Hadful Mosque

Somalia attack: Four killed in al-Shabab car bomb attack targeting somali intelligence

Originally published on January 5, 2015.

Al Qaeda-linked Al Shabab claimed responsibility for a suicide attack near Mogadishu’s international airport on Sunday, which killed four civilians.

The Somali intelligence forces, known as the Alpha Group, had been informed of an imminent car bomb attack targeting the unit. The bomb detonated when a vehicle hit a civilian car as the troops were pursuing it.

Witnesses said a gunfight followed the explosion, which killed four and injured several others.

The site of the explosion is close to Aden Adde International Airport, where African Union troops and United Nations staff are stationed.

Al Shabab said a handful of government soldiers were killed in the attack. “We targeted the forces that work for the U.S, Sheikh Abdiasis Abu Musab, al Shabaab's military operations spokesman told Reuters.

Tahlil Abdishakur, al Shabab’s intelligence chief was killed in a U.S. airstrike last Monday.

SOMALIA

Somalia is a country located in the horn of Africa. it is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on the continents mainland, and its terrain consists mainly plateaus, plains and highlands.

Sultanate of Mogadishu | Wikipedia audio article

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Sultanate of Mogadishu

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Sultanate of Mogadishu (Somali: Saldanadda Muqdisho, Arabic: سلطنة مقديشو‎) (fl. 9th-13th centuries), also known as the Kingdom of Magadazo, was a medieval Somali trading empire centered in southern Somalia. It rose as one of the preeminent powers in the Horn of Africa during the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries, before being served as the capital for the Ajuran Empire during the early 13th century. The Mogadishu Sultanate maintained a vast trading network, dominated the regional gold trade, minted its own currency, and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia.

Sultanate of Mogadishu | Wikipedia audio article

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Sultanate of Mogadishu

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Sultanate of Mogadishu (Somali: Saldanadda Muqdisho, Arabic: سلطنة مقديشو‎) (fl. 9th-13th centuries), also known as the Kingdom of Magadazo, was a medieval Somali trading empire centered in southern Somalia. It rose as one of the preeminent powers in the Horn of Africa during the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries, before being served as the capital for the Ajuran Empire during the early 13th century. The Mogadishu Sultanate maintained a vast trading network, dominated the regional gold trade, minted its own currency, and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia.

Somaliland

Somaliland (Somali: Somaliland, Arabic: صوماليلاند‎ Ṣūmālīlānd or أرض الصومال Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl) is a self-declared independent state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia. The government of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the British Somaliland protectorate, which became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, before uniting with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic.
Somaliland is bordered by Ethiopia in the south and west, Djibouti in the northwest, the Gulf of Aden in the north, and the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia to the east.


This video is targeted to blind users.

Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
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Somaliland | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Somaliland


00:02:26 1 History
00:02:35 1.1 Prehistory
00:04:05 1.2 Antiquity and classical era
00:06:51 1.3 Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages
00:07:26 1.4 Early modern sultanates
00:08:59 1.5 British Somaliland
00:10:38 1.6 State of Somaliland
00:11:58 1.7 Somali Republic
00:13:31 1.8 Somali National Movement, Barre persecution
00:16:09 1.9 Somali Civil War
00:17:53 2 Politics and government
00:22:32 2.1 Foreign relations
00:26:30 2.2 Border disputes
00:29:03 2.3 Military
00:29:59 3 Administrative divisions
00:30:09 3.1 Regions
00:30:34 4 Geography
00:33:06 4.1 Climate
00:35:56 5 Economy
00:39:09 5.1 Tourism
00:40:41 5.2 Transport
00:41:38 5.3 Ports
00:42:00 5.4 Oil explorations
00:42:40 6 Demographics
00:42:49 6.1 Languages
00:44:57 6.2 Religion
00:47:11 6.3 Largest cities
00:47:20 7 Culture
00:47:29 7.1 Clan system
00:48:54 7.2 Clan settlements
00:50:51 7.3 Cuisine
00:51:56 7.4 Arts
00:54:13 8 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Somaliland (Somali: Somaliland; Arabic: صوماليلاند‎ Ṣūmālīlānd, أرض الصومال‎ Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd), is a self-declared state, internationally considered to be an autonomous region of Somalia.The government of the de facto state of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the former British Somaliland protectorate, which, in the form of the briefly independent State of Somaliland, united as scheduled on 1 July 1960 with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.Somaliland lies in northwestern Somalia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden. It is bordered by the remainder of Somalia (per international recognition) to the east, Djibouti to the northwest, and Ethiopia to the south and west. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 4 million residents. The capital and the largest city is Hargeisa, with the population of around 1,500,000 residents.In 1988, the Siad Barre government began a crackdown against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement (SNM) and other militant groups, which were among the events that led to the Somali Civil War. The conflict left the country's economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, unilaterally declared independence from Somalia on 18 May of the same year and reinstated the borders of the former short-lived independent State of Somaliland.Since then, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the Government of the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Dowlada Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Dawlat Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd). The central government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa. Ethiopia also maintains a trade office in the region. However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation. It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories.

