Deineka Alexander Alexandrovich - Russian Painter
Deineka Alexander Alexandrovich - Russia 1899-1969
Complete Biography & many more works
One of the great prolific Russian illustrators and painters who managed to coexist with the Soviet power structure before, during, and after World War II. A Soviet Russian painter, graphic artist and sculptor, regarded as one of the most important Russian modernist figurative painters of the first half of the 20th century.He is in the highest category 1A - a world famous artist in United Artists Rating.
1899 - Deineka was born in Kursk, in family of the worker-railwayman. Studied in railway school and simultaneously visited art studio.
1915--1917 -- study in the Kharkov Art College.
1918 -- comes back to Kursk, works as the photographer, makes out revolutionary holidays, designed campaigned trains, theatrical performances
1919--1920 -- Red Army and supervises over art studio.
1921--1925 -- studies at polygraphic faculty VHUTEMAS at V.A. Favorsky. With 1924 starts to cooperate actively as the artist in magazines. One of organizers Stander's Society (OST).
1929 -- leaves OST, enters Art Union October. He illustrates children's books, manages a section of the poster in Polygraphic Institute
1932 -- draws a monumental panel Civil aircraft.
1934 -- creative trip to Sevastopol.
1935 -- creative business trip to the USA, France, Italy. Coming back, draws big series cycle of water-colors and pictures.
1937 -- the Gold Medal of the World Art Exibition in Paris for the panel Noble people USSR.
1938 -- a mosaic series A day and night of Soviet sky in the metro station Mayakovskaya.
1939 -- painting of plafond for restaurant of the Central Theatre of the Soviet Army.
1942 -- after trip on the front he creates the graphic series Roads of war.
1945 -- in May creative trip to Berlin.
1947 -- a title of member of the Art Academy USSR is awarded him.
1947--1953 -- he works as a sculptor with wood, a majolica, bronze, cement. He creates the mosaic portraits of great scientists of the world for a new building of Moscow University.
1958 -- comes back in the Moscow Art Institute it. V.I. Surikova, supervises over a monumental workshop.
1959 -- works above a series of mosaics.
1960 -- the main artist of construction of the Kremlin palace of congresses.
1965 -- makes out a mosaic a facade of sanatorium in Sochi. A trip to Italy.
1969 -- the personal exhibition in halls of the Academy of Arts on June, 5th opens.
1969 -- on June, 12th Alexander Aleksandrovich Dejneka has died in Moscow.
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video used for non profit purposes
music - untitled.
Tourism in Saint Petersburg Russia
Tourism in Saint Petersburg Russia - Best Tourist Attractions
Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. On 1 September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad, and on 1 October 1991 back to its original name. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is one of the most modern cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Saint Petersburg has a significant historical and cultural heritage.
The 18th and 19th-century architectural ensemble of the city and its environs is preserved in virtually unchanged form. For various reasons (including large-scale destruction during World War II and construction of modern buildings during the postwar period in the largest historical centers of Europe), Saint Petersburg has become a unique reserve of European architectural styles of the past three centuries. Saint Petersburg's loss of capital city status helped the city to retain many of its pre-revolutionary buildings, as modern architectural 'prestige projects' tended to be built in Moscow; this largely prevented the rise of mid-to-late-20th-century architecture and helped maintain the architectural appearance of the historic city center.
Saint Petersburg is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list as an area with 36 historical architectural complexes and around 4000 outstanding individual monuments of architecture, history and culture. New tourist programs and sightseeing tours have been developed for those wishing to see Saint Petersburg's cultural heritage.
The city has 221 museums, 2000 libraries, more than 80 theaters, 100 concert organizations, 45 galleries and exhibition halls, 62 cinemas and around 80 other cultural establishments. Every year the city hosts around 100 festivals and various competitions of art and culture, including more than 50 international ones.
Despite the economic instability of the 1990s, not a single major theatre or museum was closed in Saint Petersburg; on the contrary many new ones opened, for example a private museum of puppets (opened in 1999) is the third museum of its kind in Russia, where collections of more than 2000 dolls are presented including 'The multinational Saint Petersburg' and 'Pushkin's Petersburg'. The museum world of Saint Petersburg is incredibly diverse. The city is not only home to the world-famous Hermitage Museum and the Russian Museum with its rich collection of Russian art, but also the palaces of Saint Petersburg and its suburbs, so-called small town museums and others like the museum of famous Russian writer Dostoyevsky; Museum of Musical Instruments, the museum of decorative arts and the museum of professional orientation.
