industrial complex—a victory of elegant softness over engineered hardness, of adaptation over cybernetics.
The lecture touches on, amongst other things, eighteenth-century androids, Christian Dior's New Look, Atlas missiles, cybernetics and cyborgs, latex, JFK's carefully cultivated image, the CBS lunar broadcast soundstage, NASA's Mission Control, and the applications of Apollo-style engineering to city planning. The twenty-one-layer spacesuit, de Monchaux argues, offers an object lesson. It tells us about redundancy and interdependence and about the distinctions between natural and man-made complexity; it teaches us to know the virtues of adaptation and to see the future as a set of possibilities rather than a scripted scenario.
About the author:
Nicholas de Monchaux is an architect and urbanist focused on issues of nature, technology, and the city. He received his B.A. with distinction in Architecture, from Yale University, and his Professional Degree (M.Arch.) from Princeton. He has worked as a designer in noted architectural practices, including Michael Hopkins & Partners in London, and, until 2001, Diller + Scofidio in New York. From 2001-2006 he was Assistant Professor of Architecture at the University of Virginia. Since 2006, he has been Assistant Professor of Architecture and Urban Design at Berkeley.
de Monchaux's design work and criticism have been published widely, including in Architectural Design, Log, 306090, the New York Times, and The New York Times Magazine, and have been supported by the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts and the Macdowell Colony. His research in digital urbanism was a finalist in the 2009 WPA 2.0 competition, and has been exhibited at the National Building Museum and 2010 Biennial of the Americas in Denver, Colorado. Since 2002 he has been active as a visiting researcher at the Santa Fe Institute, and in 2005-2006, he was the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Fellow at the Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum. de Monchaux has received citations and honors from the International Union of Architects, Pamphlet Architecture, and the Van Alen Institute, who awarded him the 2000 John Dinkeloo Memorial Fellowship at the American Academy in Rome.
This talks was hosted by Boris Debic.
This Week @ NASA - April 15, 2011
Vostok 2 (soviet documentary in russian) part III - IV
Part IV:
Remembering First Man in Space 54 Years Ago
April 12 is the International Day of Human Space Flight, marking the day in 1961 when 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the world's first man in space.
His historic single orbit around Earth, while crouched in the Vostok 1 spacecraft at a speed of 27,400 kilometers per hour, lasted only 108 minutes, but ushered in a new chapter of history - space travel.
Before Gagarin's flight, space travel had been the purview of science fiction writers.
Gagarin had no control over his spacecraft while it was orbiting. It was instead controlled by a computer program sending radio commands to the Vostok. However, a key had been placed in the spacecraft in case Gagarin needed to take command.
Premier Nikita Krushchev named Gagarin a hero of the Soviet Union, and Gagarin, who became an international hero, was dubbed the Christopher Columbus of the Cosmos.
His flight during Cold War tensions sent the American space program into a frenzy. The Soviet Union had said the space flight was an affirmation of the genius of the Soviet people.
Less than a month later, U.S. astronaut Alan Shepherd became the first American in space. In February of the next year, U.S. astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth.
Gagarin died in a plane he was piloting in 1968. At the time of his death, he was training for a second space mission.
Space Race | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Space Race
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program.
The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.
The Space Race began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite in the near future. The Soviet Union beat the US to the first successful launch, with the October 4, 1957, orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to have the first human in earth orbit, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The race peaked with the July 20, 1969, US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR attempted several crewed lunar missions but eventually canceled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations.
A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew. The end of the Space Race is harder to pinpoint than its beginning, but it was over by the December 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, after which spaceflight cooperation between the US and Russia flourished.
The Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites, and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station. It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development, which led to beneficial spin-off technologies.
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) (Russian: Экспериментальный полёт «Аполлон» - «Союз» (ЭПАС), Eksperimentalniy polyot Apollon-Soyuz, lit. Experimental flight Apollo-Soyuz, commonly referred to by the Soviets as Soyuz-Apollo), conducted in July 1975, was the first joint U.S.–Soviet space flight, as a symbol of the policy of détente that the two superpowers were pursuing at the time. It involved the docking of an Apollo Command/Service Module with the Soviet Soyuz 19. The unnumbered Apollo vehicle was a surplus from the terminated Apollo program and the last one to fly. This mission ceremoniously marked the end of the Space Race that had begun in 1957 with the Sputnik launch.The mission included both joint and separate scientific experiments (including an engineered eclipse of the Sun by Apollo to allow Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona), and provided useful engineering experience for future joint US–Russian space flights, such as the Shuttle–Mir Program and the International Space Station.
