Prima immagine di un buco nero: conferenza con i protagonisti tenuta all’Inaf di Bologna
Open Event Horizon Telescope Colloquium - Versione completa
Registrazione dell’evento che si è tenuto martedì 16 aprile 2019, nell'Aula magna del Centro congressi dell'Area di ricerca Cnr/Inaf di Bologna, a cura di INAF-IRA e Italian ARC, per divulgare e approfondire i recentissimi – straordinari – risultati ottenuti dalla collaborazione Event Horizon Telescope (EHT).
Con la partecipazione di:
Ciriaco Goddi
(Radboud University, Leiden Observatory)
Elisabetta Liuzzo
(INAF - Istituto di RadioAstronomia, Italian ARC)
Kazi Rygl
(INAF - Istituto di RadioAstronomia, Italian ARC)
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
(INFN - Universita' Federico II di Napoli)
A seguire un question time per offrire l'occasione di interagire con i
ricercatori italiani coinvolti in EHT.
---
MediaInaf Tv è il canale YouTube di Media Inaf (
Fabio Pasian, Observatory of Trieste
E-ELT: il telescopio più grande del mondo
Con il progetto E-ELT l'organizzazione l'ESO prevede la costruzione del più grande telescopio ottico del mondo.
E-ELT è stato presentato alla Farnesina, in collaborazione con l'INAF. Hanno partecipato il Direttore Generale della DG Sistema Paese, l'Ambasciatore Maurizio Melani, il Presidente dell'Istituto Nazionale di Astrofica, Giovanni Bignami e il Capo Divisione Tecnologica ESO, Roberto Tamai.
Servizio e interviste di Valeria Fornarelli
Riprese e montaggio di Francesca Fiorito
Vista d’aquila 'made in Italy' per E-ELT
Il Finance Committee dell’European Southern Observatory (ESO) ha firmato ieri presso la sede di Monaco in Germania il contratto per la realizzazione di MAORY (Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY), uno dei primi tre strumenti che equipaggeranno il grande telescopio E-ELT, lo European Extremely Large Telescope in costruzione sulle Ande cilene. L’Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, che guida il progetto MAORY, riceve così da ESO un finanziamento di 18,5 milioni di euro per costruire un componente fondamentale di E-ELT, che permetterà di sfruttare appieno le potenzialità del suo gigantesco specchio principale, del diametro di ben 39 metri. MAORY è infatti un sofisticato sistema di ottica adattiva multiconiugata, pensato per annullare gli effetti negativi sulle riprese astronomiche prodotti dalla turbolenza atmosferica e restituire immagini con un altissimo livello di dettaglio.
E-ELT @ Trieste
Intervista ad Annalisa Calamida (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma) e Stefano Cristiani (INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste) sul Telescopio E-ELT
(Musica: Stefano Mocini/Jamendo - Flick3r/Freesound --- Video: ESO)
Contract For The E-ELT
The European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), with a main mirror 39 metres in diameter, will be the largest optical/near-infrared telescope in the world: truly the world’s biggest eye on the sky. It will be constructed in northern Chile, on a site that has already been prepared. The contract to build the telescope’s dome and structure was signed by ESO’s Director General, Tim de Zeeuw, the Chairman of Astaldi, Paolo Astaldi, and the President of Cimolai, Luigi Cimolai. ESO was delighted to welcome Italy’s Minister of Education, Universities and Research, H.E. Stefania Giannini, to the ceremony, which was also attended by the Italian Consul General in Munich, Renato Cianfarani, the ESO Council President, Patrick Roche, and the Italian ESO Council Delegates, Nicolò D’Amico (who is also President of INAF) and Matteo Pardo, Scientific Attaché at the Italian Embassy in Berlin. The President of EIE, Gianpietro Marchiori, and other guests and representatives of the consortium were also present. The contract covers the design, manufacture, transport, construction, on-site assembly and verification of the dome and telescope structure. With an approximate value of 400 million euros, it is the largest contract ever awarded by ESO and the largest contract ever in ground-based astronomy. The E-ELT dome and telescope structure will take telescope engineering into new territory. The contract includes not only the enormous 85-metre-diameter rotating dome, with a total mass of around 5000 tonnes, but also the telescope mounting and tube structure, with a total moving mass of more than 3000 tonnes. Both of these structures are by far the largest ever built for an optical/infrared telescope and dwarf all existing ones. The dome is almost 80 metres high and its footprint is comparable in area to a football pitch. The E-ELT is being built on Cerro Armazones, a 3000-metre peak about 20 kilometres from ESO’s Paranal Observatory. The access road and leveling of the summit have already been completed and work on the dome is expected to start on site in 2017.