The musical life of Saint Petersburg is rich and diverse, with the city now playing host to a number of annual carnivals.
Ballet performances occupy a special place in the cultural life of Saint Petersburg. The Petersburg School of Ballet is named as one of the best in the world. Traditions of the Russian classical school have been passed down from generation to generation among outstanding educators. The art of famous and prominent Saint Petersburg dancers like Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, Mikhail Baryshnikov was, and is, admired throughout the world. Contemporary Petersburg ballet is made up not only of traditional Russian classical school, but also ballets by those like Boris Eifman, who expanded the scope of strict classical Russian ballet to almost unimaginable limits. Remaining faithful to the classical basis (he was a choreographer at the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet), he combined classical ballet with the avant-garde style, and then, in turn, with acrobatics, rhythmic gymnastics, dramatic expressiveness, cinema, color, light, and finally with spoken word.
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World War II: Stormtroopers - Full Documentary
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The Stormtroopers originated in the First World War.
The 60-minute program outlines how the Stormtroopers were again used successfully in the Second World War by the Generals of the Wehrmacht in the Lightning War or ‘Blitzkrieg’ period.
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Russian politics. ''Duel'' talk show. Zhirinovsky vs Bortko. ''Revolution of 1917'' (English subs)
FOR SUBTITLES TURN CAPTIONS (CC) ON.
RECOMMENDED to read the description first.
This is a political talk show ''Duel'', where Zhirinovsky argues with Bortko about the October revolution of 1917.
This Bortko character is just talking gibberish. Sometimes I don't understand at all what he's saying. If a phrase doesn't make sence to you, that means, I couldn't figure it out myself, and I wrote the way I heard it. It doesn't make any sence. Just freaking nonesence.
This was a hard translation, because many times people talking at the same time. But I triend to translate more interesting, in my opinion, lines. I tried to translate more of Zhirinovsky, and not the others.
Don't mind the counter. It's not valid. I haven't see 2 videos of this show which had the same counter. In reality, Bortko won with about 2.000-3.000 votes (I might be mistaking of course).
Abbreviations:
SECC - State of Emergency Central Committee
CPSU - Communist Party of Soviet Union
CC - Central Committee
CCCPSU - Central Committee of Communist Party of Soviet Union
CPRF - Communist Party of Russian Federation
UWPB - Union Wide Party of Bolsheviks
NKVD (PCIA) - People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
MSU - Moscow State University
Enjoy!
Thanks for watching!
FOR TROLLS: GO TO HELL.
They Shall Not Grow Old | Official Trailer | In Cinemas 16 October 2018
Buy your tickets now at
On the centenary of the end of First World War, Academy Award-winner Peter Jackson (The Lord of the Rings trilogy) presents the World Premiere of an extraordinary new work showing the Great War as you have never seen it.
This unique film brings into high definition the human face of the First World War as part of a special London Film Festival presentation alongside a live Q&A with director Peter Jackson hosted by Mark Kermode.
Using state of the art technology to restore original archival footage which is more than a 100-years old, Jackson brings to life the people who can best tell this story: the men who were there. Driven by a personal interest in the First World War, Jackson set out to bring to life the day-to-day experience of its soldiers. After months immersed in the BBC and Imperial War Museums’ archives, narratives and strategies on how to tell this story began to emerge for Jackson. Using the voices of the men involved, the film explores the reality of war on the front line; their attitudes to the conflict; how they ate; slept and formed friendships, as well what their lives were like away from the trenches during their periods of downtime.
Jackson and his team have used cutting edge techniques to make the images of a hundred years ago appear as if they were shot yesterday. The transformation from black and white footage to colourised footage can be seen throughout the film revealing never before seen details. Reaching into the mists of time, Jackson aims to give these men voices, investigate the hopes and fears of the veterans, the humility and humanity that represented a generation changed forever by a global war.
The film can be seen in both 2D and 3D in selected cinemas. Check your local listing for full details.