Somaliland | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Somaliland

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
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You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
Somaliland (Somali: Somaliland; Arabic: صوماليلاند‎ Ṣūmālīlānd, أرض الصومال‎ Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd), is a self-declared state, internationally considered to be an autonomous region of Somalia.The government of the de facto state of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the former British Somaliland protectorate, which, in the form of the briefly independent State of Somaliland, united as scheduled on 1 July 1960 with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.Somaliland lies in northwestern Somalia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden. It is bordered by the remainder of Somalia (per international recognition) to the east, Djibouti to the northwest, and Ethiopia to the south and west. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 4 million residents. The capital and the largest city is Hargeisa, with the population of around 1,500,000 residents.In 1988, the Siad Barre government began a crackdown against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement (SNM) and other militant groups, which were among the events that led to the Somali Civil War. The conflict left the country's economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, unilaterally declared independence from Somalia on 18 May of the same year and reinstated the borders of the former short-lived independent State of Somaliland.Since then, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the Government of the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Dowlada Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Dawlat Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd). The central government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa. Ethiopia also maintains a trade office in the region. However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation. It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories.

Somaliland | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:02:46 1 History
00:02:56 1.1 Prehistory
00:04:40 1.2 Antiquity and classical era
00:07:50 1.3 Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages
00:08:30 1.4 Early modern sultanates
00:10:15 1.5 British Somaliland
00:12:07 1.6 State of Somaliland
00:13:37 1.7 Somali Republic
00:15:21 1.8 Somali National Movement, Barre persecution
00:18:22 1.9 Somali Civil War
00:20:19 2 Politics and government
00:25:41 2.1 Foreign relations
00:30:17 2.2 Border disputes
00:33:13 2.3 Military
00:34:17 3 Administrative divisions
00:34:27 3.1 Regions
00:34:56 4 Geography
00:37:51 4.1 Climate
00:41:11 5 Economy
00:44:52 5.1 Tourism
00:46:39 5.2 Transport
00:47:43 5.3 Ports
00:48:08 5.4 Oil explorations
00:48:53 6 Demographics
00:49:03 6.1 Languages
00:51:28 6.2 Religion
00:54:02 6.3 Largest cities
00:54:11 7 Culture
00:54:20 7.1 Clan system
00:55:59 7.2 Clan settlements
00:58:08 7.3 Cuisine
00:59:22 7.4 Arts
01:02:01 8 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

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Speaking Rate: 0.9081350112920212
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Somaliland (Somali: Somaliland; Arabic: صوماليلاند‎ Ṣūmālīlānd, أرض الصومال‎ Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd), is a self-declared state, internationally considered to be an autonomous region of Somalia.The government of the de facto state of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the former British Somaliland protectorate, which, in the form of the briefly independent State of Somaliland, united as scheduled on 1 July 1960 with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.Somaliland lies in northwestern Somalia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden. It is bordered by the remainder of Somalia (per international recognition) to the east, Djibouti to the northwest, and Ethiopia to the south and west. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 4 million residents. The capital and the largest city is Hargeisa, with the population of around 1,500,000 residents.In 1988, the Siad Barre government began a crackdown against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement (SNM) and other militant groups, which were among the events that led to the Somali Civil War. The conflict left the country's economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, unilaterally declared independence from Somalia on 18 May of the same year and reinstated the borders of the former short-lived independent State of Somaliland.Since then, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the Government of the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Dowlada Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Dawlat Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd). The central government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa. Ethiopia also maintains a trade office in the region. However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation. It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories.

Somaliland | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Somaliland

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.