ASTP was the last manned US space mission until the first Space Shuttle flight in April 1981. It was also U.S. astronaut Donald Deke Slayton's only space flight. He was chosen as one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts in April 1959, but had been grounded until 1972 for medical reasons.
Wernher von Braun | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Wernher von Braun
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (March 23, 1912 – June 16, 1977) was a German (and, later, American) aerospace engineer and space architect. He was the leading figure in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the father of rocket technology and space science in the United States.While in his twenties and early thirties, von Braun worked in Nazi Germany's rocket development program. He helped design and develop the V-2 rocket at Peenemünde during World War II. Following the war, he was secretly moved to the United States, along with about 1,600 other German scientists, engineers, and technicians, as part of Operation Paperclip. He worked for the United States Army on an intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) program and he developed the rockets that launched the United States' first space satellite Explorer 1. His group was assimilated into NASA, where he served as director of the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center and as the chief architect of the Saturn V super heavy-lift launch vehicle that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. In 1975, von Braun received the National Medal of Science. He advocated a human mission to Mars.
Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine.
Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere, and it is found in almost all living things, rocks, water bodies, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores via the Kroll process or the Hunter process. Its most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.
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Technological and industrial history of the United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the United States' emergence as one of the most technologically advanced nations in the world. The availability of land and literate labor, the absence of a landed aristocracy, the prestige of entrepreneurship, the diversity of climate and a large easily accessed upscale and literate free market all contributed to America's rapid industrialisation. The availability of capital, development by the free market of navigable rivers, and coastal waterways, and the abundance of natural resources facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America's rapid industrialization. Fast transport by the very large railroad built in the mid-19th century, and the Interstate Highway System built in the late 20th century, enlarged the markets and reducing shipping and production costs. The legal system facilitated business operations and guaranteed contracts. Cut off from Europe by the embargo and the British blockade in the War of 1812 (1807–15), entrepreneurs opened factories in the Northeast that set the stage for rapid industrialization modeled on British innovations.
From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science and innovation. As a result, the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of Britannica's 321 Greatest Inventions, including items such as the airplane, internet, microchip, laser, cellphone, refrigerator, email, microwave, personal computer, Liquid-crystal display and light-emitting diode technology, air conditioning, assembly line, supermarket, bar code, automated teller machine, and many more.The early technological and industrial development in the United States was facilitated by a unique confluence of geographical, social, and economic factors. The relative lack of workers kept United States wages nearly always higher than corresponding British and European workers and provided an incentive to mechanize some tasks. The United States population had some semi-unique advantages in that they were former British subjects, had high English literacy skills, for that period (over 80% in New England), had strong British institutions, with some minor American modifications, of courts, laws, right to vote, protection of property rights and in many cases personal contacts among the British innovators of the Industrial Revolution. They had a good basic structure to build on. Another major advantage, which the British lacked, was no inherited aristocratic institutions. The eastern seaboard of the United States, with a great number of rivers and streams along the Atlantic seaboard, provided many potential sites for constructing textile mills necessary for early industrialization. The technology and information on how to build a textile industry was largely provided by Samuel Slater (1768–1835) who emigrated to New England in 1789. He had studied and worked in British textile mills for a number of years and immigrated to the United States, despite restrictions against it, to try his luck with U.S. manufacturers who were trying to set up a textile industry. He was offered a full partnership if he could succeed—he did. A vast supply of natural resources, the technological knowledge on how to build and power the necessary machines along with a labor supply of mobile workers, often unmarried females, all aided early industrialization. The broad knowledge of the Industrial Revolution and Scientific revolution helped facilitate understanding for the construction and invention of new manufacturing businesses and technologies. A limited government that would allow them to succeed or fail on their own merit helped.
After the close of the American Revolution in 1783, the new government continued the strong property rights established under British rule and established a rule of law necessary to protect those ...
Technological and industrial history of the United States | Wikipedia audio article | Wikipedia ...
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Technological and industrial history of the United States | Wikipedia audio article
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the United States' emergence as one of the most technologically advanced nations in the world. The availability of land and literate labor, the absence of a landed aristocracy, the prestige of entrepreneurship, the diversity of climate and a large easily accessed upscale and literate free market all contributed to America's rapid industrialisation. The availability of capital, development by the free market of navigable rivers, and coastal waterways, and the abundance of natural resources facilitated the cheap extraction of energy all contributed to America's rapid industrialization. Fast transport by the very large railroad built in the mid-19th century, and the Interstate Highway System built in the late 20th century, enlarged the markets and reducing shipping and production costs. The legal system facilitated business operations and guaranteed contracts. Cut off from Europe by the embargo and the British blockade in the War of 1812 (1807–15), entrepreneurs opened factories in the Northeast that set the stage for rapid industrialization modeled on British innovations.
