Kotor Montenegro????????Kotor’s Castle Of San Giovanni - City walls to St John’s Fortress - Sveti Ivan's
Kotor’s Castle Of San Giovanni - City walls to St John’s Fortress - Sveti Ivan's
_______________________________________________________
The fortifications of Kotor are an integrated historical fortification system that protected the medieval town of Kotor (then called Cattaro la veneziana) containing ramparts, towers, citadels, gates, bastions, forts, cisterns, a castle, and ancillary buildings and structures. They incorporate military architecture mainly of Venice, but also a few of Illyria, Byzantium, and Austria. Together with the old town and its natural surroundings the fortifications were inscribed in the list of World Heritage Sites in 1979 labelled Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor and represent the only such site of cultural significance in Montenegro.
The fortified city of Kotor was also included in UNESCO's World Heritage Site list as part of Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar in 2017.
History
_______
The top of the mountain of St.John was already fortified during Illyrian times. In the 6th century the emperor Justinian I reconstructed the fortress. With the retreat of the Byzantines, eventually and in spite of numerous incursions some independence was attained, however this had no lasting effects upon the fortifications. This changed when in 1420 the then independent Republic of Cattaro (one of the neolatin Dalmatian city-states) succumbed to Venetian rule.
As part of Albania Veneta the fortifications received their current structure. During this time there were two successful Ottoman sieges followed by occupations, 1538 – 1571 and 1657 – 1699. In 1797 the fortifications passed to the Habsburg Monarchy with the Treaty of Campo Formio. In 1805, Kotor (then named Cattaro) was assigned to the French Empire's client state, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy by the Treaty of Pressburg, but initially occupied by Russian troops under Dmitry Senyavin until they left after the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807. Three years later it was incorporated into the French Empire's Illyrian Provinces. The fortifications of the city were attacked by the British naval Captain William Hoste with his ship HMS Bacchante (38 guns). In an unmilitary manner he hauled his ships' cannon to positions above the fort using block and tackle and started the shelling. After a ten-day siege, the French garrison had no alternative and surrendered on January 5, 1814.
With the Congress of Vienna Kotor was returned to the Austrian Empire. After their defeat in World War I the Austrians left and the fortress was no longer manned. During World War II Kotor was occupied by the Axis forces and was part of Italy's Governorate of Dalmatia. German troops occupied the city in September 1943: it was liberated on November 21, 1944, a date commemorated over the Sea Gate.
Severe earthquakes that damaged the fortifications occurred in 1563, 1667, and most recently, on April 15, 1979.
Description
___________
The castle St. John (San Giovanni) and the western hillside wall.
The medieval part of the town of Kotor is located on a triangular piece of land that is bordered by the most inner extension of the Bay of Kotor at its south-western side, the river Skurda toward the North, and the mountain of St. John (San Giovanni) towards the East. City walls protect the city on its northern and south-western side, towards the waters. The walls are fortified by bastions, most prominent being the Kampana tower and citadel (13th to 14th century) near the point where the river enters the bay. Close to it is the Sea Gate (also Main Gate) from 1555 allowing access from the bay, the two other gates to the city are the River Gate (also North Gate) from 1540 with the nearby Bembo Bastion from 1540 and the Gurdic Gate (also South Gate), the latter modified many times and fortified by the Gurdic Bastion from 1470. The Bembo Bastion has been converted into an open theatre. Two additional gates were present, one walled up south of the Sea Gate, the other, Spiljarskia Gate, within the ramparts of the hillside towards the old road to Cetinje.
Learn More
#Kotor #Montenegro - #Kotor’s #Castle Of #San #Giovanni - #City #walls to #St #John’s #Fortress - #Sveti #Ivan's
Thank you for watching!
Kampana Toren, Kotor, Montenegro | 360° | Balkan
360 graden video van de Kampana Toren, Kotor, Montenegro.
Deze video is onderdeel van onze complete 360° video serie van de Balkan regio en eveneens deel van onze Reisgids App van de Balkan. Meer weten over deze gratis reisgids op je mobiel?
Kijk dan op:
Trip to Montenegro
Njivice in Montenegro, then to Stari Grad, Savina Monastery, Marina Perast with views to of our lady of the rocks, Kotor Fortress and old town Kotor with the kampana tower. Then the port of Dalmacija near Dubrovnik in Croatia. Music composed and produced by Dean Saunders
Путешествие в Черногорию. Параллакс слайд-шоу. 3D
На фотографиях запечатлена Черногория:
Котор
курортный городок Доброта
Башня Камрана
вид с Крепости святого Иоанна
Будва
Тиват
Плужине
Пивское водохранилище
Жабляк
национальный парк Дурмитор
Черное озеро
мост Джурджевича
каньон реки Тара
Parallax photo slideshow template in After Effects.
