Ukrainian Election Mission (2) 2004. Part Two.
Repeat Second Round Presidential Election
Orange Revolution
December 2004
By
Michael Kostiuk
These are a series of videos that cover my observations as a Canadian OCSE election observer for the Repeat Second Round Ukrainian Presidential Election on December 26 2004. The government of Canada sent 100 OSCE Observers and 400 Canada Corps election observers under the direction of Former Prime Minister John Turner to Ukraine for the December election.
My area of observation was the Ukrainian city of Dnipropetrovsk. It is located in the south-east section of country on the Dnipro River.
This part of the series shows many scenes of the area in and around Dnipropetrovsk as well as the OSCE Team 2319 of which I was assigned as an election observer.
A complete report is available on my home page at: or
I have also created a special Video report on Trams in Dnipropetrovsk and I placed it on a different section of YouTube here:
The city of Dnipropetrovsk was founded in 1787 by Count Potemkin on the order of Catherine the Great on the site of a kozak fortress. The founding took place a short time after the Kozaks and Russians had together fought against the Turks who were in possession of the Black Sea area. After the peace treaty the Russians took control of the rich farmland in the area. To this day the local people still take pride in their kozak heritage. The original name of the town was Ekaterinoslav, but in 1926 the growing city was renamed Dnipropetrovsk in honour of Grigoriy Petrovsky who was the first leader of the Ukrainian Soviet republic. The region has a population of 3.7 million and the main industries are heavy machinery, chemicals, food products as well as rockets. Leonid Brezhnev, Ukrainian President Kuchma as well as his son-in-law are from the Dnipropetrovsk region.
History: UKRAINE
Crimea:
Cossacks helped Russia get Crimea from Turkey 39:43
Donbas (East) 56:55
Crimea turned over to Ukraine 2:16:28
Russia 12:46 / 31:16
UKRAINE - THE BIRTH OF A NATION (2008) / A Jerzy Hoffman Film
1:34 Kyiv (401 - 500)
2:16 Byzantium (330–1453)
2:45 Princess Olga (890 - 969) adopted Christianity
3:28 Chersonesus in Crimea
4:06 Volodymyr the Great (958 - 1015)
4:29 Prince Yaroslav the Wise (978 - 1054)
4:39 Saint Sophia's Cathedral (1100)
5:31 Anna the Queen of France (1030 – 1075)
6:41 Volodymyr II Monomakh (1053-1125)
7:20 Yuri Dolgorukiy (1099 - 1157)
7:26 Moscow
7:37 The Mongols
10:16 The Principality of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Rus
10:49 Lviv
12:37 Ivan III of Russia (1440-1505)
12:46 The myth about Russia
13:07 Crimea
13:53 Roxolana (1502 – 1558)
15:20 serfdom (Polish oppression)
15:40 printing press
17:14 Zaporizhian Sich
18:33 Ukraine replaces the name Rus
18:40 cossack
20:15 Brest Union
20:18 The uniates
21:08 Hetman Sagaidachny (1570 - 1622)
23:05 Orthodoxy
23:28 Yarema Vyshnevetsky (1612 – 1651)
23:31 Catholicism
24:54 Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1595 – 1657)
30:04 The Pereyaslav Council -------------------------------------------------1654
34:39 Ivan Mazepa (1639 - 1709)
37:06 The Battle of Poltava on 27 June 1709
40:11 Zaporizhian Sich (1552-1709)
40:27 Solovki
French Revolution--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1789
47:03 Dumy - historical ballads
48:18 Greek Catholic Church banned
48:49 Kyiv University (1833)
49:48 The Order of Basilian Fathers
50:55 Taras Shevchenko (1814 - 1861) (age 47)
54:57 Blue and yellow banner