You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
Somaliland (Somali: Somaliland; Arabic: صوماليلاند‎ Ṣūmālīlānd, أرض الصومال‎ Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd), is a self-declared state, internationally considered to be an autonomous region of Somalia.The government of the de facto state of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the former British Somaliland protectorate, which, in the form of the briefly independent State of Somaliland, united as scheduled on 1 July 1960 with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.Somaliland lies in northwestern Somalia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden. It is bordered by the remainder of Somalia (per international recognition) to the east, Djibouti to the northwest, and Ethiopia to the south and west. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 4 million residents. The capital and the largest city is Hargeisa, with the population of around 1,500,000 residents.In 1988, the Siad Barre government began a crackdown against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement (SNM) and other militant groups, which were among the events that led to the Somali Civil War. The conflict left the country's economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, unilaterally declared independence from Somalia on 18 May of the same year and reinstated the borders of the former short-lived independent State of Somaliland.Since then, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the Government of the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Dowlada Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Dawlat Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd). The central government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa. Ethiopia also maintains a trade office in the region. However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation. It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories.

Somaliland | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Somaliland

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.


You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
Somaliland (Somali: Somaliland; Arabic: صوماليلاند‎ Ṣūmālīlānd, أرض الصومال‎ Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd), is a self-declared state, internationally considered to be an autonomous region of Somalia.The government of the de facto state of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the former British Somaliland protectorate, which, in the form of the briefly independent State of Somaliland, united as scheduled on 1 July 1960 with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.Somaliland lies in northwestern Somalia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden. It is bordered by the remainder of Somalia (per international recognition) to the east, Djibouti to the northwest, and Ethiopia to the south and west. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 4 million residents. The capital and the largest city is Hargeisa, with the population of around 1,500,000 residents.In 1988, the Siad Barre government began a crackdown against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement (SNM) and other militant groups, which were among the events that led to the Somali Civil War. The conflict left the country's economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, unilaterally declared independence from Somalia on 18 May of the same year and reinstated the borders of the former short-lived independent State of Somaliland.Since then, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the Government of the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Dowlada Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Dawlat Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd). The central government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa. Ethiopia also maintains a trade office in the region. However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation. It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories.

Somaliland | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:02:26 1 History
00:02:35 1.1 Prehistory
00:04:05 1.2 Antiquity and classical era
00:06:51 1.3 Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages
00:07:26 1.4 Early modern sultanates
00:08:59 1.5 British Somaliland
00:10:38 1.6 State of Somaliland
00:11:58 1.7 Somali Republic
00:13:31 1.8 Somali National Movement, Barre persecution
00:16:09 1.9 Somali Civil War
00:17:53 2 Politics and government
00:22:32 2.1 Foreign relations
00:26:30 2.2 Border disputes
00:29:03 2.3 Military
00:29:59 3 Administrative divisions
00:30:09 3.1 Regions
00:30:34 4 Geography
00:33:06 4.1 Climate
00:35:56 5 Economy
00:39:09 5.1 Tourism
00:40:41 5.2 Transport
00:41:38 5.3 Ports
00:42:00 5.4 Oil explorations
00:42:40 6 Demographics
00:42:49 6.1 Languages
00:44:57 6.2 Religion
00:47:11 6.3 Largest cities
00:47:20 7 Culture
00:47:29 7.1 Clan system
00:48:54 7.2 Clan settlements
00:50:51 7.3 Cuisine
00:51:56 7.4 Arts
00:54:13 8 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Somaliland (Somali: Somaliland; Arabic: صوماليلاند‎ Ṣūmālīlānd, أرض الصومال‎ Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd), is a self-declared state, internationally considered to be an autonomous region of Somalia.The government of the de facto state of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the former British Somaliland protectorate, which, in the form of the briefly independent State of Somaliland, united as scheduled on 1 July 1960 with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.Somaliland lies in northwestern Somalia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden. It is bordered by the remainder of Somalia (per international recognition) to the east, Djibouti to the northwest, and Ethiopia to the south and west. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 4 million residents. The capital and the largest city is Hargeisa, with the population of around 1,500,000 residents.In 1988, the Siad Barre government began a crackdown against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement (SNM) and other militant groups, which were among the events that led to the Somali Civil War. The conflict left the country's economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, unilaterally declared independence from Somalia on 18 May of the same year and reinstated the borders of the former short-lived independent State of Somaliland.Since then, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the Government of the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Dowlada Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند‎ Dawlat Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd). The central government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa. Ethiopia also maintains a trade office in the region. However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation. It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories.

