Marc Hertzman – The Death of Zumbi: Suicide, Slavery, and History in Brazil and the Black Atlantic
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At the end of the seventeenth century, Zumbi, the last leader of Palmares, Brazil’s iconic runaway slave community, died. For centuries, his death was cast as a heroic suicide, but historical documents show that he was, in fact, killed by colonial forces, who then decapitated his corpse and posted the head in public. This paper explores the different meanings that diverse actors have attached to Zumbi’s death and asks what each reveals about suicide, slavery, history, and race. Why do some parties cling to the suicide legend, and why do others insist on repeatedly debunking it? What can the struggles to define Zumbi’s death tell us about the trajectory and formation of modern Brazil and its racial mythologies?
Fernando de Noronha
Fernando de Noronha (Portuguese pronunciation: [feʁˈnɐ̃du d(ʒ)ɨ noˈɾoɲɐ]) is an archipelago of 21 islands and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, 354 km (220 mi) offshore from the Brazilian coast. The archipelago got its name from the Portuguese merchant Fernão de Loronha, to whom it was given by the Portuguese crown for services rendered regarding wood imported from Brazil. The main island has an area of 18.4 square kilometres (7.1 sq mi) and had a population estimated at 2,718 in 2012. The area is a special municipality (distrito estadual) of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco (despite being closer to the state of Rio Grande do Norte), with about 70% established in 1988 as a national maritime park.
In 2001 UNESCO designated it as a World Heritage Site because of the importance of its environment. Its timezone is UTC-02:00 all year around. The local population and travellers can get to Noronha by plane or cruise from Recife (545 km). An environmental preservation fee is charged from tourists upon arrival by Ibama (Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources).
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Afrodescendants in Brazil
Northeast Region, Brazil
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The Northeast Region of Brazil is one of the five official and political regions of the country according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.For the socio-geographic area see Nordeste .Of Brazil's twenty-six states, it comprises nine: Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia, along with the Fernando de Noronha archipelago .Chiefly known as Nordeste in Brazil, this region was the first to be discovered and colonized by the Portuguese and other European peoples, playing a crucial role in the country's history.
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Brazilian Beach Beauty
Myth has it that Brazilian beaches are crawling with beautiful people. Need proof?
RECIFE Brazil Travel Guide. Free Self-Guided Tours (Highlights, Attractions, Events)
The top self-guided tour of Recife, Brazil. Showing you the best attractions and how to navigate them. Check the links below for further information on how to better plan your journey.
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00:29 - IF YOU ONLY HAVE A DAY
City Description:
Recife, the capital of Brazil’s northeastern state of Pernambuco, is distinguished by its many rivers, bridges, islets and peninsulas. Recife Antigo, on its own island by the harbor, is the historic old town center dating to the 16th century. To its south, popular Boa Viagem Beach is sheltered by reefs and lined by tall apartment blocks, modern hotels and restaurants.Recife was founded by the Portuguese at a spot marked on Marco Zero plaza. Nearby, Rua do Bom Jesus is a cobbled street with colorful houses and Kahal Zur Israel, thought to be the first synagogue in the Americas. Cais do Sertão museum focuses on Northeast Brazil’s culture and semi-arid landscape. Dutch colonial influences can be found at the 1630 Cinco Pontas Fort and Ricardo Brennand Institute, which has a large collection of European artist Frans Post’s paintings. Oficina Brennand showcases Francisco Brennand’s abstract ceramic sculptures in an outdoor setting.rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrn
Weather and Events:
Dec–Feb is when the biggest number of locals and visitors hit Boa Viagem and other area beaches for sunshine and reef-protected sands. A tropical climate keeps temperatures warm year-round, with the most rainfall May–Aug. Key events include Carnaval (dates vary, Feb/Mar) and the Festas Juninas Catholic saints' festivals (Jun).
#travelguide #Recife
Empire of Brazil | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Empire of Brazil
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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SUMMARY
=======
The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay. Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pedro I and his son Dom Pedro II. A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese colonial Empire in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom João VI, fled from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. João VI later returned to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir, Pedro, to rule the Kingdom of Brazil as regent. On 7 September 1822, Pedro declared the independence of Brazil and, after waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The new country was huge but sparsely populated and ethnically diverse.