Firmato a ESO l'accordo per MAORY, modulo per l'ottica adattiva di E-ELT
Diciotto milioni e mezzo di euro: questo il valore dell’accordo per la realizzazione dello strumento MAORY, siglato oggi nella sede dell’ESO, fra Tim de Zeeuw, Direttore Generale dell’organizzazione europea che gestisce i più grandi telescopi dell’emisfero sud, e il presidente dell’Istituto nazionale di astrofisica Nichi D’Amico.
Servizio di Marco Malaspina
Con interviste a Nichi D'Amico, Emiliano Diolaiti e Gianluca Morgante
Articolo su Media INAF:
---
INAF-TV è il canale YouTube di Media INAF (
Alla ricerca delle stelle perdute del Centauro: intervista a Michele Bellazzini
[English, French, and Italian subs available when captions are enabled]
Il nome ce l'ha da tre secoli e mezzo: Omega del Centauro. Glielo aveva dato nel 1677 niente meno che Edmond Halley, quello della cometa. Ma pensava che si trattasse di una stella. E invece, andando ad ingrandire, si scopre che di stelle, lì, ce ne sono a milioni. Se ne accorge per primo, nel 1830, John Herschel, che lo classifica dunque come un ammasso globulare: il più massiccio di tutta la Via Lattea.
Ma la natura di questo oggetto si rivelerà ancora più sfuggente, ancora differente: né stella né propriamente ammasso, è in realtà un’antica galassia nana. Questo già si sapeva, però c'era un problema: alcune stelle mancavano all'appello. Stelle che avrebbero dovuto disperdersi nel processo di fusione della galassia nana con la Via Lattea, ma delle quali non si trovava traccia. Solo oggi, grazie al satellite Gaia dell'Agenzia spaziale europea, un team di astronomi guidato da Rodrigo Ibata dell'Università di Strasburgo, e del quale fa parte Michele Bellazzini dell'Inaf di Bologna, è riuscito a trovarle.
Servizio di Marco Malaspina
Per saperne di più:
---
MediaInaf Tv è il canale YouTube di Media Inaf (
Trieste | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Trieste
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Trieste (; Italian pronunciation: [triˈɛste] listen ; Slovene: Trst) is a city and a seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city. It is also located near Croatia some further 30 kilometres (19 mi) south.
Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste and throughout history it has been influenced by its location at the crossroads of Latin, Slavic, and Germanic cultures. In 2009, it had a population of about 205,000 and it is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The metropolitan population of Trieste is 410,000, with the city comprising about 240,000 inhabitants.
Trieste was one of the oldest parts of the Habsburg Monarchy, belonging to it from 1382 until 1918. In the 19th century the monarchy was one of the Great Powers of Europe and Trieste was its most important seaport. As a prosperous seaport in the Mediterranean region, Trieste became the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (after Vienna, Budapest, and Prague). In the fin de siècle period at the end of the 19th century it emerged as an important hub for literature and music. Trieste underwent an economic revival during the 1930s, and Trieste was an important spot in the struggle between the Eastern and Western blocs after the Second World War.
Συνέντευξη του αν Καθηγητή κ Παντελή Παπαδόπουλου στο TV100
Συνέντευξη του αν. Καθηγητή του Τμήματος Φυσικής του ΑΠΘ κ. Παντελή Παπαδόπουλου στην TV100, με αφορμή τη συμμετοχή του σε δημοσίευση στο Nature, βλ. .