Muslim Brotherhood | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:03:01 1 Beliefs
00:07:54 1.1 Mottos
00:08:20 2 Strategy and organization
00:15:08 3 In Egypt
00:15:17 3.1 Founding
00:17:06 3.2 Post–World War II
00:19:46 3.3 Mubarak era
00:23:55 3.4 2011 revolution and after
00:33:24 3.5 Controversy
00:34:40 3.6 General leaders
00:35:44 4 In the Middle East
00:35:53 4.1 Bahrain
00:36:53 4.2 Iran
00:37:57 4.3 Turkey
00:38:48 4.4 Iraq
00:40:56 4.5 Israel
00:44:06 4.6 Palestine
00:46:01 4.7 Jordan
00:52:57 4.8 Qatar
00:53:36 4.9 Kuwait
00:55:17 4.10 Saudi Arabia
00:59:49 4.11 Syria
01:02:00 4.12 United Arab Emirates
01:03:55 4.13 Yemen
01:04:38 5 Elsewhere in Africa
01:04:48 5.1 Algeria
01:07:10 5.2 Libya
01:10:35 5.3 Mauritania
01:11:48 5.4 Morocco
01:12:35 5.5 Somalia
01:13:37 5.6 Sudan
01:18:10 5.7 Tunisia
01:18:56 6 Europe
01:19:04 6.1 Germany
01:19:39 6.2 Russia
01:20:29 6.3 United Kingdom
01:23:16 7 Other states
01:23:26 7.1 Indonesia
01:24:22 7.2 Malaysia
01:26:03 7.3 United States
01:33:56 8 Criticism
01:35:34 8.1 Motives
01:40:11 8.2 Status of non-Muslims
01:41:28 8.3 Response to criticisms
01:44:39 9 Foreign relations
01:45:46 9.1 Designation as a terrorist organization
01:46:45 9.1.1 Outside the Middle East
01:52:51 9.2 Relationship to diplomatic crises in Qatar
01:55:01 10 See also



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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
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The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Arabic: جماعة الإخوان المسلمين‎ Jamāʿat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn), is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. Al-Banna's teachings spread far beyond Egypt, influencing today various Islamist movements from charitable organizations to political parties—not all using the same name.Initially, as a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement, it preached Islam in Egypt, taught the illiterate, and set up hospitals and business enterprises. It later advanced into the political arena, aiming to end British colonial control of Egypt. The movement self-stated aim is the establishment of a state ruled by Sharia law–its most famous slogan worldwide being: Islam is the solution. Charity is a major propellant to its work.The group spread to other Muslim countries but has its largest, or one of its largest, organizations in Egypt despite a succession of government crackdowns starting in 1948 up until today, with accusations of planning assassinations and plots. For many years remained a fringe group in politics of the Arab World until the 1967 Six-Day War, when Islamism managed to replace popular secular Arab nationalism after a resounding Arab defeat against Israel. The movement was also supported by Saudi Arabia, with which it shared mutual enemies like communism.The Arab Spring brought it legalization and substantial political power at first, but as of 2013 it has suffered severe reversals. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was legalized in 2011 and won several elections, including the 2012 presidential election when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first president to gain power through an election, though one year later, following massive demonstrations and unrest, he was overthrown by the military and placed under house arrest. The group was then banned in Egypt and declared as a terrorist organization. Persian Gulf monarchies of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates followed suit, driven by the perception that the Brotherhood is a threat to their authoritarian rule.The Brotherhood itself claims to be a peaceful, democratic organization, and that its leader condemns violence and violent acts.
Today, the primary state backers of the Muslim Brotherhood are Qatar and Turkey. As of 2015, it is consid ...

The Politics of Human Shielding - Session 2: Human Shields and Liberal Wars

Alice Hills (Durham University): Human Shields are a Distraction

Neve Gordon (Ben Gurion University of the Negev) and Nicola Perugini (Brown University): The Politics of Human Shielding and the Force of Discrimination

About the Workshop

In this workshop scholars and human rights experts will discuss the role of human shielding in warfare and to analyze the way international humanitarian law (IHL) treats this increasingly significant phenomenon. Human shielding involves the use of persons protected by IHL, such as prisoners of war or civilians, to deter attacks on combatants or military sites. Placing civilians on train tracks, in airports or in any site that is considered to be a legitimate military target of the enemy army in order to prevent the latter from striking is illegal according to IHL. Along similar lines, carrying out military operations from within civilian spaces, particularly schools, hospitals, religious sites, civilian neighborhoods and even industrial areas is considered illegal. Article 28 of the Fourth Geneva Convention states that, “The presence of a protected person may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations.”

