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COLOMBIA - WikiVidi Documentary
Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples, with as most advanced the Muisca, Quimbaya and the Tairona. The Spanish set foot on Colombian soil for the first time in 1499 and in the first half of the 16th century initiated a period of conquest and colonization, ultimately creating the New Kingdom of Granada, with as capital Santafé de Bogotá. Independence from Spain was acquired in 1819,, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Pana...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:00: Etymology
00:04:11: Pre-Columbian era
00:06:56: Spanish conquest
00:09:49: Colonial period
00:13:40: Independence
00:17:27: 20th century
00:21:58: 21st century
00:24:45: Geography
00:29:02: Climate
00:30:32: Biodiversity
00:32:35: Government and politics
00:36:01: Foreign affairs
00:37:04: Military
00:38:50: Administrative divisions
00:40:18: Economy
00:45:42: Science and technology
00:48:32: Infrastructure
00:50:37: Demographics
00:53:47: Languages
00:54:56: Ethnic groups
00:59:17: Religion
01:00:48: Largest cities
01:01:24: Culture
01:02:20: Literature
01:05:09: Visual arts
01:09:05: Architecture
01:12:52: Music
01:15:31: Popular culture
01:17:46: Cuisine
01:20:07: Sports
01:22:03: Health
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
Ecuador | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:54 1 History
00:02:03 1.1 Pre-Inca era
00:04:13 1.2 Inca era
00:07:34 1.3 Spanish rule
00:08:54 1.4 Independence
00:10:33 1.5 Liberal Revolution
00:11:06 1.6 Loss of claimed territories since 1830
00:11:17 1.6.1 President Juan José Flores de jure territorial claims
00:13:14 1.6.2 Struggle for independence
00:15:02 1.6.3 Peruvian occupation of Jaén, Tumbes, and Guayaquil
00:18:45 1.6.4 The dissolution of Gran Colombia
00:21:11 1.6.5 Struggle for possession of the Amazon Basin
00:30:26 1.7 Military governments (1972–79)
00:31:36 1.8 Return to democracy
00:35:06 2 Government and politics
00:36:21 2.1 Executive branch
00:37:13 2.2 Legislative branch
00:37:56 2.3 Judicial branch
00:38:50 2.4 Electoral branch
00:39:32 2.5 Transparency and social control branch
00:40:10 2.6 Human rights
00:42:08 2.7 Foreign affairs
00:44:16 3 Administrative divisions
00:44:39 3.1 Regions and planning areas
00:46:52 4 Military
00:49:03 5 Geography
00:52:54 5.1 Climate
00:53:41 5.2 Hydrology
00:56:02 5.3 Biodiversity
00:58:38 6 Economy
01:04:16 6.1 Tourism
01:07:03 7 Transport
01:09:07 8 Demographics
01:11:09 8.1 Religion
01:13:26 8.2 Nations
01:13:57 8.3 Population genetics
01:14:23 8.4 Population density
01:15:08 8.5 Immigration and emigration
01:16:34 9 Culture
01:19:13 9.1 Language
01:20:07 9.2 Music
01:21:21 9.3 Cuisine
01:22:57 9.4 Literature
01:26:19 9.5 Art
01:27:12 9.6 Sports
01:28:57 10 Health
01:32:36 11 Education
01:37:17 12 Sciences and research
01:40:36 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Ecuador ( (listen) EK-wə-dor, Spanish: [ekwaˈðoɾ]) (Quechua: Ikwayur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, which literally translates as Republic of the Equator; Quechua: Ikwadur Ripuwlika), is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil.
What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its 16.4 million people being mestizos, followed by large minorities of European, Amerindian, and African descendants. Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar.