55:45 The Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood
56:32 national liberation movement
56:55 Crimean War ----------------------------------------------------- 1853 to 1856
57:07 Alexander II (1818 - 1881) abolished serfdom
57:26 city of Donetsk (1868)
58:56 Green wedge
59:23 Volodymyr Antonovych (1834 - 1908)
59:28 Mykhailo Drahomanov (1841-1895 )
1:00:42 Lesya Ukrainka (1871 - 1913) (aged 42)
1:02:13 The Shevchenko Scientific Society (1873 )
1:11:03 Mykhailo Hrushevsky
1:03:27 Ivan Franko (1856 - 1916)
1:04:22 History of Ukraine-Ruthenia
1:04:49 Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky (1865 - 1944) 1:45:42
1:06:31 World War I------------------------------------------------------------------1914
1:07:32 Dmitro Dontsov (1883 - 1973)
1:07:57 (1914) Russian occupation
1:11:24 Symon Petliura
1:11:24 West Ukrainian People's Republic
1:19:27 Ukrainian Galician Army
1:23:30 Nestor Makhno
1:30:48 The Russian famine ----------------------------------------------------1921
1:41:21 Ukr National Democratic Alliance, (UNDO)
1:42:20 Ukr Sich Riflemen
1:42:43 (UVO) Ukr Military Organization
1:42:51 Yevhen Konovalets
1:43:10 Dmytro Dontsov
1:44:01 The Organization of Ukr Nationalists (OUN)
1:44:52 (1933) Stepan Bandera head of OUN
1:47:07 Avgustyn Voloshyn
1:47:33 Melnyk's and Bandera's
1:39:06 collectivization (1939)
1:38:55 *** ???????????????????????????? ????????????????: !!! ???????????????????? 1:39:33
World War II ----------------------------------------------------------------(1939 - 1945)
1:51:24 The Nachtigall Battalion (Nightingale)
1:51:43 Independent Ukr State
1:44:50 Stepan Bandera (1909 – 1959) -----------------------------------1933
Between Hitler & Stalin: Ukraine in World War II
Wehrmacht Saves Innocent Civilians In Ukraine 1941
1:53:42 Babi Yar
1:55:40 partisan warfare
1:44:01 Organization of Ukr Nationalists (OUN)
1:57:42 Roman Shukhevych
1:58:37 Volyn
1:58:57 UPA - Ukrainian Insurgent Army
2:00:04 ethnic cleansing (1943)
2:02:32 SS Galicia Division
2:02:33 Banderavists (Bandera) split of OUN (former UVO) 1:47:26
2:02:25 Melnykovites (Melnyk)
2:02:57 SS Galicia crushed by the Red Army
2:04:51 Nikita Khrushchev
2:05:21 Joseph Stalin
1:39:56 RUSYN replaced the term Ukrainian
2:06:14 Gulag
2:06:31 Yalta
2:10:30 Operation Vistula (Polish: Akcja Wisła)
2:12:00 The Greek Catholic Church abolishment
2:12:21 Josyf Slipyj (1893 - 1984)
1:49:25 annexation of the Western Ukraine
2:16:33 turning Crimea over to Ukraine
2:18:25 Thaw (early 1950s to the early 1960s)
2:30:09 (April 26 1986) - Chornobyl disaster
2:35:30 Rukh - Movement
2:37:29 (1991) Declaration of Sovereignty of Ukraine
1:13:48 The Ukr People's Republic of 1918 - 1920
2:50:29 The Orange Revolution (2004)
concrete and unclear – trailer
Трейлер до фільму “конкретний і неясний” групи Fantastic Little Splash.
Документальний короткометражний фільм присвячений дніпровському готелю “Парус”.
Готель “Парус”, що мав стати символом грандіозності Дніпропетровська, як батьківщини радянського вождя Леоніда Брежнєва, ніколи не був відкритий — будівництво зупинилося напередодні розпаду Радянського союзу. Але у цій недобудові городяни визнають один з символів міста. Готель символізує нездійсненність радянських претензій, і домінування приватного капіталу, і проукраїнські настрої жителів східного міста — це простір уяви, що протистоїть реальності і у той же час відтворює її.
Проект здійснюється за підтримки програми Дніпровської міської ради “Культурна столиця”.