Αλλάζουν τα δεδομένα στην αστροφυσική: Γαλάζιο το πρώτο χρώμα της κοσμικής αυγής;
Μία σημαντική επιστημονική ανακάλυψη που πρόκειται να ανατρέψει τις καθιερωμένες απόψεις των αστροφυσικών για τον τρόπο με τον οποίο δημιουργούνται οι ήλιοι στους γαλαξίες, δημοσιεύθηκε Δευτέρα 4 Ιουνίου 2018, στο έγκριτο διεθνές επιστημονικό περιοδικό «Nature». Ο τίτλος του άρθρου είναι «Stellar populations dominated by massive stars in dusty starburst galaxies across cosmic time» και είναι διαθέσιμο στο:
Τα νέα επιστημονικά δεδομένα έφερε στο φως διεθνής ερευνητική ομάδα, στην οποία συμμετείχε ο Αν. Καθηγητής του Τμήματος Φυσικής του ΑΠΘ, Παντελής Παπαδόπουλος, έπειτα από τρία χρόνια επίμονης προσπάθειας και θεωρητικής έρευνας. Η συμβολή του κ. Παπαδόπουλου υπήρξε καθοριστική, καθώς συνδιαμόρφωσε τη βασική ιδέα της δημοσίευσης και είχε την ειδική ευθύνη για τη σωστή ερμηνεία των πολύτιμων δεδομένων της ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Array), τα οποία αποδείχθηκαν κρίσιμα για τη σημαντική αυτή επιστημονική ανακάλυψη.
Η ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/ /submillimeter Array Array) αποτελεί την πιο εξελιγμένη διάταξη ραδιοτηλεσκοπίων στον πλανήτη και έχει κατασκευασθεί από ερευνητές 16 χωρών, στην έρημο Atacama της Βόρειας Χιλής, σε υψόμετρο 5000 μέτρων. Σε αυτή την τοποθεσία, στα απόμακρα υψίπεδα της Βόρειας Χιλής, 64 δωδεκάμετρα ραδιοτηλεσκόπια παρατηρούν αδιάκοπα το Σύμπαν, λειτουργώντας σαν ένα μεγάλο ραδιοτηλεσκόπιο με διάμετρο όλη την διάταξη. (
Αμυδρά ραδιοκύματα, προερχόμενα από τεράστια και υπέρψυχρα σύννεφα μεσοαστρικού υδρογόνου (στους -240 °C!), αόρατα στο ανθρώπινο μάτι, αλλά ακόμα και στα πιο μεγάλα οπτικά τηλεσκόπια στον Κόσμο, έφεραν μοναδικές πληροφορίες για το είδος των Ήλιων που εμπλούτισαν τα μεσοαστρικά αυτά σύννεφα με τα ισότοπα άνθρακα και οξυγόνου, όταν οι γαλαξίες ήταν ακόμα «νέοι» και οι Ήλιοι τους άρχιζαν να δημιουργούνται. Προς μεγάλη έκπληξη της ερευνητικής ομάδας, το κυρίαρχο είδος των Ήλιων που δημιουργούνταν στους μεγάλους γαλαξίες εκείνη την εποχή της Κοσμικής Αυγής φαίνεται να ήταν Ήλιοι τουλάχιστον 10 φορές πιο μαζικοί από τον δικό μας, εκατομμύρια φορές πιο λαμπεροί, και με την τεράστιά φωτεινή τους ενέργεια να αναδύεται κυρίως στο γαλάζιο αλλά και το υπεριώδες μέρος του ορατού φάσματος. Οι μεγάλες εκρήξεις supernovae αυτού του τύπου Ήλιων στο τέλος της σύντομης εξέλιξης τους ήταν αυτές που διασκόρπισαν μοναδικές αναλογίες ισότοπων άνθρακα και οξυγόνου. Αυτές ήταν και τα «αχνάρια» που άφησαν οι υπέρλαμπροι εκείνοι Ήλιοι στη μεσοαστρική ύλη μακρινών γαλαξιών, «αχνάρια» που ανιχνεύτηκαν πολύ αργότερα, στη δική μας πολύ πιο ήρεμη «εποχή» κοσμικής εξέλιξης των γαλαξιών σαν τον δικό μας.
Η ερευνητική ομάδα που προέβη στη σημαντική αυτή ανακάλυψη αποτελείται από τους:
Z. Zhang (Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, UK; European Southern Observatory, München, Germany), D. Romano (INAF, Astrophysics and Space Science Observatory, Bologna, Italy), R. J. Ivison (European Southern Observatory, München, Germany; Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, UK), Π.Π. Παπαδόπουλος (Τμήμα Φυσικής, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης, Επισκέπτης Ερευνητής στο Κέντρο Ερευνών Αστρονομίας και Εφαρμοσμένων Μαθηματικών της Ακαδημίας Αθηνών), και F. Matteucci (Trieste University, Italy).