The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum and agricultural products. It is governed as a democratic presidential republic. One of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. In recognition of its unique ecological heritage, the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
Ecuador | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:26 1 History
00:02:35 1.1 Pre-Inca era
00:05:20 1.2 Inca era
00:09:38 1.3 Spanish rule
00:11:20 1.4 Independence
00:13:26 1.5 Liberal Revolution
00:14:07 1.6 Loss of claimed territories since 1830
00:14:19 1.6.1 President Juan José Flores de jure territorial claims
00:16:45 1.6.2 Struggle for independence
00:19:01 1.6.3 Peruvian occupation of Jaén, Tumbes, and Guayaquil
00:23:40 1.6.4 The dissolution of Gran Colombia
00:26:45 1.6.5 Struggle for possession of the Amazon Basin
00:38:29 1.7 Military governments (1972–79)
00:39:58 1.8 Return to democracy
00:44:26 2 Government and politics
00:46:01 2.1 Executive branch
00:47:07 2.2 Legislative branch
00:48:00 2.3 Judicial branch
00:49:09 2.4 Electoral branch
00:50:01 2.5 Transparency and social control branch
00:50:49 2.6 Human rights
00:53:20 2.7 Foreign affairs
00:56:02 3 Administrative divisions
00:56:31 3.1 Regions and planning areas
00:59:17 4 Military
01:02:01 5 Geography
01:06:56 5.1 Climate
01:07:56 5.2 Hydrology
01:10:59 5.3 Biodiversity
01:14:17 6 Economy
01:21:29 6.1 Tourism
01:25:04 7 Transport
01:27:42 8 Demographics
01:30:16 8.1 Religion
01:33:10 8.2 Nations
01:33:48 8.3 Population genetics
01:34:18 8.4 Population density
01:35:15 8.5 Immigration and emigration
01:37:06 9 Culture
01:40:29 9.1 Language
01:41:36 9.2 Music
01:43:11 9.3 Cuisine
01:45:10 9.4 Literature
01:49:26 9.5 Art
01:50:32 9.6 Sports
01:52:47 10 Health
01:57:30 11 Education
02:03:28 12 Sciences and research
02:07:39 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7460651384118904
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Ecuador ( (listen) EK-wə-dor, Spanish: [ekwaˈðoɾ]) (Quechua: Ikwayur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, which literally translates as Republic of the Equator; Quechua: Ikwadur Ripuwlika), is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil.
What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its 16.4 million people being mestizos, followed by large minorities of European, Amerindian, and African descendants. Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar.
The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum and agricultural products. It is governed as a democratic presidential republic. One of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. In recognition of its unique ecological heritage, the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
Ecuador | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ecuador
00:01:54 1 History
00:02:03 1.1 Pre-Inca era
00:04:13 1.2 Inca era
00:07:34 1.3 Spanish rule
00:08:54 1.4 Independence
00:10:33 1.5 Liberal Revolution
00:11:06 1.6 Loss of claimed territories since 1830
00:11:17 1.6.1 President Juan José Flores de jure territorial claims
00:13:14 1.6.2 Struggle for independence
00:15:02 1.6.3 Peruvian occupation of Jaén, Tumbes, and Guayaquil
00:18:45 1.6.4 The dissolution of Gran Colombia
00:21:11 1.6.5 Struggle for possession of the Amazon Basin
00:30:26 1.7 Military governments (1972–79)
00:31:36 1.8 Return to democracy
00:35:06 2 Government and politics
00:36:21 2.1 Executive branch
00:37:13 2.2 Legislative branch
00:37:56 2.3 Judicial branch
00:38:50 2.4 Electoral branch
00:39:32 2.5 Transparency and social control branch
00:40:10 2.6 Human rights
00:42:08 2.7 Foreign affairs
00:44:16 3 Administrative divisions
00:44:39 3.1 Regions and planning areas
00:46:52 4 Military
00:49:03 5 Geography
00:52:54 5.1 Climate
00:53:41 5.2 Hydrology
00:56:02 5.3 Biodiversity
00:58:38 6 Economy
01:04:16 6.1 Tourism
01:07:03 7 Transport
01:09:07 8 Demographics
01:11:09 8.1 Religion
01:13:26 8.2 Nations
01:13:57 8.3 Population genetics
01:14:23 8.4 Population density
01:15:08 8.5 Immigration and emigration
01:16:34 9 Culture
01:19:13 9.1 Language
01:20:07 9.2 Music
01:21:21 9.3 Cuisine
01:22:57 9.4 Literature
01:26:19 9.5 Art
01:27:12 9.6 Sports
01:28:57 10 Health
01:32:36 11 Education
01:37:17 12 Sciences and research
01:40:36 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Ecuador ( (listen) EK-wə-dor, Spanish: [ekwaˈðoɾ]) (Quechua: Ikwayur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, which literally translates as Republic of the Equator; Quechua: Ikwadur Ripuwlika), is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil.
What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its 16.4 million people being mestizos, followed by large minorities of European, Amerindian, and African descendants. Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar.
