Kaethe Kollwitz House

藝苑掇英 Kathe Kollwitz 坷特·珂勒惠支 (1867-1945) Expressionism German

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Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz (1867-1945) was a German artist best known for her drawings and prints, which offer a compassionate and often unsettling account of the human condition. A master of etching, lithography and woodcut, she chronicled in her work the lives of working people in the face of hunger, poverty and war.
Kollwitz was born in Konigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). She studied at an art school for women in Berlin, where she was inspired by the etchings of Max Klinger. In 1891 she married Karl Kollwitz, a doctor who treated the poor in Berlin. His practice furnished further inspiration in the way of subject matter. Kollwitz was drawn to “the representation of proletarian life.” She explained, “What mattered was simply that I found it beautiful.”
Her first major cycle of works was The Weavers, a series of lithographs and etchings based on the oppression of Silesian weavers and their failed revolt in the 19th century. Next Kollwitz produced the Peasant War, a series of etchings based on a violent German revolution in the 1500s in which peasants took up arms against feudal lords and the church.
Influenced by an exhibition of Expressionist art, after 1910 Kollwitz worked in a less naturalistic manner. In 1920 she became the first woman to be elected a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts, an honor which included an income, studio and full professorship. During the 1920s she worked on The Grieving Parents, a statue completed in 1932 memorializing her son Peter, who had died in World War I; she also created the War cycle in woodcut and produced a number of posters dramatizing hunger and the effects of war.
In 1933 the Nazi regime forced her to leave her faculty position. Her work was subsequently removed from German museums, and she was banned from exhibiting. In the mid-1930s she produced her last major lithographic series, Death. In 1936 she and her husband were threatened with deportation to a concentration camp, but her international renown was such that no further action was taken. Fearing reprisals against her family, she refused offers to house her in the United States. Kollwitz left Berlin in 1943 and died in Moritzburg, a town near Dresden, in 1945.
Kollwitz created 275 prints and at least 50 self-portraits.
坷特·珂勒惠支 Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz（1867-1945）是一位德國藝術家，以其繪畫和版畫而聞名，它提供了對人類狀況的富有同情心且經常令人不安的描述。她是蝕刻，光刻和木刻的大師，她在工作中記錄了面對飢餓，貧困和戰爭的勞動人民的生活。
科爾維茨出生於普魯士的柯尼斯堡（現在俄羅斯加里寧格勒）。她在柏林的一所女子藝術學校學習，在那裡她受到Max Klinger蝕刻的啟發。 1891年，她嫁給了在柏林治療窮人的醫生Karl Kollwitz。他的實踐為主題提供了進一步的靈感。科爾維茨被“無產階級生活的代表”所吸引。她解釋說，“重要的是我發現它很美。”
她的第一個主要作品週期是The Weavers，這是一系列基於西里西亞編織者的壓迫和19世紀失敗的叛亂的版畫和版畫。接下來，科爾維茨製作了“農民戰爭”，這是一系列基於16世紀暴力德國革命的版畫，農民們用手臂反對封建領主和教堂。
受表現主義藝術展的影響，1910年後，科爾維茨以不太自然的方式工作。 1920年，她成為第一位當選普魯士藝術學院成員的女性，這一榮譽包括收入，工作室和全職教授。在20世紀20年代，她在“悲傷的父母”（The Grieving Parents）上工作，這座雕像於1932年完成，紀念在第一次世界大戰中去世的兒子彼得。她還用木刻創造了戰爭週期，並製作了一些戲劇化的飢餓和戰爭影響的海報。
1933年，納粹政權迫使她離開了她的教職。她的作品隨後從德國博物館中刪除，她被禁止參展。在20世紀30年代中期，她製作了她最後一部主要的平版系列劇“死神”。 1936年，她和她的丈夫被威脅要被驅逐到一個集中營，但她的國際名聲卻沒有採取進一步的行動。由於害怕遭到家人的報復，她拒絕了在美國安置她的提議。科爾維茨於1943年離開柏林，於1945年在德累斯頓附近的莫里茨堡去世。
科爾維茨創作了275幅版畫，至少有50幅自拍肖像。