Unlike most of the neighboring Hispanic American republics, Brazil had political stability, vibrant economic growth, constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech, and respect for civil rights of its subjects, albeit with legal restrictions on women and slaves, the latter regarded as property and not citizens. The empire's bicameral parliament was elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era, as were the provincial and local legislatures. This led to a long ideological conflict between Pedro I and a sizable parliamentary faction over the role of the monarch in the government. He faced other obstacles. The unsuccessful Cisplatine War against the neighboring United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1828 led to the secession of the province of Cisplatina (later to become Uruguay). In 1826, despite his role in Brazilian independence, he became the king of Portugal; he immediately abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his eldest daughter. Two years later, she was usurped by Pedro I's younger brother Miguel. Unable to deal with both Brazilian and Portuguese affairs, Pedro I abdicated his Brazilian throne on 7 April 1831 and immediately departed for Europe to restore his daughter to the Portuguese throne.
Pedro I's successor in Brazil was his five-year-old son, Pedro II. As the latter was still a minor, a weak regency was created. The power vacuum resulting from the absence of a ruling monarch as the ultimate arbiter in political disputes led to regional civil wars between local factions. Having inherited an empire on the verge of disintegration, Pedro II, once he was declared of age, managed to bring peace and stability to the country, which eventually became an emerging international power. Brazil was victorious in three international conflicts (the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the Paraguayan War) under Pedro II's rule, and the Empire prevailed in several other international disputes and outbreaks of domestic strife. With prosperity and economic development came an influx of European immigration, including Protestants and Jews, although Brazil remained mostly Catholic. Slavery, which had initially been widespread, was restricted by successive legislation until its final abolition in 1888. Brazilian visual arts, literature and theater developed during this time of progress. Although heavily influenced by European styles that ranged from Neoclassicism to Romanticism, each concept was adapted to create a culture that was uniquely Brazilian.
Even though the last four decades of Pedro II's reign were marked by continuous internal peace and economic prosperity, he had no desire to see the monarchy survive beyond his lifetime and made no effort to maintain support for the institution. The next in line to the throne was his daughter Isabel, but neither Pedro II nor the ruling classes considered a female monarch acceptable. Lacking any viable heir, the Empire's political leaders saw no reason to defend the monarchy. After a 58-year reign, on 15 November 188 ...
Brazil gov't engineering project diverts water to poor farmers
Northeastern Brazil is the country's poorest and driest region in the country. Over the last five years, it's been facing its worst drought in at least 100 years. CGTN's Paulo Cabral reports on the latest.
Brazil | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Brazil
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3.2 million square miles) and with over 208 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the fifth most populous. The capital is Brasília, and the most populated city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states, the Federal District, and the 5,570 municipalities. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.
Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.Brazil has the eighth largest GDP in the world by both nominal and PPP measures (as of 2017). It is s one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. It is classified as an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country, with the largest share of global wealth in Latin America. Brazil is a regional power in Latin America and sometimes considered a great power in international affairs, while some analysts identify it as a middle power. It has an international recognition and influence, and is subsequently classified as an emerging power and a potential superpower by several analysts. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Union of South American Nations, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.
Brazilian science and technology | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:09 1 History
00:05:37 1.1 During the Brazilian Empire
00:08:11 2 Organization
00:09:08 3 Sources of funding
00:11:47 4 Trends in science and technology
00:11:57 4.1 Creation of social organizations
00:14:10 4.2 Incentive measures and targets
00:16:52 4.3 Financial investment
00:19:25 4.4 Industrial research
00:19:34 4.4.1 Trends in innovation activity
00:26:28 4.4.2 Information technology
00:28:50 4.5 Government research priorities
00:34:52 4.6 Research output
00:37:06 5 Regional disparities
00:40:09 6 Timeline
00:44:13 7 Lists
00:44:22 7.1 Major universities
00:44:31 7.1.1 Public universities and institutes
00:48:34 7.1.2 Private universities
00:50:39 7.2 Research institutes
00:52:40 7.3 Scientific societies
00:53:17 7.4 Key Brazilian scientists
00:53:27 8 See also
00:53:49 9 Sources
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9487108070756921
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Science and technology in Brazil has entered the international arena in recent decades. The central agency for science and technology in Brazil is the Ministry of Science and Technology, which includes the CNPq and Finep. This ministry also has direct supervision over the National Institute for Space Research (Portuguese: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais — INPE), the National Institute of Amazonian Research (Portuguese: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia — INPA), and the National Institute of Technology (Brazil) (Portuguese: Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia — INT). The ministry is also responsible for the Secretariat for Computer and Automation Policy (Portuguese: Secretaria de Política de Informática e Automação — SPIA), which is the successor of the SEI. The Ministry of Science and Technology, which the Sarney government created in March 1985, was headed initially by a person associated with the nationalist ideologies of the past. Although the new minister was able to raise the budget for the science and technology sector, he remained isolated within the government and had no influence on policy making for the economy.