Спікери у трейлері:
Олександр Кулик, філософ;
В’ячеслав Товстик, архітектор і автор проекту “Парус”;
Ігор Богданов, архітектор;
Катерина Русецька, кураторка.
Аудіо:
Ерік Хоптон
toiletrolltube
Trailer for the movie concrete and unclear of the Fantastic Little Splash. A documentary short film devoted to the Hotel Parus in Dnipro, Ukraine.
Hotel “Parus” (“Sail”), which had to become the symbol of the grandiosity of Dnipropetrovsk as the homeland of the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, has never been opened — the construction stopped on the eve of collapse of the Soviet Union. But in this unfinished object citizens recognize one of the symbols of the city. The hotel symbolizes the impossibility of Soviet claims, and the domination of private capital, and the pro-Ukrainian mood of the inhabitants of the eastern city — this is space of imagination that opposes reality and at the same time reproduces it.
The project is supported by the program of the Dnipro City Council Cultural Capital.
Speakers in the trailer:
Alexander Kulik, philosopher;
Vyacheslav Tovstik, architect, author of the “Parus” project;
Ihor Bogdanov, architect;
Kate Rusetska, curator.
Audio:
Eric Hopton
toiletrolltube
Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Russian: Леони́д Ильи́ч Бре́жнев; IPA: [lʲɪɐˈnʲit ɪlʲˈjit͡ɕ ˈbrʲeʐnʲɪf] ( ); Ukrainian: Леоні́д Іллі́ч Бре́жнєв, 19 December 1906 (O.S. 6 December) – 10 November 1982) was the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. His eighteen-year term as General Secretary was second only to that of Joseph Stalin in duration. During Brezhnev's rule, the global influence of the Soviet Union grew dramatically, in part because of the expansion of the Soviet military during this time. His tenure as leader has been criticized for marking the beginning of an era of economic and social stagnation that eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Brezhnev was born in Kamenskoe into a Russian worker's family. After graduating from the Dniprodzerzhynsk Metallurgical Technicum, he became a metallurgical engineer in the iron and steel industry, in Ukraine. He joined Komsomol in 1923, and in 1929 became an active member of the Communist Party. He was drafted into immediate military service during World War II and left the army in 1946 with the rank of Major General. In 1952 Brezhnev became a member of the Central Committee, and in 1964, Brezhnev succeeded Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary. Alexei Kosygin succeeded Khrushchev in his post as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev ; Ukrainian: Леоні́д Іллі́ч Бре́жнєв, 19 December 1906 -- 10 November 1982) was the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. His eighteen-year term as General Secretary was second only to that of Joseph Stalin in duration. During Brezhnev's rule, the global influence of the Soviet Union grew dramatically, in part because of the expansion of the Soviet military during this time. However, his tenure as leader has often been criticized for marking the beginning of an era of economic and social stagnation that eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
This video targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
Short History of Ukraine. Oles' Buzina 23.12.2014 | Eng. Subs
Vox Populi Evo - Voice of The People
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In the world of mass media voice of the people goes largely unheard. All struggles, conflicts and worries of the people are carefuly ground up and digested through modern media machines. On this channel we are gathering a collection of videos about ongoing struggles of peoples against the machine of elitism. Once again my dear audience it is up to you to watch or not to watch. The main thing is to think for yourself.
В мире масс медиа голос народа в большей части остаётся неуслышанным. Все беды, конфликты и заботы народов аккуратно перемалываются и перевариваются современными медиа машинами. На этом канале мы собираем коллекцию видео о насущной борьбе народов против машины элитизма. Как всегда, мои дорогие зрители, вам решать, смотреть или нет. Главное - думайте самостоятельно.