The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum and agricultural products. It is governed as a democratic presidential republic. One of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. In recognition of its unique ecological heritage, the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
Words at War: Assignment USA / The Weeping Wood / Science at War
The Detroit Race Riot broke out in Detroit, Michigan in June 20, 1943, and lasted for three days before Federal troops restored order. The rioting between blacks and whites began on Belle Isle on June 20, 1943 and continued until the 22nd of June, killing 34, wounding 433, and destroying property valued at $2 million.
In the summer of 1943, in the midst of World War II, tensions between blacks and whites in Detroit were escalating. Detroit's population had grown by 350,000 people since the war began. The booming defense industries brought in large numbers of people with high wages and very little available housing. 50,000 blacks had recently arrived along with 300,000 whites, mostly from rural Appalachia and Southern States.[2]
Recruiters convinced blacks as well as whites in the South to come up North by promising them higher wages in the new war factories. Believing that they had found a promised land, blacks began to move up North in larger numbers. However, upon arriving in Detroit, blacks found that the northern bigotry was just as bad as that they left behind in the deep South. They were excluded from all public housing except Brewster Housing Projects, forced to live in homes without indoor plumbing, and paid rents two to three times higher than families in white districts. They also faced discrimination from the public and unfair treatment by the Detroit Police Department.[3] In addition, Southern whites brought their traditional bigotry with them as both races head up North, adding serious racial tensions to the area. Job-seekers arrived in such large numbers in Detroit that it was impossible to house them all.
Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government was concerned about providing housing for the workers who were beginning to pour into the area. On June 4, 1941, the Detroit Housing Commission approved two sites for defense housing projects--one for whites, one for blacks. The site originally selected by the commission for black workers was in a predominantly black area, but the U.S. government chose a site at Nevada and Fenelon streets, an all-white neighborhood.
To complete this, a project named Sojourner Truth was launched in the memory of a black Civil War woman and poet. Despite this, the white neighborhoods opposed having blacks moving next to their homes, meaning no tenants were to be built. On January, 20, 1942, Washington DC informed the Housing Commission that the Sojourner Truth project would be for whites and another would be selected for blacks. But when a suitable site for blacks could not be found, Washington housing authorities agreed to allow blacks into the finished homes. This was set on February 28, 1942.[4] In February 27, 1942, 120 whites went on protest vowing they would keep any black homeowners out of their sight in response to the project. By the end of the day, it had grown to more than 1,200, most of them were armed. Things went so badly that two blacks in a car attempted to run over the protesters picket line which led to a clash between white and black groups. Despite the mounting opposition from whites, black families moved into the project at the end of April. To prevent a riot, Detroit Mayor Edward Jeffries ordered the Detroit Police Department and state troops to keep the peace during that move. Over 1,100 city and state police officers and 1,600 Michigan National Guard troops were mobilized and sent to the area around Nevada and Fenelon street to guard six African-American families who moved into the Sojourner Truth Homes. Thanks to the presence of the guard, there were no further racial problems for the blacks who moved into this federal housing project. Eventually, 168 black families moved into these homes.[5] Despite no casualties in the project, the fear was about to explode a year later.[6]
In early June 1943, three weeks before the riot, Packard Motor Car Company promoted three blacks to work next to whites in the assembly lines. This promotion caused 25,000 whites to walk off the job, effectively slowing down the critical war production. It was clear that whites didn't mind that blacks worked in the same plant but refused to work side-by-side with them. During the protest, a voice with a Southern accent shouted in the loudspeaker, I'd rather see Hitler and Hirohito win than work next to a nigger.
Ecuador | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ecuador
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Ecuador ( (listen) EK-wə-dor, Spanish: [ekwaˈðoɾ]) (Quechua: Ikwayur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, which literally translates as Republic of the Equator; Quechua: Ikwadur Ripuwlika), is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil.
What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its 16.4 million people being mestizos, followed by large minorities of European, Amerindian, and African descendants. Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar.
The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum and agricultural products. It is governed as a democratic presidential republic. One of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. In recognition of its unique ecological heritage, the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
Ecuador | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ecuador
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Ecuador ( ( listen) EK-wə-dor, Spanish: [ekwaˈðoɾ]) (Quechua: Ikwayur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, which literally translates as Republic of the Equator; Quechua: Ikwadur Ripuwlika), is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil.
What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its 16.4 million people being mestizos, followed by large minorities of European, Amerindian, and African descendants. Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar.