Co-commissioned by 14-18 NOW and Imperial War Museums in association with the BBC. Produced by WingNut Films and Executive Produced by House Productions. Special thanks to Matthew & Sian Westerman with additional support from The Taylor Family Foundation, The Moondance Foundation, Welsh Government, Scottish Government, British Council, Tim Bunting, Jacqueline & Richard Worswick and one anonymous donor.
Music credit: Elgar’s Nimrod from The Enigma Varations
[BadComedian] - Газгольдер (РЕЖ. версия)
BadComedian обзор творения Басты, Гуфа, Ак-47 и других российских рэперов.
ФИЛЬМ ГАЗГОЛЬДЕР.
ПРИЯТНОГО ПРОСМОТРА!
ART by
Артём Сорокин ( и Евгений Постебайло (
========================
Группа ВК -
Страница FB -
Твиттер -
Инстаграм -
Основной канал -
Второй Канал -
Гугл ПЛЮС +
===========================
Environmentalism in Nazi Germany | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:07 1 Name
00:05:51 2 Background
00:08:55 3 History
00:09:03 3.1 Nazi seizure of power
00:11:58 3.2 Nazification of Germany
00:14:40 3.3 Consolidation of power
00:17:35 3.4 Military build-up
00:20:44 3.4.1 Austria and Czechoslovakia
00:22:49 3.4.2 Poland
00:24:08 3.5 World War II
00:24:17 3.5.1 Foreign policy
00:25:33 3.5.2 Outbreak of war
00:27:22 3.5.3 Conquest of Europe
00:29:49 3.5.4 Invasion of the Soviet Union
00:32:27 3.5.5 Turning point and collapse
00:36:51 3.5.6 German casualties
00:38:36 4 Geography
00:38:45 4.1 Territorial changes
00:40:06 4.2 Occupied territories
00:41:39 4.3 Post-war changes
00:43:03 5 Politics
00:43:11 5.1 Ideology
00:45:10 5.2 Government
00:47:39 5.3 Law
00:50:28 6 Military and paramilitary
00:50:37 6.1 Wehrmacht
00:53:01 6.2 The SA and SS
00:56:20 7 Economy
00:56:29 7.1 Reich economics
01:02:04 7.2 Wartime economy and forced labour
01:05:02 7.3 Financial exploitation of conquered territories
01:08:56 8 Racial policy and eugenics
01:09:06 8.1 Racism and antisemitism
01:09:44 8.2 Persecution of Jews
01:12:27 8.3 Persecution of Roma
01:14:19 8.4 Other persecuted groups
01:15:32 8.5 Generalplan Ost
01:18:10 8.6 The Holocaust and Final Solution
01:19:45 8.7 Oppression of ethnic Poles
01:20:47 8.8 Mistreatment of Soviet POWs
01:21:42 9 Society
01:21:50 9.1 Education
01:25:05 9.2 Role of women and family
01:30:33 9.3 Health
01:32:09 9.4 Environmentalism
01:33:24 9.5 Oppression of churches
01:38:44 9.6 Resistance to the regime
01:41:57 10 Culture
01:43:49 10.1 Censorship
01:46:01 10.2 Architecture and art
01:47:59 10.3 Film
01:49:30 11 Legacy
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Speaking Rate: 0.8335129179592407
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nazi Germany is the common English name for Germany between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party (NSDAP) controlled the country through a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich (German Reich) until 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany is also known as the Third Reich (Drittes Reich), meaning Third Realm or Third Empire, the first two being the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and the German Empire (1871–1918). The Nazi regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.
Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, on 30 January 1933. The NSDAP then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency. A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer (leader) of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitler's person and his word became the highest law. The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler's favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy. Using deficit spending, the regime undertook extensive public works, including the construction of Autobahnen (motorways). The return to economic stability boosted the regime's popularity.
Racism, especially antisemitism, was a central ideological feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the master race, the purest branch of the Aryan race. Discrimination and persecution against Jews and Romani people began in earnest after the seizure of power. The first concentration camps were established in March 1933. Jews and others deemed undesirable ...