Historia Ukrainy (z napisami i tłumaczeniem)
o Krymie:
39:43 Kozacy pomogli Rosji wygrać Krym z Turcji
56:55 Donbass 2:16:28 Krym zostaje przeniesiony na Ukrainę
o Rosji 12:46 / 31:16
???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????: 1:47:38
NARODZINY NARODU (2008) Jerzy Hoffman
1:34 Kijów (401-500)
2:16 Bizancjum (330-1453)
2:45 Księżniczka Olga (890 - 969) akceptuje chrześcijaństwo
3:28 Chersonese
4:06 Wołodymyr Wielki (958 - 1015)
4:29 Jarosław Mądry (978-1054)
4:39 Katedra Św. Zofii (1100)
5:31 Anna - królowa Francji (1030-1075)
18:41 Vladimir Monomakh (1053-1125)
7:20 Yu Dolgoruky (1099-1157)
7:26 Moskwa
7:37 Mongołowie
10:16 Księstwo Gal-Vol lub Królestwo Rosji
10:49 Lwów
Termin MALOROSCIA: początek XIV wieku
12:37 Iwan III Grozny (1440-1505)
12:46 Mit o Rosji
13:07 Krym
13:53 Roksolana (1502 - 1558)
15:20 Polskie pańszczyzna
17:14 Zaporizhzhya Sich
18:33 UKR zmienia nazwę RUS
18:40 Kozak
20:15 Brest Union
20:18 Unici - wschodni katolicy Kościoła
21:08 Hetman Sagaidachny (1570 - 1622)
23:05 Prawosławie
23:28 Jestem Vishnevetsky (1612 - 1651)
23:31 Katolicyzm
24:54 B Chmielnicki (1595 - 1657)
30:04 Perejasław Rada 1654
34:39 I Mazepa (1639 - 1709)
37:06 Bitwa pod Połtawą (1709)
40:11 Sycz w Zaporożu (1552-1709)
40:27 Solovki
- Rewolucja Franza (1789)
48:18 jest zabronione przez Kościół greckokatolicki
48:49 Uniwersytet Kijowski (1833)
50:55 T. Shevchenko (1814 - 1861) (47 lat)
54:57 niebiesko-żółta flaga
55:45 Bractwo Cyryla i Metodego
56:32 ruch wyzwolenia narodowego
56:55 Krymska wojna (1853-1856)
57:07 Aleksander II (1818 - 1881) znosi poddaństwo
57:26 Donieck (1868)
58:56 Zielony klin
59:23 W Antonowiczu (1834 - 1908)
59:28 M Drahomanov (1841-1895)
1:00:42 L Ukrainka (1871 - 1913) (42 lata)
1:02:13 NTSh (1873)
1:11:03 M Grushevsky
1:03:27 I Franco (1856 - 1916)
1:04:22 Historia Ukr-Rus
1:04:49 Metropolitan A Sheptytsky (1865 - 1944) świadomość narodowa na emigracji
1:06:31 Pierwsza wojna światowa z 1914 roku
1:07:32 Dontsov (1883 - 1973)
1:07:57 (1914) Rosyjska okupacja
1:11:24 Z Petliurą
1:11:24 Zah-ukr Nara Response ZUNR
1:19:27 Ukr Galicyjska Armia
1:30:48 Ros. głód (1921)
1:41:21 HOLODOMOR (1932-1933) 11 000 000 ofiar
1:45:55 (1937-1938) zostały wykonane aresztowania - Gułag
1:46:54 niszczenie ukr ident
1:49:11 Ukr Sojusz Narodów Demokratycznych (UNDO)
1:42:20 Strzelec Ukr Sich
1:50:49 (UFO) Ukr Army Org (Praga) Istnieją Konovalety
1:51:19 D Dontsov - ideolog z ukr. nacjonalizm
1:52:00 (młodzież) UWO jest członkiem -: Org Ukr Nat (OUN)
1:52:52 (w Polsce w 1933 r.) Wraz z Banderą zostaje szefem OUN
1:55:03 I Wołoszyn
1:55:27 Upadek Karpaty-Ukrainy dzieli OUN na dwie frakcje: Melnikovtsev i Banderivtsi 1:56:11
Druga wojna światowa (1939-1945)
1:59:17 ślady NKWD - Batalion Nachtigall (słowika-Bandera) 1:51:43 Niezależny Ukr. Państwo
1:44:50 Bandera (1909 - 1959)
1:53:42 Babin Yar
1:55:40 Wojna partyzancka
1:44:01 Organizacja nacjonalistów Ukr (OUN)
1:57:42 Roman Szuachewicz
1:58:37 Wołyń
1:58:57 UPA - Ukraińska Armia Powstańcza
2:00:04 czystki etniczne (1943)
2:02:32 SS Dywizja Galicyjska
1:39:56 RUSIN zmienia termin ukraiński
2:06:14 Gułag 2:06:31 Jałta
2:10:30 Operacja Wisła
2:12:00 Anulowanie Kościoła greckokatolickiego
1:49:25 aneksja Zach Ukr
2:16:33 Powrót Krymu na Ukrainę
2:18:25 Odwilż (1950-1960)
2:30:09 (26 kwietnia 1986) - Katastrofa w Czarnobylu
2:35:30 Ruch
2:37:29 (1991) Niezależność
2:50:29 Pomarańczowa rewolucja (2004)
Виды природы на Косе в г. Днепр. Views of nature on the Spit in the city of Dnіprо
Если Вам понравится видео, подписывайтесь на канал, нажав на красную клавишу ПОДПИСАТЬСЯ и колокольчик. Будете получать сообщения о новых видео этого канала!!!
В видео показаны красивейшие виды природы, отдых и рыбалка на природе Косы, хорошие уловы рыбы - обитателей гребного канала.
Оригинальная фоновая музыка, голос диктора, субтитры на английском языке. При просмотре видео они автоматически могут быть переведены на любой другой язык.