The photos were taken in Montenegro. The following sights are:
Kampana Tower. Kotor Fortress, old city.
View from Kotor's Castle of San Giovanni
Bay of Kotor
Ferry Kamenari-Lepetane
The district of Dobrota north of the town
Budva. View from Old Town. Montenegro.
Budva. JAzz beach. Montenegro.
Budva. Bechichi beach. Montenegro.
Tivat. Montenegro.
Plužine. Piva Lake. Montenegro.
Plužine. Piva Canyon. Montenegro.
Žabljak. National park Durmitor. Montenegro.
Žabljak. National park. Black Lake. Montenegro.
Đurđevića Tara Bridge. Montenegro.
River Tara Canyon.
Meteora Mist - Kalabaka, Greece
Bulakan Church bell ringing
church bell ringing at 6:00 PM
Nuestra Señora dela Asuncion Parish Church
Bulakan, Bulacan
Philippines
April 2011
Путешествие в Черногорию | 15 Главных Достопримечательностей
Параллакс фото слайд-шоу - это слайд-шоу высокого качества, хорошо организованный и легко настраиваемый шаблон. Параллакс фото слайд-шоу в After Effects.
На фотографиях запечатлена Черногория:
Котор
курортный городок Доброта
Башня Камрана
вид с Крепости святого Иоанна
Будва
Тиват
Плужине
Пивское водохранилище
Жабляк
национальный парк Дурмитор
Черное озеро
мост Джурджевича
каньон реки Тара
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose is the substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.
It was negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed in 1947 and lasted until 1993, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994.
The Uruguay Round began in 1986. It was the most ambitious round to date, hoping to expand the competence of the GATT to important new areas such as services, capital, intellectual property, textiles, and agriculture. 123 countries took part in the round. The Uruguay Round was also the first set of multilateral trade negotiations in which developing countries had played an active role.
Agriculture was essentially exempted from previous agreements as it was given special status in the areas of import quotas and export subsidies, with only mild caveats. However, by the time of the Uruguay round, many countries considered the exception of agriculture to be sufficiently glaring that they refused to sign a new deal without some movement on agricultural products. These fourteen countries came to be known as the Cairns Group, and included mostly small and medium sized agricultural exporters such as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and New Zealand.
The Agreement on Agriculture of the Uruguay Round continues to be the most substantial trade liberalization agreement in agricultural products in the history of trade negotiations. The goals of the agreement were to improve market access for agricultural products, reduce domestic support of agriculture in the form of price-distorting subsidies and quotas, eliminate over time export subsidies on agricultural products and to harmonize to the extent possible sanitary and phytosanitary measures between member countries.
In 1993, the GATT was updated (GATT 1994) to include new obligations upon its signatories. One of the most significant changes was the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The 75 existing GATT members and the European Communities became the founding members of the WTO on 1 January 1995. The other 52 GATT members rejoined the WTO in the following two years (the last being Congo in 1997). Since the founding of the WTO, 21 new non-GATT members have joined and 29 are currently negotiating membership. There are a total of 155 member countries in the WTO, with Montenegro and Samoa being new members as of 2012.
Of the original GATT members, Syria and the SFR Yugoslavia has not rejoined the WTO. Since FR Yugoslavia, (renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and with membership negotiations later split in two), is not recognised as a direct SFRY successor state; therefore, its application is considered a new (non-GATT) one. The General Council of WTO, on 4 May 2010, agreed to establish a working party to examine the request of Syria for WTO membership. The contracting parties who founded the WTO ended official agreement of the GATT 1947 terms on 31 December 1995. Serbia and Montenegro are in the decision stage of the negotiations and are expected to become the newest members of the WTO in 2012 or in near future.
Whilst GATT was a set of rules agreed upon by nations, the WTO is an institutional body. The WTO expanded its scope from traded goods to include trade within the service sector and intellectual property rights. Although it was designed to serve multilateral agreements, during several rounds of GATT negotiations (particularly the Tokyo Round) plurilateral agreements created selective trading and caused fragmentation among members. WTO arrangements are generally a multilateral agreement settlement mechanism of GATT.