With the new ministry, the science and technology agencies increased in size but lost some of their former independence and flexibility, and they became more susceptible to patronage politics. Most of the resources of the CNPq were channeled to fellowship programs procedures for quality control and no mechanisms to make the fellows active in the country's science and technology institutions. New groups competed for resources and control of the country's agencies of science, technology, and higher education. These groups included political parties, unionized university professors and employees, scientific societies, and special interest groups within the scientific and technological community. The SBPC (Brazilian Society for Scientific Development) shed its image as a semi-autonomous association of scientists to become an active lobbyist for more public resources and the protection of national technology from international competition.
WING CHUN GUNG FU 2
Homenagem feita pelo Todai Antônio Freitas ao Sifu Monnerat, quando este esteve em Niterói na Sede da Moy Ka, antigo MGI, em Março de 2010 depois de longos 12 anos sem o contato. Vídeo este que retrata a trajetória histórica de uma jornada dentro da Arte Marcial Wing Chun até a formação na Linhagem do Mestre Lee Tat Yan, onde recebeu das mãos do Sifu Monnerat a honra de preservar esta linhagem no Brasil. 1989 à 1996. Produzido pelo Kok san Gil Tony. (Janeiro de 2010)
Brazil during World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:39 1 Initial phase
00:02:30 2 Protests
00:04:21 2.1 Diplomatic consequences
00:05:34 3 Military involvement
00:05:44 3.1 Calogeras Plan
00:07:27 3.2 Army
00:08:48 3.3 Navy
00:12:32 3.4 Military medical mission
00:13:26 4 Aftermath
00:15:05 5 See also
00:15:21 6 Bibliography
00:18:21 7 Reference Notes
00:18:30 8 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8914412056502976
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
During World War I (1914–1918), Brazil initially adopted a neutral position, in accordance with the Hague Convention, in an attempt to maintain the markets for its export products, mainly coffee, latex and industrial manufactured items. However, following repeated sinking of Brazilian merchant ships by German submarines, Brazilian President Venceslau Brás declared war against the Central Powers in 1917, and was the only country in Latin America to be directly involved in the war. The major participation was the Brazilian Navy's patrol of areas of the Atlantic Ocean.
Florianopolis SC Brazil - 'Magic Island'
We are at the top of the hill where the television stations (masts) are situated, giving us a wonderful view of the Hercilio Luz bridge which is the suspension bridge directly in front of the camera and the modern bridge to the left of that which takes the traffic from the mainland over to this side which is Santa Catarina Island.
The more expensive commerce district is directly in front here and the less expensive and more of an area where people reside would be across the water.
It's a beautiful day with temperatures surely up near the 90's Fahrenheit, with the Cicadas, the sound of the Cicadas directly below us in this forest preserve.........
.........and here we are on the island side of Florianopolis gazing at the now condemned Hercilio Luz suspension bridge which is the longest such construction in Brazil based on the same design as the San Francisco bridge.
To the left, as the camera pans around is the Colombo Sales bridge which is the modern replacement, taking vehicular traffic from the mainland, people coming to work over on this commerce side of Florianopolis and conversely traffic returning in the evening........
......and directly in the middle between both bridges is a fishery where many species of fish and sardines surely are caught and then probably marketed there and packaged for the industry.