Nazi plunder | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nazi plunder
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nazi plunder refers to art theft and other items stolen as a result of the organized looting of European countries during the time of the Third Reich by agents acting on behalf of the ruling Nazi Party of Germany. Plundering occurred from 1933 until the end of World War II, particularly by military units known as the Kunstschutz, although most plunder was acquired during the war. In addition to gold, silver and currency, cultural items of great significance were stolen, including paintings, ceramics, books, and religious treasures. Although most of these items were recovered by agents of the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program (MFAA, also known as the Monuments Men), on behalf of the Allies immediately following the war, many are still missing. There is an international effort underway to identify Nazi plunder that still remains unaccounted for, with the aim of ultimately returning the items to the rightful owners, their families or their respective countries.
Российская империя. Серия 13. Александр III
Российская империя. Проект Леонида Парфёнова
Александр III
Самый русский царь.
Антилиберализм при Александре.
Александр-миротворец.
Экономический подъём при Александре.
Земства, эпоха «малых дел».
Железнодорожный бум в России, крушение царского поезда, строительство Транссиба.
Художественные и музыкальные пристрастия Александра.
Смерть в Ливадии.
German resistance to Nazism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:56 1 Introduction
00:07:22 2 Pre-war resistance 1933–39
00:15:10 3 Role of the churches
00:20:36 3.1 Catholic resistance
00:32:40 3.2 Protestant churches
00:35:24 4 Resistance in the Army 1938–42
00:40:45 4.1 Munich crisis
00:43:48 4.2 Outbreak of war
00:50:28 5 First assassination attempt
00:52:10 6 Nadir of resistance: 1940–42
00:56:39 7 Communist resistance
01:00:29 8 Aeroplane assassination attempt
01:03:11 9 Suicide bombing attempts
01:05:34 10 After Stalingrad
01:09:08 11 The White Rose
01:11:39 12 Open Protest
01:26:41 13 Unorganized resistance
01:34:23 14 Relations with Allies
01:38:23 15 Towards July 20
01:49:22 16 20 July plot
01:52:18 17 Rastenburg
01:59:10 18 Aktion Rheinland
01:59:59 19 Historiography
02:00:25 20 See also
02:01:12 21 Notes
02:01:21 22 Further reading
02:17:57 23 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9530386162343567
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
German resistance to Nazism (German: Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945. Some of these engaged in active resistance with plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power by assassination and overthrow his regime.
The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period, analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State, Greek Resistance, Yugoslav Partisans, French Resistance, Dutch Resistance, Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance. The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups. They were unable to mobilize political opposition. Except for individual attacks on Nazis (including Hitler) or sabotage acts, the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime: the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup.Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts, courts-martial, People's Courts and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy; in addition, the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified tens of thousands in Nazi concentration camps who were either suspected of or actually engaged in opposition. By contrast, the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was resistance without the people and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small. The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity, such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp.
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was a politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
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Stalinist architecture | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Stalinist architecture
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Stalinist architecture, mostly known in the former Eastern bloc as Stalinist Empire style (Russian: Сталинский Ампир, translit. Stalinskiy Ampir) or Socialist Classicism, is a term given to architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, between 1933, when Boris Iofan's draft for Palace of the Soviets was officially approved, and 1955, when Nikita Khrushchev condemned excesses of the past decades and disbanded the Soviet Academy of Architecture. Stalinist architecture is associated with the socialist realism school of art and architecture.
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Words at War: Headquarters Budapest / Nazis Go Underground / Simone
Nazi Germany, also known as the Third Reich, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer (leader), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal...[4] Under the leader principle, the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and gain favor with the Führer.[5] In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices.[6] Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
Racism, especially antisemitism, was a main tenet of society in Nazi Germany. The Gestapo (secret state police) and SS under Heinrich Himmler destroyed the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition, and persecuted and murdered Jews and other undesirables. It was believed that the Germanic peoples—who were also referred to as the Nordic race—were the purest representation of the Aryan race, and were therefore the master race. Education focused on racial biology, population policy, and physical fitness. Membership in the Hitler Youth organization became compulsory. The number of women enrolled in post-secondary education plummeted, and career opportunities were curtailed. Calling women's rights a product of the Jewish intellect, the Nazis practiced what they called emancipation from emancipation.[7] Entertainment and tourism were organized via the Strength Through Joy program. The government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific forms of art and discouraging or banning others. The Nazis mounted the infamous Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art) exhibition in 1937.[8] Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, and Hitler's hypnotizing oratory to control public opinion.[9] The 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage.