From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science and innovation. As a result, the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of Britannica's 321 Greatest Inventions, including items such as the airplane, internet, microchip, laser, cellphone, refrigerator, email, microwave, personal computer, Liquid-crystal display and light-emitting diode technology, air conditioning, assembly line, supermarket, bar code, automated teller machine, and many more.The early technological and industrial development in the United States was facilitated by a unique confluence of geographical, social, and economic factors. The relative lack of workers kept United States wages nearly always higher than corresponding British and European workers and provided an incentive to mechanize some tasks. The United States population had some semi-unique advantages in that they were former British subjects, had high English literacy skills, for that period (over 80% in New England), had strong British institutions, with some minor American modifications, of courts, laws, right to vote, protection of property rights and in many cases personal contacts among the British innovators of the Industrial Revolution. They had a good basic structure to build on. Another major advantage, which the British lacked, was no inherited aristocratic institutions. The eastern seaboard of the United States, with a great number of rivers and streams along the Atlantic seaboard, provided many potential sites for constructing textile mills necessary for early industrialization. The technology and information on how to build a textile industry was largely provided by Samuel Slater (1768–1835) who emigrated to New England in 1789. He had studied and worked in British textile mills for a number of years and immigrated to the United States, despite restrictions against it, to try his luck with U.S. manufacturers who were trying to set up a textile industry. He was offered a full partnership if he could succeed—he did. A vast supply of natural resources, the technological knowledge on how to build and power the necessary machines along with a labor supply of mobile workers, often unmarried females, all aided early industrialization. The broad knowledge of the Industrial Revolution and Scientific revolution helped facilitate understanding for the construction and invention of new manufacturing businesses and technologies. A limited government that would allow them to succeed or fail on their own merit helped.
After the close of the American Revolution in 1783, the new government continued the strong property rights established under British rule and established a rule of law necessary to protect those pro ...
IAS Thursdays: Roger Launius, Why Go to the Moon? (CC)
What is it about the Moon that captures the fancy of humankind? A silvery disk hanging in the night sky, it conjures up images of romance and magic. It has been counted upon to foreshadow important events, both of good and ill, and its phases for eons served humanity as its most accurate measure of time. This presentation by retired NASA Chief Historian Roger Launius discusses the Moon as a target for Human exploration and eventual settlement. It explores the more than 50-year efforts to reach the Moon, succeeding with space probes and humans in Project Apollo in the 1960s and early 1970s, as well as the space race with the Soviet Union. It will then also discuss the rationales for spaceflight, and ideas for returning to the Moon in the twenty-first century.
This talk is presented as part of the IAS's yearlong 1968-1969 presentation and discussion series, copresented by Northrop and the University Honors Program.
John F. Kennedy | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
John F. Kennedy
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
John Fitzgerald Jack Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. A member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president.
Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second child of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Kennedy. He graduated from Harvard University in 1940 and joined the U.S. Naval Reserve the following year. During World War II, he commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service. After the war, Kennedy represented the 11th congressional district of Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, he published his book entitled Profiles in Courage, which won a Pulitzer Prize for Biography. In the 1960 presidential election, Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president. At age 43, he became the second-youngest man to serve as president (after Theodore Roosevelt), the youngest man to be elected as U.S. president as well as being the first (and only) Roman Catholic to occupy that office.
Kennedy's time in office was marked by high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In April 1961, he authorized a failed joint-CIA attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He subsequently rejected Operation Northwoods plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered that Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba; the resulting period of tensions, termed the Cuban Missile Crisis, nearly resulted in the breakout of a global thermonuclear conflict. Domestically, Kennedy presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps and supported the civil rights movement, but he was largely unsuccessful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies.
On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the state crime, but he was never prosecuted due to his murder by Jack Ruby two days later; Ruby was sentenced to death and died while the sentence was on appeal in 1967. Pursuant to the Presidential Succession Act, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. Both the FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald had acted alone in the assassination, but various groups challenged the findings of the Warren Report and believed that Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy. After Kennedy's death, Congress enacted many of his proposals, including the Civil Rights and the Revenue Acts of 1964. Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians' polls of U.S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallup's history of systematically measuring job approval.
Oklahoma Moment - Tom Stafford
We take a peek at a moment in Oklahoma's History from the Oklahoma History Center. This week's peek showcases Tom Stafford, an astronaut from Weatherford.