( Rich Valentine - Webmaster)
Information from Wikipedia
Florianópolis (nicknamed Floripa) is the capital city of Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil. It is composed of one main island, the Island of Santa Catarina (Ilha de Santa Catarina), a continental part and the surrounding small islands. It has a population of 406,564, according to a 2006 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimate. The metropolitan area has an estimated population of 821,552.
The economy of Florianópolis is heavily based on Information technology, tourism and services. The city has 42 beaches and is a center of surfing activity. Newsweek placed Florianópolis in the Ten most dynamic cities of the world list. Veja magazine, a Brazilian publication, named the city as the best place to live in Brazil. As a result of this publicity, Florianopolis is growing as a second home destination for many Paulistas, Argentines, U.S. citizens and Europeans.
Most of the population lives on the island's northern half. The southern half is less inhabitated. Many small commercial fishermen populate the island. The fishing boats, the lacemakers, the folklore, the cuisine and the colonial architecture contribute to the growing tourism and attract resources that compensate for the lack of any large industry. Villages immersed in tradition and history, such as Santo Antônio de Lisboa and Ribeirão da Ilha still resist the advances of modernity.
(...)
Brazil | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Brazil
00:03:45 1 Etymology
00:05:16 2 History
00:05:25 2.1 Pre-Cabraline era
00:07:24 2.2 Portuguese colonization
00:10:06 2.3 United Kingdom with Portugal
00:11:57 2.4 Independent empire
00:15:24 2.5 Early republic
00:18:31 2.6 Contemporary era
00:22:25 3 Geography
00:25:40 3.1 Climate
00:27:47 3.2 Biodiversity and environment
00:30:11 4 Government and politics
00:32:48 4.1 Law
00:34:53 4.2 Military
00:37:24 4.3 Foreign policy
00:39:33 4.4 Law enforcement and crime
00:41:23 4.5 Administrative divisions
00:42:57 5 Economy
00:47:32 5.1 Energy
00:48:22 5.2 Tourism
00:53:38 6 Infrastructure
00:53:47 6.1 Science and technology
00:56:19 6.2 Transport
01:00:19 6.3 Health
01:02:01 6.4 Education
01:03:49 6.5 Media and communication
01:05:51 7 Demographics
01:08:07 7.1 Race and ethnicity
01:11:12 7.2 Religion
01:13:44 7.3 Urbanization
01:14:33 7.4 Language
01:18:32 8 Culture
01:19:50 8.1 Architecture
01:21:32 8.2 Music
01:23:36 8.3 Literature
01:24:53 8.4 Cuisine
01:26:46 8.5 Cinema
01:28:57 8.6 Theatre
01:30:44 8.7 Visual arts
01:32:12 8.8 Sports
01:34:02 8.9 National holidays
01:34:11 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3.2 million square miles) and with over 208 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the fifth most populous. The capital is Brasília, and the most populated city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states, the Federal District, and the 5,570 municipalities. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.
Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.Brazil is considered an advanced emerging economy. It has the eighth largest GDP in the world by both nominal and PPP measures. It is one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. It is classified as an upper-middle income ec ...
Brazil | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Brazil
00:03:45 1 Etymology
00:05:16 2 History
00:05:25 2.1 Pre-Cabraline era
00:07:24 2.2 Portuguese colonization
00:10:06 2.3 United Kingdom with Portugal
00:11:57 2.4 Independent empire
00:15:24 2.5 Early republic
00:18:31 2.6 Contemporary era
00:22:25 3 Geography
00:25:40 3.1 Climate
00:27:47 3.2 Biodiversity and environment
00:30:11 4 Government and politics
00:32:48 4.1 Law
00:34:53 4.2 Military
00:37:24 4.3 Foreign policy
00:39:33 4.4 Law enforcement and crime
00:41:23 4.5 Administrative divisions
00:42:58 5 Economy
00:47:32 5.1 Energy
00:48:23 5.2 Tourism
00:53:33 6 Infrastructure
00:53:42 6.1 Science and technology
00:56:15 6.2 Transport
01:00:15 6.3 Health
01:01:56 6.4 Education
01:03:44 6.5 Media and communication
01:05:47 7 Demographics
01:08:03 7.1 Race and ethnicity
01:11:07 7.2 Religion
01:13:40 7.3 Urbanization
01:14:28 7.4 Language
01:18:27 8 Culture
01:19:46 8.1 Architecture
01:21:28 8.2 Music
01:23:31 8.3 Literature
01:24:49 8.4 Cuisine
01:26:42 8.5 Cinema
01:28:52 8.6 Theatre
01:30:39 8.7 Visual arts
01:32:08 8.8 Sports
01:33:58 8.9 National holidays
01:34:07 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3.2 million square miles) and with over 209 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the fifth most populous. The capital is Brasília, and the most populated city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states, the Federal District, and the 5,570 municipalities. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.
Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.Brazil is considered an advanced emerging economy. It has the eighth largest GDP in the world by both nominal and PPP measures. It is one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. It is classified as an upper-middle income ec ...
Brazil | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Brazil
00:03:45 1 Etymology
00:05:16 2 History
00:05:25 2.1 Pre-Cabraline era
00:07:24 2.2 Portuguese colonization
00:10:06 2.3 United Kingdom with Portugal
00:11:57 2.4 Independent empire
00:15:24 2.5 Early republic
00:18:31 2.6 Contemporary era
00:22:25 3 Geography
00:25:40 3.1 Climate
00:27:47 3.2 Biodiversity and environment
00:30:11 4 Government and politics
00:32:48 4.1 Law
00:34:53 4.2 Military
00:37:24 4.3 Foreign policy
00:39:33 4.4 Law enforcement and crime
00:41:23 4.5 Administrative divisions
00:42:58 5 Economy
00:47:32 5.1 Energy
00:48:23 5.2 Tourism
00:53:33 6 Infrastructure
00:53:42 6.1 Science and technology
00:56:15 6.2 Transport
01:00:15 6.3 Health
01:01:56 6.4 Education
01:03:44 6.5 Media and communication
01:05:47 7 Demographics
01:08:03 7.1 Race and ethnicity
01:11:07 7.2 Religion
01:13:40 7.3 Urbanization
01:14:28 7.4 Language
01:18:27 8 Culture
01:19:46 8.1 Architecture
01:21:28 8.2 Music
01:23:31 8.3 Literature
01:24:49 8.4 Cuisine
01:26:42 8.5 Cinema
01:28:52 8.6 Theatre
01:30:39 8.7 Visual arts
01:32:08 8.8 Sports
01:33:58 8.9 National holidays
01:34:07 9 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3.2 million square miles) and with over 209 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the fifth most populous. The capital is Brasília, and the most populated city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states, the Federal District, and the 5,570 municipalities. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.
Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.Brazil is considered an advanced emerging economy. It has the eighth largest GDP in the world by both nominal and PPP measures. It is one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. It is classified as an upper-middle income ec ...
OPERATION CAR WASH - WikiVidi Documentary
Operation Car Wash is an ongoing criminal investigation being carried out by the Federal Police of Brazil, Curitiba Branch, and judicially commanded by Judge Sérgio Moro since March 17, 2014. Initially a money laundering investigation, it has expanded to cover allegations of corruption at the state-controlled oil company Petrobras, where executives allegedly accepted bribes in return for awarding contracts to construction firms at inflated prices. This criminal system is known as Petrolão—Operation Car Wash. The operation has included more than one thousand warrants for search and seizure, temporary and preventive detention and coercive measures, with the aim of ascertaining the extent of a money laundering scheme suspected of moving more than . Because of the exceptionality of their actions, lawyers accuse the operation of selectivity and partiality in their case, being a criminal case that violated minimum rules of defense for a large number of defendants....
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:01:13 Summary
00:02:19 Investigation
00:05:50 Effect on Petrobras
00:06:41 Domestic politics
00:06:59 Political parties
00:07:48 Political families
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Chi Sao nº 5 (Forma Wong Li Chen)
International Brazilian School of Wing Chun and Kak kan Chun Style
Applied Wing Chun Brazil -- Grandmaster Li Hon Ki - Techniques
Grandmaster Li Hon Ki and his student demonstrates proper Applied Wing Chun Techniques