The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum and agricultural products. It is governed as a democratic presidential republic. One of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. In recognition of its unique ecological heritage, the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
International Civil Aviation Organization | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
International Civil Aviation Organization
00:01:58 1 History
00:04:17 2 Statute
00:04:52 3 Membership
00:05:41 4 Council
00:07:25 5 Standards
00:09:51 5.1 Aerodrome Reference Code
00:10:00 6 Registered codes
00:13:29 7 Regions and regional offices
00:14:20 8 Leadership
00:14:29 8.1 List of Secretaries General
00:14:39 8.2 List of Council Presidents
00:14:48 9 Climate change
00:16:09 9.1 Agreement on COsub2/sub emissions from international aviation, October 2016
00:18:32 10 Investigations of air disasters
00:20:49 11 Drone regulations and registration
00:21:31 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO; French: Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale), is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters is located in the Quartier International of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, flight inspection, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation.
The Air Navigation Commission (ANC) is the technical body within ICAO. The Commission is composed of 19 Commissioners, nominated by the ICAO's contracting states, and appointed by the ICAO Council. Commissioners serve as independent experts, who although nominated by their states, do not serve as state or political representatives. The development of international Standards And Recommended Practices is done under the direction of the ANC through the formal process of ICAO Panels. Once approved by the Commission, standards are sent to the Council, the political body of ICAO, for consultation and coordination with the Member States before final adoption.
ICAO is distinct from other international air transport organizations, like the International Air Transport Association (IATA), a trade association representing airlines; the Civil Air Navigation Services Organization (CANSO), an organization for Air navigation service providers (ANSPs); and the Airports Council International, a trade association of airport authorities.
Panama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Panama
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Panama ( ( listen) PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá [panaˈma]), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people.Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999.Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, although commerce, banking, and tourism are major and growing sectors. In 2015 Panama ranked 60th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. Since 2010, Panama has been the second-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on the planet. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as OAS, LAIA, G77, WHO and NAM.
Buenos Aires | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Buenos Aires
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Buenos Aires ( or ; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes]) is the capital and largest city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the South American continent's southeastern coast. Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs, but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century, by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre. The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas, with a population of around 14 million.The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province's capital; rather, it is an autonomous district. In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores; both are now neighborhoods of the city. The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; CABA). Its citizens first elected a chief of government (i.e. mayor) in 1996; previously, the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic.
Buenos Aires is considered an 'alpha city' by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world, being one of the best in Latin America in 2018. It is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America (behind Mexico City).Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture and rich cultural life. Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit.Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture and the dialect spoken in the city and in some other parts of the country. This is because in the last 150 years the city, and the country in general, has been a major recipient of millions of immigrants from all over the world, making it a melting pot where several ethnic groups live together and being considered as one of the most diverse cities of the Americas.
Panama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Panama
00:01:54 1 Etymology
00:03:55 2 History
00:04:19 2.1 Pre-Columbian period
00:06:26 2.2 Conquest to 1799
00:12:29 2.2.1 1800s
00:14:45 2.3 Post-colonial Panama
00:18:56 2.3.1 Post-1970
00:24:42 2.3.2 US invasion (1989)
00:27:27 2.4 Post-intervention era
00:31:02 3 Geography
00:33:12 3.1 Waterways
00:34:36 3.2 Harbors
00:36:46 3.3 Climate
00:39:08 4 Politics
00:40:18 4.1 Political culture
00:41:04 4.2 Foreign relations
00:41:32 4.3 Military
00:42:03 4.4 Administrative divisions
00:42:43 5 Economy
00:44:04 5.1 Economic sectors
00:45:12 5.2 Panama as an IFC
00:46:51 5.3 Transportation
00:48:03 5.4 Tourism
00:50:04 5.5 Currency
00:51:14 5.6 International trade
00:52:36 6 Society
00:52:45 6.1 Demographics
00:53:31 6.2 Ethnic groups
00:55:11 6.3 Languages
00:55:57 6.4 Largest cities
00:56:16 6.5 Religion
00:57:20 6.6 Education
00:58:58 7 Culture
00:59:48 7.1 Handicraft
01:00:47 7.2 Holidays and festivities
01:01:28 7.3 Traditional cuisine
01:02:44 7.4 Traditional clothing
01:05:01 7.5 Literature
01:05:18 7.6 Sports
01:08:45 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Panama ( (listen) PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá [panaˈma]), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people.Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999.Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, although commerce, banking, and tourism are major and growing sectors. In 2015 Panama ranked 60th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. Since 2010, Panama has been the second-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on the planet. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as OAS, LAIA, G77, WHO and NAM.