The 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Convention elaborates on the prohibitions of using human shields, while the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court characterized human shielding as a war crime.

Considering that urban settings are rapidly becoming the most prominent arenas of contemporary warfare, the significance of the human shield clauses in international law cannot be overstated. Urban areas, as Stephen Graham put it, “have become the lightning conductors for our planet’s political violence,” while “warfare strongly shapes quotidian urban life.” The permeation of organized, political violence within and through cities renders human shielding a ubiquitous phenomenon, since practically all fighting within a city involves human shields in some form or another. In other words, urban warfare inevitably produces an overlapping between the noncombatant and combatant and between civilian and military architectural edifices and artifacts. But since the non-combatant and the civilian are protected according to IHL this overlapping creates a problem for liberal regimes, which insist on the legality of their actions in order to underscore the ethics of the violence they deploy.

Bringing together human rights experts (both from academia and leading NGOs), legal scholars, political scientists, historians and anthropologists this two-day workshop aims to discuss, debate and analyze three central issues. First, we intend to examine the legal history of human shielding, when it was first introduced into international law, what spurred its introduction, and how the legal concept has developed over the years. Second, the workshop aims to examine different conflicts—Iraq, ex-Yugoslavia, as well as Israel and Palestine—in order to assess and analyze similarities and differences both in the way human shields were used and the discursive response to their deployment. It is within this context that we will also discuss the difference between voluntary and involuntary human shields. Finally, we propose to connect the case studies to international law and ask whether the way international law treats human shielding is adequate given some of the changes in modern warfare.

The workshop on human shields and international law is not only pertinent to security and governance but also deals with an issue that, on the one hand, has been dealt with to a very limited extent both within academia and among human rights groups, and, on the other hand, the use of human shields is becoming more pervasive.

Organized by Nicola Perugini, Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow in Italian Studies and Middle East Studies, and Neve Gordon, Department of Politics and Government, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, and Middle East Studies | Brown.

Co-sponsored by the Watson Institute.

Madagascar | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Madagascar

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Madagascar (; Malagasy: Madagasikara), officially the Republic of Madagascar (Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara Malagasy pronunciation: [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥]; French: République de Madagascar), and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian peninsula around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.
The first archaeological evidence for human foraging on Madagascar may have occurred as much as 10,000 years ago. Human settlement of Madagascar occurred between 350 BC and AD 550 by Austronesian peoples, arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo. These were joined around AD 1000 by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel from East Africa. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into 18 or more subgroups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands.
Until the late 18th century, the island of Madagascar was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting sociopolitical alliances. Beginning in the early 19th century, most of the island was united and ruled as the Kingdom of Madagascar by a series of Merina nobles. The monarchy ended in 1897 when the island was absorbed into the French colonial empire, from which the island gained independence in 1960. The autonomous state of Madagascar has since undergone four major constitutional periods, termed republics. Since 1992, the nation has officially been governed as a constitutional democracy from its capital at Antananarivo. However, in a popular uprising in 2009, president Marc Ravalomanana was made to resign and presidential power was transferred in March 2009 to Andry Rajoelina. Constitutional governance was restored in January 2014, when Hery Rajaonarimampianina was named president following a 2013 election deemed fair and transparent by the international community. Madagascar is a member of the United Nations, the African Union (AU), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie.
Madagascar belongs to the group of least developed countries, according to the United Nations. Malagasy and French are both official languages of the state. The majority of the population adheres to traditional beliefs, Christianity, or an amalgamation of both. Ecotourism and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, health, and private enterprise, are key elements of Madagascar's development strategy. Under Ravalomanana, these investments produced substantial economic growth, but the benefits were not evenly spread throughout the population, producing tensions over the increasing cost of living and declining living standards among the poor and some segments of the middle class. As of 2017, the economy has been weakened by the 2009–2013 political crisis, and quality of life remains low for the majority of the Malagasy population.

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