Catholic Church and Nazi Germany | Wikipedia audio article
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Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
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SUMMARY
=======
Popes Pius XI (1922–39) and Pius XII (1939–58) led the Roman Catholic Church through the rise and fall of Nazi Germany. Around a third of Germans were Catholic in the 1930s. The Church in Germany had spoken against the rise of Nazism, but the Catholic aligned Centre Party capitulated in 1933 and was banned. In the various 1933 elections the percentage of Catholics voting for the Nazis party was remarkably lower than the average. Nazi key ideologue Alfred Rosenberg was banned on the index of the Inquisition, presided by later pope Pius XII. Adolf Hitler and several key Nazis had been raised Catholic, but became hostile to the Church in adulthood. While Article 24 of the NSDAP party platform called for conditional toleration of Christian denominations and the 1933 Reichskonkordat treaty with the Vatican purported to guarantee religious freedom for Catholics, the Nazis were essentially hostile to Christianity and the Catholic Church faced persecution in Nazi Germany. Its press, schools and youth organisations were closed, much property confiscated and around one third of its clergy faced reprisals from authorities. Catholic lay leaders were targeted in the Night of the Long Knives purge. The Church hierarchy attempted to co-operate with the new government, but in 1937, the Papal Encyclical Mit brennender Sorge accused the government of fundamental hostility to the church.
Among the most courageous demonstrations of opposition inside Germany were the 1941 sermons of Bishop August von Galen of Münster. Nevertheless, wrote Alan Bullock [n]either the Catholic Church nor the Evangelical Church... as institutions, felt it possible to take up an attitude of open opposition to the regime. In every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews, but Catholic resistance to mistreatment of Jews in Germany was generally limited to fragmented and largely individual efforts. Mary Fulbrook wrote that when politics encroached on the church, Catholics were prepared to resist, but that the record was otherwise patchy and uneven, and that, with notable exceptions, it seems that, for many Germans, adherence to the Christian faith proved compatible with at least passive acquiescence in, if not active support for, the Nazi dictatorship.Catholics fought on both sides in the Second World War. Hitler's invasion of predominantly Catholic Poland ignited the conflict in 1939. Here, especially in the areas of Poland annexed to the Reich—as in other annexed regions of Slovenia and Austria—Nazi persecution of the church was intense. Many clergy were targeted for extermination. Through his links to the German Resistance, Pope Pius XII warned the Allies of the planned Nazi invasion of the Low Countries in 1940. From that year, the Nazis gathered priest-dissidents in a dedicated clergy barracks at Dachau, where 95 percent of its 2,720 inmates were Catholic (mostly Poles, and 411 Germans) and 1,034 priests died there. Expropriation of church properties surged from 1941.
The Vatican, surrounded by Fascist Italy, was officially neutral during the war, but used diplomacy to aid victims and lobby for peace. Vatican Radio and other media spoke out against atrocities. While Nazi antisemitism embraced modern pseudo-scientific racial principles, ancient antipathies between Christianity and Judaism contributed to European antisemitism. During the Nazi era, the church rescued many thousands of Jews by issuing false documents, lobbying Axis officials, hiding them in monasteries, convents, schools and elsewhere; including in the Vatican and papal residence at Castel Gandolfo. The Pope's role during this period is contested. The Reich Security Main Office called Pius XII a mouthpiece of the Jews. His first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus, called the invasion of Poland an hour of darkness, his 1942 Christmas address denounced race murders and his Mystici corporis Christi encyclical (1943) denounc ...
Schatzkammer im Kölner Dom
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Bonn | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bonn
00:02:07 1 Geography
00:02:16 1.1 Topography
00:03:27 1.2 Administration
00:04:15 1.3 Climate
00:04:33 2 History
00:04:42 2.1 Founding and Roman times
00:08:09 2.2 Middle Ages and Early Modern times
00:09:30 2.3 20th century and time as the capital of West Germany
00:11:30 2.4 After German reunification in 1990
00:13:46 3 Politics
00:13:55 3.1 City council
00:15:17 3.2 Landtag election
00:15:51 3.3 German federal election
00:16:29 4 Culture
00:18:03 4.1 Churches
00:18:35 4.2 Castles and residences
00:18:47 4.3 Modern buildings
00:19:33 4.4 Museums
00:22:10 4.5 Nature
00:23:38 5 Transportation
00:23:47 5.1 Air traffic
00:25:01 5.2 Rail and bus system
00:26:13 5.3 Road network
00:27:24 5.4 Port
00:27:53 6 Economy
00:28:13 7 Education
00:28:42 7.1 Private schools
00:30:25 8 Demographics
00:31:14 9 Sports
00:31:53 10 International relations
00:33:46 10.1 Twin towns — sister cities
00:34:40 11 Notable residents
00:34:50 11.1 Up to the 19th century
00:39:20 11.2 20th century
00:39:29 11.2.1 1900–1950
00:42:23 11.2.2 1951 up to present
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Federal City of Bonn (German pronunciation: [bɔn] (listen)) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000. About 24 km (15 mi) south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants.