Η ομάδα σκοπεύει να συνεχίσει τη χαρτογράφηση αυτών των ραδιοκυμάτων από τα ισότοπα του άνθρακα και υδρογόνου σε ακόμα πιο μακρινούς γαλαξίες στο Σύμπαν.
Όπως δήλωσε χαρακτηριστικά ο κ. Παπαδόπουλος «Η περιπέτεια μόλις άρχισε…».
ΠΗΓΗ ΒΙΝΤΕΟ: Συνέντευξη του αν. Καθηγητή του Τμήματος Φυσικής του ΑΠΘ κ. Παντελή Παπαδόπουλου στην TV100, με αφορμή τη συμμετοχή του σε δημοσίευση στο Nature, βλ. .
ΠΗΓΗ ΑΡΘΡΟΥ:
Trieste | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:56 1 Names and etymology
00:03:00 2 Geography
00:03:53 2.1 Climate
00:07:02 3 City districts
00:09:19 4 History
00:09:28 4.1 Ancient history
00:11:38 4.2 Late Antiquity
00:12:34 4.3 Middle Ages
00:15:08 4.4 Early modern period
00:16:11 4.5 19th century
00:19:09 4.6 20th century
00:19:56 4.7 World War I, annexation to Italy, and the Fascist era
00:25:17 4.8 World War II and aftermath
00:27:31 4.8.1 Yugoslav occupation
00:30:23 4.9 Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste (1947–54)
00:32:47 5 Government
00:33:01 6 Economy
00:37:15 7 Demographics
00:40:32 8 Language
00:43:38 9 Main sights
00:43:57 9.1 Castles
00:44:06 9.1.1 iCastello Miramare/i (Miramare Castle)
00:45:44 9.1.2 iCastel San Giusto/i
00:46:28 9.2 Places of worship
00:48:17 9.3 Archaeological remains
00:49:26 9.3.1 Roman theatre
00:50:16 9.4 Caves
00:51:42 9.5 Other
00:53:04 10 Culture
00:55:17 10.1 Media
00:55:51 10.2 Education
00:58:39 10.3 Sports
01:01:54 10.4 Film
01:03:40 11 Transport
01:03:49 11.1 Maritime transport
01:04:47 11.2 Rail transport
01:08:21 11.3 Air transport
01:09:40 11.4 Local transport
01:10:24 11.5 Public Transportation Statistics
01:11:18 12 Notable people
01:11:28 13 International relations
01:12:29 13.1 Sister cities and twin towns
01:13:11 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8452390635655018
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Trieste (, Italian: [triˈɛste] (listen); Slovene: Trst [tə́ɾst]) is a city and a seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia, which lies approximately 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) south and east of the city. Croatia is some 30 km (19 mi) to the south.
Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste and throughout history it has been influenced by its location at the crossroads of Latin, Slavic, and Germanic cultures. In 2018, it had a population of about 205,000 and it is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The metropolitan population of Trieste is 410,000, with the city comprising about 240,000 inhabitants.
Trieste was one of the oldest parts of the Habsburg Monarchy, belonging to it from 1382 until 1918. In the 19th century the monarchy was one of the Great Powers of Europe and Trieste was its most important seaport. As a prosperous seaport in the Mediterranean region, Trieste became the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (after Vienna, Budapest, and Prague). In the fin de siècle period at the end of the 19th century it emerged as an important hub for literature and music. Trieste underwent an economic revival during the 1930s, and Trieste was an important spot in the struggle between the Eastern and Western blocs after the Second World War.
Teramo - Collurania partecipa all'anno internazionale della luce
rete8.it
XCOR Student Showcase Competition: Great Exploration Ideas for the Future
National Institute for Astrophysics | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:32 1 Research facilities
00:02:21 2 International partnerships
00:03:13 3 Notable figures
00:03:26 4 Projects
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7515665557190571
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The National Institute for Astrophysics (Italian: Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, or INAF) is the most important Italian institution conducting scientific research in astronomy and astrophysics. Research performed by the scientific staff of the Institute ranges from the study of the planets and minor bodies of the Solar system up to the large-scale structure of the Universe and groups and clusters of galaxies on cosmological scales.