Germany made increasingly aggressive demands, threatening war if they were not met. Britain and France responded with appeasement, hoping Hitler would finally be satisfied.[10] Austria was annexed in 1938, and the Sudetenland was taken via the Munich Agreement in 1938, with the rest of Czechoslovakia taken over in 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939, starting World War II. In alliance with Benito Mussolini's Italy, Germany conquered France and most of Europe by 1940, and threatened its remaining major foe: Great Britain. Reich Commissariats took brutal control of conquered areas, and a German administration termed the General Government was established in Poland. Concentration camps, established as early as 1933, were used to hold political prisoners and opponents of the regime. The number of camps quadrupled between 1939 and 1942 to 300+, as slave-laborers from across Europe, Jews, political prisoners, criminals, homosexuals, gypsies, the mentally ill and others were imprisoned. The system that began as an instrument of political oppression culminated in the mass genocide of Jews and other minorities in the Holocaust.
Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide turned against the Third Reich in the major military defeats of the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk in 1943. The Soviet counter-attacks became the largest land battles in history. Large-scale systematic bombing of all major German cities, rail lines and oil plants escalated in 1944, shutting down the Luftwaffe (German Air Force). Germany was overrun in 1945 by the Soviets from the east and the Allies from the west. The victorious Allies initiated a policy of denazification and put the Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials.
Nikita Khrushchev | Wikipedia audio article
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Nikita Khrushchev
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
Khrushchev was born in 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, which is close to the present-day border between Russia and Ukraine. He was employed as a metal worker during his youth, and he was a political commissar during the Russian Civil War. With the help of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He supported Joseph Stalin's purges, and approved thousands of arrests. In 1938, Stalin sent him to govern Ukraine, and he continued the purges there. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War (Eastern Front of World War II), Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. Khrushchev was present at the bloody defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalin's close advisers.
Stalin's death in 1953 triggered a power struggle, from which Khrushchev ultimately emerged victorious. On 25 February 1956, at the 20th Party Congress, he delivered the Secret Speech, which denounced Stalin's purges and ushered in a less repressive era in the Soviet Union. His domestic policies, aimed at bettering the lives of ordinary citizens, were often ineffective, especially in agriculture. Hoping eventually to rely on missiles for national defense, Khrushchev ordered major cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchev's rule saw the most tense years of the Cold War, culminating in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Khrushchev's popularity was eroded by flaws in his policies. This emboldened his potential opponents, who quietly rose in strength and deposed the Premier in October 1964. However, he did not suffer the deadly fate of previous Soviet power struggles, and was pensioned off with an apartment in Moscow and a dacha in the countryside. His lengthy memoirs were smuggled to the West and published in part in 1970. Khrushchev died in 1971 of a heart attack.
Nazi Germany | Wikipedia audio article
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Nazi Germany
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SUMMARY
=======
Nazi Germany is the common English name for Germany between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party (NSDAP) controlled the country through a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a totalitarian state that controlled nearly all aspects of life via the Gleichschaltung legal process. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich (German Reich) until 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany is also known as the Third Reich, from German Drittes Reich, meaning Third Realm or Third Empire, the first two being the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire. The Nazi regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.
Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, on 30 January 1933. The NSDAP then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency. A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer (leader) of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitler's person and his word became the highest law. The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler's favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen (motorways). The return to economic stability boosted the regime's popularity.
Racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the master race, the purest branch of the Aryan race. Discrimination and persecution against Jews and Romani or Gypsy people began in earnest after the seizure of power. The first concentration camps were established in March 1933. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, and liberals, socialists, and communists were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. Christian churches and citizens that opposed Hitler's rule were oppressed, and many leaders imprisoned. Education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed. Recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased Germany on the international stage. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, and Hitler's hypnotic oratory to influence public opinion. The government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others.
The Nazi regime dominated neighbours through military threats in the years leading up to war. Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands, threatening war if these were not met. It seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a non-aggression pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939, launching World War II in Europe. By early 1941, Germany controlled much of Europe. Reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Germany exploited the raw materials and labour of both its occupied territories and its allies. Millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, or shot in the Holocaust, through war crimes, and other crimes against humanity.
While the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 was initially successful, the Soviet resurgence and entry of the US into the war meant the Wehrmacht lost the initiative on the Eastern Front in 1943 and by late 1944 had been pushed back to ...