Because of a political compromise following German reunification, the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn, and the city is considered a second, unofficial, capital of the country. Bonn is the secondary seat of the President, the Chancellor, the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities. The unique title of Federal City (German: Bundesstadt) reflects its important political status within Germany.Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement, Bonn is one of Germany's oldest cities. From 1597 to 1794, Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne. Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn in 1770. From 1949 to 1990, Bonn was the provisional capital of West Germany, and Germany's present constitution, the Basic Law, was declared in the city in 1949. Berlin was re-affirmed by the Bundestag in Bonn as the capital of Germany, though due to the country's division a seat of government was maintained there - only in the eastern half - solely by the German Democratic Republic. From 1990 to 1999, Bonn served as the seat of government – but no longer capital – of reunited Germany.
The headquarters of Deutsche Post DHL and Deutsche Telekom, both DAX-listed corporations, are in Bonn. The city is home to the University of Bonn and a total of 20 United Nations institutions, including headquarters for Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Secretariat of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the UN Volunteers programme.
Bonn | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:16 1 Geography
00:02:25 1.1 Topography
00:03:40 1.2 Administration
00:04:31 1.3 Climate
00:04:50 2 History
00:04:59 2.1 Founding and Roman times
00:08:41 2.2 Middle Ages and Early Modern times
00:10:07 2.3 20th century and the Bonn Republic period
00:12:13 2.4 Bonn in the Berlin Republic
00:14:37 3 Politics
00:14:47 3.1 City council
00:16:13 3.2 Landtag election
00:16:46 3.3 German federal election
00:17:29 4 Culture
00:19:08 4.1 Churches
00:19:42 4.2 Castles and residences
00:19:54 4.3 Modern buildings
00:20:43 4.4 Museums
00:23:28 4.5 Nature
00:25:02 5 Transportation
00:25:12 5.1 Air traffic
00:26:29 5.2 Rail and bus system
00:27:46 5.3 Road network
00:29:01 5.4 Port
00:29:32 6 Economy
00:29:52 7 Education
00:30:22 7.1 Private schools
00:32:08 8 Demographics
00:32:59 9 Sports
00:33:40 10 International relations
00:35:35 10.1 Twin towns — sister cities
00:36:32 11 Notable residents
00:36:42 11.1 Up to the 19th century
00:41:19 11.2 20th century
00:41:29 11.2.1 1900–1950
00:44:23 11.2.2 1951 up to present
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.917023645790077
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Federal City of Bonn (German pronunciation: [bɔn] (listen)) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000. About 24 km (15 mi) south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770. Beethoven spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn.
Because of a political compromise following German reunification, the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn. Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019, and the city is considered a second, unofficial, capital of the country. Bonn is the secondary seat of the President, the Chancellor, the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities. The title of Federal City (German: Bundesstadt) reflects its important political status within Germany.Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement, Bonn is one of Germany's oldest cities. From 1597 to 1794, Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne. From 1949 to 1990, Bonn was the capital of West Germany, and Germany's present constitution, the Basic Law, was declared in the city in 1949. The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic. From 1990 to 1999, Bonn served as the seat of government – but no longer capital – of reunited Germany.
The headquarters of Deutsche Post DHL and Deutsche Telekom, both DAX-listed corporations, are in Bonn. The city is home to the University of Bonn and a total of 20 United Nations institutions, including headquarters for Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Secretariat of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the UN Volunteers programme.