The video shows the most beautiful views of nature, recreation and fishing in the nature of the Spit, good catches of fish - of inhabitants of the rowing canal.
Beautiful background music, voice narration, subtitles in English. At viewing of video they can be automatically translated into any other language.
Criminal Occupation (with english subtitles)
Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
00:02:41 1 Background
00:07:06 1.1 Euromaidan and Anti-Maidan
00:09:29 1.2 Russian political actions
00:11:55 2 Crimea
00:12:04 2.1 2014 annexation
00:15:08 2.2 Renewed conflict in 2016
00:16:36 2.3 2018 Kerch Strait incident
00:17:32 3 Donbass
00:19:17 3.1 March–July 2014
00:23:59 3.1.1 Weapons supply
00:28:23 3.2 2014 cross-border artillery shelling
00:29:44 3.3 August 2014 military invasion
00:34:11 3.3.1 Luhansk region
00:36:34 3.3.2 Donetsk region
00:38:24 3.3.3 Mariupol incursion
00:39:33 3.3.4 Result
00:40:25 3.3.5 Reaction
00:48:18 3.4 November 2014 escalation
00:55:55 3.5 2015
01:11:12 3.6 2016
01:11:59 3.7 Details of Russian involvement
01:26:09 3.7.1 Russian medal count
01:28:33 3.7.2 Training facility
01:31:29 3.7.3 Governance
01:32:06 4 Reactions to the Russian invasion in Crimea
01:32:17 4.1 Ukrainian response
01:34:06 4.2 US and NATO military response
01:36:31 4.2.1 Baltic states
01:38:27 4.2.2 Black and Mediterranean Seas
01:39:53 4.2.3 Poland and Romania
01:42:02 4.2.4 Relations with Russia
01:43:14 4.3 Military actions in other countries
01:43:24 4.3.1 Belarus
01:43:46 4.3.2 Turkey
01:44:24 4.4 International diplomatic and economic responses
01:48:47 4.5 Financial markets
01:49:49 5 Reactions to the Russian intervention in Donbass
01:53:03 5.1 Russian protests
01:54:13 5.2 Ukrainian public opinion
01:55:08 5.3 International reaction
01:56:27 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
In February 2014, Russia made several military incursions into Ukrainian territory. After Euromaidan protests and the fall of Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, Russian soldiers without insignias took control of strategic positions and infrastructure within the Ukrainian territory of Crimea. Russia then annexed Crimea after a referendum in which Crimeans voted to join the Russian Federation, according to official results. In April, demonstrations by pro-Russian groups in the Donbass area of Ukraine escalated into an armed conflict between the Ukrainian government and the Russia-backed separatist forces of the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. In August, Russian military vehicles crossed the border in several locations of Donetsk Oblast. The incursion by the Russian military was seen as responsible for the defeat of Ukrainian forces in early September.In November 2014, the Ukrainian military reported intensive movement of troops and equipment from Russia into the separatist-controlled parts of eastern Ukraine. The Associated Press reported 80 unmarked military vehicles on the move in rebel-controlled areas. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Special Monitoring Mission observed convoys of heavy weapons and tanks in DPR-controlled territory without insignia. OSCE monitors further stated they observed vehicles transporting ammunition and soldiers' dead bodies crossing the Russian-Ukrainian border under the guise of humanitarian aid convoys. As of early August 2015, OSCE observed over 21 such vehicles marked with the Russian military code for soldiers killed in action. According to The Moscow Times, Russia has tried to intimidate and silence human rights workers discussing Russian soldiers' deaths in the conflict. OSCE repeatedly reported that its observers were denied access to the areas controlled by combined Russian-separatist forces.The majority of members of the international community and organizations such as Amnesty International have condemned Russia for its actions in post-revolutionary Ukraine, accusing it of breaking international law and violating Ukrainian sovereignty. Many countries implemented economic sanctions against Russia, Russian individuals or companies – to which Russia responded in kind.In October 2015, The Washington Post reported that Russia has redeployed some of its elite units from Ukraine to Syria to support Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. In December 2015, Russia ...