Panama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Panama
00:01:53 1 Etymology
00:03:54 2 History
00:04:17 2.1 Pre-Columbian period
00:06:24 2.2 Conquest to 1799
00:12:26 2.2.1 1800s
00:14:42 2.3 Post-colonial Panama
00:18:52 2.3.1 Post-1970
00:24:37 2.3.2 US invasion (1989)
00:27:21 2.4 Post-intervention era
00:30:56 3 Geography
00:33:06 3.1 Waterways
00:34:29 3.2 Harbors
00:36:39 3.3 Climate
00:39:00 4 Politics
00:40:09 4.1 Political culture
00:40:56 4.2 Foreign relations
00:41:24 4.3 Military
00:41:55 4.4 Administrative divisions
00:42:34 5 Economy
00:43:55 5.1 Economic sectors
00:45:03 5.2 Panama as an IFC
00:46:41 5.3 Transportation
00:47:53 5.4 Tourism
00:49:53 5.5 Currency
00:51:03 5.6 International trade
00:52:24 6 Society
00:52:33 6.1 Demographics
00:53:19 6.2 Ethnic groups
00:54:58 6.3 Languages
00:55:45 6.4 Largest cities
00:56:03 6.5 Religion
00:57:07 6.6 Education
00:58:45 7 Culture
00:59:34 7.1 Handicraft
01:00:33 7.2 Holidays and festivities
01:01:14 7.3 Traditional cuisine
01:02:30 7.4 Traditional clothing
01:04:45 7.5 Literature
01:05:03 7.6 Sports
01:08:29 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Panama ( (listen) PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá [panaˈma]), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people.Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999.Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, although commerce, banking, and tourism are major and growing sectors. In 2015 Panama ranked 60th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. Since 2010, Panama has been the second-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on the planet. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as OAS, LAIA, G77, WHO and NAM.
Panama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Panama
00:01:53 1 Etymology
00:03:54 2 History
00:04:17 2.1 Pre-Columbian period
00:06:24 2.2 Conquest to 1799
00:12:26 2.2.1 1800s
00:14:42 2.3 Post-colonial Panama
00:18:52 2.3.1 Post-1970
00:24:37 2.3.2 US invasion (1989)
00:27:21 2.4 Post-intervention era
00:30:56 3 Geography
00:33:06 3.1 Waterways
00:34:29 3.2 Harbors
00:36:39 3.3 Climate
00:39:00 4 Politics
00:40:09 4.1 Political culture
00:40:56 4.2 Foreign relations
00:41:24 4.3 Military
00:41:55 4.4 Administrative divisions
00:42:34 5 Economy
00:43:55 5.1 Economic sectors
00:45:03 5.2 Panama as an IFC
00:46:41 5.3 Transportation
00:47:53 5.4 Tourism
00:49:53 5.5 Currency
00:51:03 5.6 International trade
00:52:24 6 Society
00:52:33 6.1 Demographics
00:53:19 6.2 Ethnic groups
00:54:58 6.3 Languages
00:55:45 6.4 Largest cities
00:56:03 6.5 Religion
00:57:07 6.6 Education
00:58:45 7 Culture
00:59:34 7.1 Handicraft
01:00:33 7.2 Holidays and festivities
01:01:14 7.3 Traditional cuisine
01:02:30 7.4 Traditional clothing
01:04:45 7.5 Literature
01:05:03 7.6 Sports
01:08:29 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Panama ( (listen) PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá [panaˈma]), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people.Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999.Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, although commerce, banking, and tourism are major and growing sectors. In 2015 Panama ranked 60th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. Since 2010, Panama has been the second-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on the planet. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as OAS, LAIA, G77, WHO and NAM.