Shining A Light On Dark Matter
What is Dark Matter? I find out by speaking to 14 incredible scientists, from John Peacock to Peter Higgs.
Special thanks to:
Dr Alex Amon
Prof Alex Murphy
Prof Arjun Berera
Dr Chamkaur Ghag
Chris Toth
Dr Christos Leonidopoulos
Dr David Cerdeño
India Friswell
Dr Joe Zuntz
Prof John Peacock
Dr Jorge Peñarrubia
Prof Michela Massimi
Dr XinRan Liu
Prof Peter Higgs
Science and technology in Venezuela | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:04 1 Biology
00:03:13 1.1 Ecology
00:15:45 1.2 Epidemiology
00:25:24 1.3 Microbiology
00:29:30 1.4 Immunology
00:34:59 2 Chemistry
00:35:07 2.1 Electro-chemistry
00:37:52 2.2 Food chemistry
00:41:27 2.3 Inorganic chemistry
00:45:04 2.4 Organic chemistry
00:50:56 3 Engineering
00:51:05 3.1 Civil engineering
00:53:29 3.2 Hydraulic engineering
00:54:48 3.3 Food engineering
00:57:28 3.4 Structural engineering
00:59:38 3.5 Petroleum engineering
01:01:01 4 Inventors
01:14:48 5 Mathematics
01:14:57 5.1 Calculus
01:24:00 6 Medicine
01:24:09 6.1 Experimental medicine
01:31:21 6.2 Internal medicine
01:35:25 6.3 Surgery
01:44:10 7 Physics
01:44:19 7.1 Astrophysics
01:49:01 7.2 Particle physics
01:51:45 7.3 Theoretical physics
01:53:27 8 Social sciences
01:53:36 8.1 Education
01:56:20 8.2 Sociology
02:01:11 8.3 Science journalism
02:03:31 9 Technology
02:03:40 9.1 Computer science
02:11:10 9.2 Materials Technology
02:13:18 10 Scientific institutions
02:17:29 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7382326410246569
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Science and technology in Venezuela includes research based on exploring Venezuela's diverse ecology and the lives of its indigenous peoples.
Under the Spanish rule, the monarchy made very little effort to promote education in the American colonies and in particular in those in which they had less commercial interest, as in Venezuela. The country only had its first university some two hundred years later than Mexico, Colombia or Peru.
The first studies on the native languages of Venezuela and the indigenous customs were made in the middle of the XVIII century by the Catholic missionaries. The Italian Jesuit Filippo Salvatore Gilii was one of the first to theorize about linguistic relations and propose possible language families for the Orinoco river basin. The Swedish botanist Pehr Löfling, one of the 12 Apostles of Carl Linnaeus, classificated for the first time the exhuberant tropical flora of the Orinoco river basin.
In the XIX century several scientists visited Venezuela such as Alexander Humboldt, Aimé Bonpland, Agostino Codazzi, Jean-Baptiste Boussingault, Mariano Rivero, François de Pons, Robert Hermann Schomburgk, Wilhelm Sievers, Carl Ferdinand Appun, Gustav Karsten, Adolf Ernst, Benedikt Roezl, Karl Moritz, Friedrich Gerstäcker, Anton Goering, Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert, Alfred Russel Wallace, Jean Chaffanjon, Émile-Arthur Thouar, Jules Crevaux and many others, some of whom are buried in Venezuela.
The Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC) founded on February 9, 1959 by government decree, has its origins in the Venezuelan Institute of Neurology and Brain Research (IVNIC) which Dr. Humberto Fernandez Moran founded in 1955.
Other major research institutions include the Central University of Venezuela and the University of the Andes, Venezuela.
Notable Venezuelan scientists include nineteenth century physician José María Vargas , the chemist Vicente Marcano and the botanist and geographer Alfredo Jahn (1867–1940). More recently, Baruj Benacerraf shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Augusto Pi Sunyer (1955), Aristides Bastidas (1980), Marcel Roche (1987) and Marisela Salvatierra (2002) have been recipients of UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for promotion of the public understanding of science. On July 2, 2012, L. Rafael Reif – a Venezuelan American electrical engineer, inventor and academic administrator – was elected president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.