Chaos and war have reached the Russian borders? [ENG SUBS]
Igor Korotchenko is a Russian journalist and military expert. He is the chief editor of the magazine National Defense. Rostislav Ishchenko, the President of the Center for the System Analysis and Prognosis, is the expert on everything Ukraine. Originally from Ukraine, Ishchenko moved to Russia after the coup in Ukraine in February of 2014.
Vremya 14 Dec 1988 Spitak Disaster / Программа Время 14 декабря 1988 Спитак Землетрясение ENG SUB
This is the extensive news coverage of 1988 Spitak earthquake disaster on the Soviet evening news program Vremya. The earthquake has devastated northern Armenia, killed 25.000, left more than twice that injured and half a million homeless.
The news program includes disaster zone footage, interviews, hospital visits, disaster relief efforts. I have translated this video and added English subtitles to make it accessible to the non-Russian speaking Armenian diaspora.
Interviews include the legendary surgeon Dr. Mikaelyan and Professor Bagrat Garibjanyan.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on 26 December 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all. On the previous day, 25 December, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the USSR, resigned, declared his office extinct and handed over its powers—including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes—to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.Previously, from August to December all the individual republics, including Russia itself, had either seceded from the union or at the very least denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. The week before formal dissolution, eleven republics signed the Alma-Ata Protocol formally establishing the CIS and declaring that the USSR had ceased to exist. Both the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR also marked the end of the Cold War.
Several of the former Soviet republics have retained close links with the Russian Federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Economic Community, the Union State, the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union to enhance economic and security cooperation. On the other hand, the Baltic states have joined NATO and the European Union.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on 26 December 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union (USSR). It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all. On the previous day, 25 December, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, resigned, declared his office extinct and handed over its powers—including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes—to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.Previously, from August to December all the individual republics, including Russia itself, had either seceded from the union or at the very least denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. The week before formal dissolution, eleven republics signed the Alma-Ata Protocol formally establishing the CIS and declaring that the USSR had ceased to exist. Both the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR also marked the end of the Cold War.
Several of the former Soviet republics have retained close links with the Russian Federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Economic Community, the Union State, the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union to enhance economic and security cooperation. On the other hand, the Baltic states have joined NATO and the European Union.