Panama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Panama
00:01:53 1 Etymology
00:03:54 2 History
00:04:17 2.1 Pre-Columbian period
00:06:24 2.2 Conquest to 1799
00:12:26 2.2.1 1800s
00:14:42 2.3 Post-colonial Panama
00:18:52 2.3.1 Post-1970
00:24:37 2.3.2 US invasion (1989)
00:27:21 2.4 Post-intervention era
00:30:56 3 Geography
00:33:06 3.1 Waterways
00:34:29 3.2 Harbors
00:36:39 3.3 Climate
00:39:00 4 Politics
00:40:09 4.1 Political culture
00:40:56 4.2 Foreign relations
00:41:24 4.3 Military
00:41:55 4.4 Administrative divisions
00:42:34 5 Economy
00:43:55 5.1 Economic sectors
00:45:03 5.2 Panama as an IFC
00:46:41 5.3 Transportation
00:47:53 5.4 Tourism
00:49:53 5.5 Currency
00:51:03 5.6 International trade
00:52:24 6 Society
00:52:33 6.1 Demographics
00:53:19 6.2 Ethnic groups
00:54:58 6.3 Languages
00:55:45 6.4 Largest cities
00:56:03 6.5 Religion
00:57:07 6.6 Education
00:58:45 7 Culture
00:59:34 7.1 Handicraft
01:00:33 7.2 Holidays and festivities
01:01:14 7.3 Traditional cuisine
01:02:30 7.4 Traditional clothing
01:04:45 7.5 Literature
01:05:03 7.6 Sports
01:08:29 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Panama ( (listen) PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá [panaˈma]), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people.Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999.Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, although commerce, banking, and tourism are major and growing sectors. In 2015 Panama ranked 60th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. Since 2010, Panama has been the second-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on the planet. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as OAS, LAIA, G77, WHO and NAM.
Colombia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Colombia
00:02:42 1 Etymology
00:03:55 2 History
00:04:04 2.1 Pre-Columbian era
00:06:32 2.2 Spanish conquest
00:08:59 2.3 Colonial period
00:12:12 2.4 Independence
00:15:43 2.5 20th century
00:19:25 2.6 21st century
00:21:54 3 Geography
00:25:42 3.1 Climate
00:27:29 3.2 Biodiversity
00:29:14 4 Government and politics
00:32:20 4.1 Foreign affairs
00:33:16 4.2 Military
00:34:50 4.3 Administrative divisions
00:36:18 5 Economy
00:41:15 5.1 Science and technology
00:43:38 5.2 Infrastructure
00:45:23 6 Demographics
00:47:59 6.1 Languages
00:49:02 6.2 Ethnic groups
00:52:53 6.3 Religion
00:54:20 6.4 Largest cities
00:54:56 7 Culture
00:55:51 7.1 Literature
00:58:19 7.2 Visual arts
01:01:37 7.3 Architecture
01:05:02 7.4 Music
01:08:21 7.5 Popular culture
01:10:17 7.6 Cuisine
01:12:43 7.7 Sports
01:14:19 8 Health
01:15:54 9 Education
01:19:04 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Colombia ( (listen) kə-LUM-bee-ə, -LOM-; Spanish: [koˈlombja] (listen)), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia ), is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Colombia is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, with the capital in Bogota.
Colombia has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since 12,000 BCE, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century conquered and colonized much of the region, establishing the New Kingdom of Granada, with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital. Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved, with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903, leading to Colombia's present borders. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s; since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security, stability, and rule of law.Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by indigenous peoples, European settlement, forced African migration, immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Urban centres are mostly located in the highlands of the Andes mountains and the Caribbean coast.
Colombia is among the world's 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer; its territory encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and coastlines along both the Caribbean and Pacific.
Colombia is a middle power and regional actor in Latin America, with the fourth-largest economy. It is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and a member of the UN, the WTO, the OECD, the OAS, the Pacific Alliance, and other international organizations. Colombia has a diversified economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run.
Colombia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Colombia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Colombia ( ( listen) kə-LUM-bee-ə, -LOM-; Spanish: [koˈlombja] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia ), is a country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The sovereign state of Colombia is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments.
Colombia has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since 12,000 BCE, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century conquered and colonized much of the region, establishing the New Kingdom of Granada, with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital. Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved, with what is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s but then decreased from 2005 onward.Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, with its rich cultural heritage reflecting various European, Middle Eastern, African, and indigenous influences. Its urban centres are mostly located in the highlands of the Andes mountains and the Caribbean coast.
Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines. Subsequently, it is one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer.Colombia is a middle power and regional actor in Latin America, with the fourth-largest economy. It is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is a member of the UN, the WTO, the OECD, the OAS, the Pacific Alliance, and other international organizations. Colombia has a diversified economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run.