Pope Pius XII | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Pope Pius XII
00:02:34 1 Early life
00:05:28 2 Church career
00:05:37 2.1 Priest and Monsignor
00:09:23 2.2 Archbishop and Papal nuncio
00:16:48 2.3 Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo
00:22:19 2.4 iReichskonkordat/i and iMit brennender Sorge/i
00:27:29 2.5 iRelation with the Media/i
00:27:51 3 Papacy
00:28:00 3.1 Election and coronation
00:30:16 3.2 Appointments
00:32:10 3.3 Consistories
00:34:00 4 Church reforms
00:34:09 4.1 Liturgy reforms
00:35:49 4.2 Canon Law reforms
00:36:44 4.3 Priests and religious
00:37:52 5 Theology
00:38:45 5.1 Theological orientation
00:38:54 5.1.1 Biblical research
00:39:52 5.1.2 The role of theology
00:40:47 5.2 Mariology and the dogma of the Assumption
00:40:58 5.2.1 World consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
00:41:35 5.2.2 The dogma of the Assumption of Mary
00:42:38 5.3 Social teachings
00:42:47 5.3.1 Medical theology
00:43:40 5.3.2 Family and sexuality
00:44:18 5.3.3 Theology and science
00:44:52 5.3.4 Evolution
00:45:52 5.3.5 Capital punishment
00:46:48 5.4 Encyclicals, writings and speeches
00:49:41 5.5 Feasts and devotions
00:50:21 6 Canonisations and beatifications
00:51:13 7 World War II
00:53:20 7.1 Outbreak of war
00:53:29 7.1.1 Summi Pontificatus
00:57:34 7.1.2 Invasion of Poland
01:00:31 7.1.3 Early actions to end conflict
01:04:29 7.1.4 Widening conflict
01:09:49 7.1.5 Final stages
01:10:27 7.2 Holocaust
01:25:09 7.2.1 Jewish orphans controversy
01:26:27 8 Post-World War II
01:31:46 9 Later life, illness and death
01:31:56 9.1 Late years of Pope Pius XII
01:33:40 9.2 Illness and death
01:36:03 9.3 Botched embalming
01:37:32 9.4 Funeral
01:38:22 10 Cause for canonisation
01:41:57 10.1 Potential miracle
01:42:26 11 Views, interpretations and scholarship
01:42:37 11.1 Contemporary
01:45:55 11.2 Early historical accounts
01:47:05 11.3 iThe Deputy/i
01:49:37 11.4 iActes/i
01:50:21 11.5 iHitler's Pope/i and iThe Myth of Hitler's Pope/i
01:56:35 11.6 International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
02:01:02 11.7 Recent developments
02:05:16 12 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Pope Pius XII (Italian: Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (Italian pronunciation: [euˈdʒɛːnjo maˈriːa dʒuˈzɛppe dʒoˈvanni paˈtʃɛlli]; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958), was the Pope of the Catholic Church from 2 March 1939 to his death. Before his election to the papacy, he served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany, and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany.While the Vatican was officially neutral during World War II, Pius XII maintained links to the German Resistance, used diplomacy to aid the victims of the war and lobby for peace, and spoke out against race-based murders and other atrocities. The Reichskonkordat and his leadership of the Catholic Church during the war remain the subject of controversy—including allegations of public silence and inaction about the fate of the Jews. After the war, he advocated peace and reconciliation, including lenient policies towards former Axis and Axis-satellite nations. He was also a staunch opponent of Communism and of the Italian Communist Party.
During his papacy, the Church issued the Decree against Communism, declaring that Catholics who profess Communist doctrine are to be excommunicated as apostates from the Christian faith. In turn, the Church experienced severe persecution and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the Eastern Bloc. He explicitly invoked ex cathedra papal infallibility with the dogma of the Assumption of Mary in his Apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus. His magisterium includes almost 1,000 addresses and radio broadcasts. His forty-one encyclicals include Mystici corporis, the Church as the Body of Christ; Mediator Dei on liturgy reform; and Humani generis on the Chur ...