Ukraine in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:23 1 The 19th century
00:06:37 2 First World War, the revolutions and aftermath
00:08:55 3 Interbellum
00:09:04 3.1 Soviet Ukraine
00:12:37 3.1.1 Soviet collectivisation
00:16:58 3.1.2 Galicia and Volhynia under Polish rule
00:20:29 4 World War II
00:29:57 5 Post-war (1945–91)
00:33:34 6 Independent Ukraine (1991 to present)
00:33:46 6.1 Kravchuk and Kuchma rule (1991–2004)
00:36:35 6.2 Orange Revolution (2004)
00:37:55 6.3 Yushchenko rule
00:40:52 6.4 Yanukovych rule
00:43:03 6.5 2014 Crimean crisis, pro-Russian unrest and War in Donbass
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Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Ukraine emerges as the concept of a nation, and the Ukrainians as a nationality, with the Ukrainian National Revival which is believed started sometime at the end of 18th and the beginning of 19th century. According to Ukrainian historian Yaroslav Hrytsak, the first wave of national revival is traditionally connected with publication of the first part of Eneyida by Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1798). In 1846, in Moscow the Istoriya Rusov ili Maloi Rossii (History of Ruthenians or Little Russia) was published. During the Spring of Nations, in 1848 in Lemberg (Lviv)the Supreme Ruthenian Council was created which declared that Galician Ruthenians are part of the bigger Ukrainian nation. The council adopted the yellow and blue flag (Flag of Ukraine).Ukraine first declared its independence with the invasion of Bolsheviks in late 1917. Following the conclusion of the World War I and with the peace of Riga, Ukraine was partitioned once again between Poland and the Bolshevik Russia. The Bolshevik occupied territory was made a puppet state of its pocket Communist Party, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
In 1922, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, together with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, became the founding members of the Soviet Union. The Soviet famine of 1932–33 or Holodomor killed an estimated 6 to 8 million people in the Soviet Union, the majority of them in Ukraine.Starting out the World War II with the Nazi Germany and being excluded from the League of Nations, in 1941 the Soviet Union was invaded by Germany and its other allies. Many Ukrainians initially regarded the Wehrmacht soldiers as liberators from Soviet rule, while others formed an anti-German partisan movement. Some elements of the Ukrainian nationalist underground formed a Ukrainian Insurgent Army that fought both Soviet and Nazi forces.
Sometime after the deportation of Crimean Tatars, in 1954 the Crimean Oblast was transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR.
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine became an independent state, formalised with a referendum on December 1.
With the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, Ukraine now became an area of overlapping spheres of influence of the European Union and the Russian Federation. This manifested in a political split between the pro-Russian Eastern Ukraine, and the pro-European Western Ukraine, leading to an ongoing period of political turmoil, beginning with the Orange Revolution of 2004, and culminating in 2014 with the Euromaidan uprising and the Crimean Crisis, in which Crimea fell under the control of the Russian Federation.
Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
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Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
There was systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, based on the interpretation of political opposition or dissent as a psychiatric problem. It was called psychopathological mechanisms of dissent.During the leadership of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, psychiatry was used to disable and remove from society political opponents (dissidents) who openly expressed beliefs that contradicted the official dogma. The term philosophical intoxication, for instance, was widely applied to the mental disorders diagnosed when people disagreed with the country's Communist leaders and, by referring to the writings of the Founding Fathers of Marxism–Leninism—Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin—made them the target of criticism.Article 58-10 of the Stalin-era Criminal Code, Anti-Soviet agitation, was to a considerable degree preserved in the new 1958 RSFSR Criminal Code as Article 70 Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda. In 1967, a weaker law, Article 190-1 Dissemination of fabrications known to be false, which defame the Soviet political and social system, was added to the RSFSR Criminal Code. These laws were frequently applied in conjunction with the system of diagnosis for mental illness, developed by Academician Andrei Snezhnevsky. Together they established a framework within which non-standard beliefs could easily be defined as a criminal offence and the basis, subsequently, for a psychiatric diagnosis.