Colombia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Colombia
00:02:42 1 Etymology
00:03:55 2 History
00:04:04 2.1 Pre-Columbian era
00:06:32 2.2 Spanish conquest
00:08:59 2.3 Colonial period
00:12:12 2.4 Independence
00:15:43 2.5 20th century
00:19:25 2.6 21st century
00:21:54 3 Geography
00:25:42 3.1 Climate
00:27:29 3.2 Biodiversity
00:29:14 4 Government and politics
00:32:20 4.1 Foreign affairs
00:33:16 4.2 Military
00:34:50 4.3 Administrative divisions
00:36:18 5 Economy
00:41:15 5.1 Science and technology
00:43:38 5.2 Infrastructure
00:45:23 6 Demographics
00:47:59 6.1 Languages
00:49:02 6.2 Ethnic groups
00:52:53 6.3 Religion
00:54:20 6.4 Largest cities
00:54:56 7 Culture
00:55:51 7.1 Literature
00:58:19 7.2 Visual arts
01:01:37 7.3 Architecture
01:05:02 7.4 Music
01:08:21 7.5 Popular culture
01:10:17 7.6 Cuisine
01:12:43 7.7 Sports
01:14:19 8 Health
01:15:54 9 Education
01:19:04 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Colombia ( (listen) kə-LUM-bee-ə, -LOM-; Spanish: [koˈlombja] (listen)), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia ), is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Colombia is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, with the capital in Bogota.
Colombia has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since 12,000 BCE, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century conquered and colonized much of the region, establishing the New Kingdom of Granada, with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital. Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved, with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903, leading to Colombia's present borders. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s; since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security, stability, and rule of law.Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by indigenous peoples, European settlement, forced African migration, immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Urban centres are mostly located in the highlands of the Andes mountains and the Caribbean coast.
Colombia is among the world's 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer; its territory encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and coastlines along both the Caribbean and Pacific.
Colombia is a middle power and regional actor in Latin America, with the fourth-largest economy. It is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and a member of the UN, the WTO, the OECD, the OAS, the Pacific Alliance, and other international organizations. Colombia has a diversified economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run.
Austin, Texas | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Austin, Texas
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties. It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States and the 4th-most populous city in Texas. It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States, the second most populous state capital after Phoenix, Arizona, and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States. As of the U.S. Census Bureau's August 1, 2018 estimate, Austin had a population of 967,629 up from 790,491 at the 2010 census. The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan statistical area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1, 2016. Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country, it is home to numerous lakes, rivers, and waterways, including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River, Barton Springs, McKinney Falls, and Lake Walter E. Long.
In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River. In 1839, the site was chosen to replace Houston as the capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly afterward, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republic's first secretary of state. The city grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a severe lull in economic growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its steady development, and by the 1990s it emerged as a center for technology and business. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin including, 3M, Amazon.com, Apple Inc., Cisco, eBay, General Motors, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Paypal, Texas Instruments, and Whole Foods Market. Dell's worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin.
Residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a diverse mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers, and a vibrant LGBT community. The city's official slogan promotes Austin as The Live Music Capital of the World, a reference to the city's many musicians and live music venues, as well as the long-running PBS TV concert series Austin City Limits. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies. In recent years, some Austinites have adopted the unofficial slogan Keep Austin Weird, which refers to the desire to protect small, unique, and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations. In the late 19th century, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown, because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name. Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars.U.S. News & World Report named Austin the #1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018. In 2016, Forbes ranked Austin #1 on its Cities of the Future list, then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017, Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its #2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials. WalletHub named Austin the #6 best place in the country to live for 2017. The FBI ranked Austin as the #2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012.
Colombia | Wikipedia audio article
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Colombia
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SUMMARY
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Colombia ( ( listen) kə-LUM-bee-ə, -LOM-; Spanish: [koˈlombja] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia ), is a country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The sovereign state of Colombia is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments.
Colombia has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since 12,000 BCE, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century conquered and colonized much of the region, establishing the New Kingdom of Granada, with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital. Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved, with what is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s but then decreased from 2005 onward.Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, with its rich cultural heritage reflecting various European, Middle Eastern, African, and indigenous influences. Its urban centres are mostly located in the highlands of the Andes mountains and the Caribbean coast.
Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines. Subsequently, it is one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer.Colombia is a middle power and regional actor in Latin America, with the fourth-largest economy. It is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is a member of the UN, the WTO, the OECD, the OAS, the Pacific Alliance, and other international organizations. Colombia has a diversified economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run.