Pope Benedict XVI | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Pope Benedict XVI
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger; German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈalɔʏzi̯ʊs ˈʁatsɪŋɐ]; 16 April 1927) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2005 until his resignation in 2013. Benedict's election occurred in the 2005 papal conclave that followed the death of Pope John Paul II. The Vatican announced his withdrawal by bestowing him the title Pope Emeritus shortly after his resignation.Ordained as a priest in 1951 in his native Bavaria, Ratzinger had established himself as a highly regarded university theologian by the late 1950s and was appointed a full professor in 1958. After a long career as an academic and professor of theology at several German universities, he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and Cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977, an unusual promotion for someone with little pastoral experience. In 1981, he was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most important dicasteries of the Roman Curia. From 2002 until his election as Pope, he was also Dean of the College of Cardinals. Prior to becoming Pope, he was a major figure on the Vatican stage for a quarter of a century; he had an influence second to none when it came to setting church priorities and directions as one of John Paul II's closest confidants. He has lived in Rome since 1981.
He was originally a liberal theologian, but adopted conservative views after 1968. His prolific writings defend traditional Catholic doctrine and values. During his papacy, Benedict XVI advocated a return to fundamental Christian values to counter the increased secularisation of many Western countries. He views relativism's denial of objective truth, and the denial of moral truths in particular, as the central problem of the 21st century. He taught the importance of both the Catholic Church and an understanding of God's redemptive love. Pope Benedict also revived a number of traditions, including elevating the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position. He strengthened the relationship between the Catholic Church and art, promoted the use of Latin, and reintroduced traditional papal garments, for which reason he was called the pope of aesthetics. He has been described as the main intellectual force in the Church since the mid-1980s.On 11 February 2013, Benedict unexpectedly announced his resignation in a speech in Latin before the cardinals, citing a lack of strength of mind and body due to his advanced age. His resignation became effective on 28 February 2013. He is the first Pope to resign since Pope Gregory XII in 1415, and the first to do so on his own initiative since Pope Celestine V in 1294. As Pope Emeritus, Benedict retains the style of His Holiness, and the title of Pope, and continues to dress in the papal colour of white. He was succeeded by Pope Francis on 13 March 2013, and he moved into the newly renovated monastery Mater Ecclesiae for his retirement on 2 May 2013. In his retirement, Benedict XVI has made occasional public appearances alongside Pope Francis.
Benedict XVI | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Benedict XVI
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger; German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈalɔʏzi̯ʊs ˈʁatsɪŋɐ]; 16 April 1927) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2005 until his resignation in 2013. Benedict's election occurred in the 2005 papal conclave that followed the death of Pope John Paul II. The Vatican announced his post-papal title as Pope Emeritus shortly after his resignation.Ordained as a priest in 1951 in his native Bavaria, Ratzinger had established himself as a highly regarded university theologian by the late 1950s and was appointed a full professor in 1958. After a long career as an academic and professor of theology at several German universities, he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and Cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977, an unusual promotion for someone with little pastoral experience. In 1981, he was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most important dicasteries of the Roman Curia. From 2002 until his election as Pope, he was also Dean of the College of Cardinals. Prior to becoming Pope, he was a major figure on the Vatican stage for a quarter of a century; he had an influence second to none when it came to setting church priorities and directions as one of John Paul II's closest confidants. He has lived in Rome since 1981.
He was originally a liberal theologian, but adopted conservative views after 1968. His prolific writings defend traditional Catholic doctrine and values. During his papacy, Benedict XVI advocated a return to fundamental Christian values to counter the increased secularisation of many Western countries. He views relativism's denial of objective truth, and the denial of moral truths in particular, as the central problem of the 21st century. He taught the importance of both the Catholic Church and an understanding of God's redemptive love. Pope Benedict also revived a number of traditions, including elevating the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position. He strengthened the relationship between the Catholic Church and art, promoted the use of Latin, and reintroduced traditional papal garments, for which reason he was called the pope of aesthetics. He has been described as the main intellectual force in the Church since the mid-1980s.On 11 February 2013, Benedict unexpectedly announced his resignation in a speech in Latin before the cardinals, citing a lack of strength of mind and body due to his advanced age. His resignation became effective on 28 February 2013. He is the first Pope to resign since Pope Gregory XII in 1415, and the first to do so on his own initiative since Pope Celestine V in 1294. As Pope Emeritus, Benedict retains the style of His Holiness, and the title of Pope, and continues to dress in the papal colour of white. He was succeeded by Pope Francis on 13 March 2013, and he moved into the newly renovated monastery Mater Ecclesiae for his retirement on 2 May 2013. In his retirement, Benedict XVI has made occasional public appearances alongside Pope Francis.