Mikhail Gorbachev | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mikhail Gorbachev
00:03:36 1 Early life
00:03:45 1.1 Childhood: 1931–1950
00:07:38 1.2 University: 1950–1955
00:11:31 2 Rise in the Communist Party
00:11:41 2.1 Stavropol Komsomol: 1955–1969
00:15:58 2.2 Heading the Stavropol Region: 1970–1978
00:19:24 2.3 Secretary of the Central Committee: 1978–1984
00:23:45 3 General Secretary of the CPSU
00:24:37 3.1 Early years: 1985–1986
00:29:39 3.1.1 iPerestroika/i
00:32:11 3.1.2 iGlasnost/i
00:34:50 3.2 Presidency of the Soviet Union
00:36:18 3.2.1 Foreign engagements
00:37:41 3.2.1.1 Bold arms control proposal
00:39:52 3.2.1.2 Withdrawal from Afghanistan
00:40:25 3.2.1.3 Relinquishing control of East Bloc
00:44:34 3.2.2 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
00:49:04 3.2.2.1 Crisis of the Union: 1990–1991
00:58:27 3.2.2.2 Coup of August 1991
01:00:01 3.2.2.3 Final collapse
01:04:31 4 Post-presidency
01:14:51 4.1 Criticism of Vladimir Putin
01:17:27 4.2 Call for global restructuring
01:18:24 5 Personal life
01:20:50 5.1 Attitude to religion
01:22:45 5.2 Port-wine birthmark
01:23:17 6 Ideology
01:24:14 7 Works
01:25:03 8 Legacy
01:25:52 8.1 Honours and accolades
01:26:01 8.1.1 Soviet Union and Russia decorations
01:27:06 8.1.2 Foreign decorations and awards
01:30:24 9 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990, and President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically a socialist, he initially adhered to Marxism-Leninism although following the Soviet collapse moved toward social democracy.
Gorbachev was born in Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai to a peasant Ukrainian–Russian family. In his youth he operated combine harvesters on a collective farm before joining the Communist Party, which then governed the Soviet Union as a one-party state. While studying at Moscow State University, he married fellow student Raisa Gorbacheva in 1953 prior to receiving his law degree in 1955. Moving to Stavropol, he worked for the Komsomol youth organisation and became a keen proponent of the de-Stalinization reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. He was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee in 1970, in which position he oversaw construction of the Great Stavropol Canal. In 1974 he moved to Moscow to become First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet and in 1979 became a candidate member of the Politburo. Within three years of the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, following the brief interregna of Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected general secretary by the Politburo in 1985.
Although committed to preserving the Soviet state and to its socialist ideals, Gorbachev believed significant reform was necessary and following the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 pursued this agenda. Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) and his reorientation of Soviet strategic aims contributed to the end of the Cold War. Under this program, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, which inadvertently led to crisis-level political instability with a surge of regional nationalist and anti-communist activism culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev later expressed regret for his failure to save the Soviet state, though he has insisted that his policies were not failures but rather were vitally necessary reforms, which were sabotaged and exploited by opportunists. He was awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990, and the Harvey Prize in 1992, as well as honorary doctor ...
Joseph Goebbels | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:48 1 Early life
00:08:52 2 Nazi activist
00:13:38 3 Propagandist in Berlin
00:14:17 3.1 Gauleiter
00:18:25 3.2 1928 election
00:21:08 3.3 Great Depression
00:25:44 4 Propaganda Minister
00:32:15 4.1 Workings of the Ministry
00:37:53 4.2 Church struggle
00:40:21 5 World War II
00:49:48 6 Plenipotentiary for total war
00:53:18 7 Defeat and death
01:02:10 8 Antisemitism and the Holocaust
01:07:01 9 Family life
01:08:53 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8722795564893968
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Paul Joseph Goebbels (German: [ˈpaʊ̯l ˈjoːzɛf ˈɡœbl̩s] (listen); 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He was one of Adolf Hitler's closest and most devoted associates, and was known for his skills in public speaking and his deeply virulent antisemitism, which was evident in his publicly voiced views. He advocated progressively harsher discrimination, including the extermination of the Jews in the Holocaust.
Goebbels, who aspired to be an author, obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1921. He joined the Nazi Party in 1924, and worked with Gregor Strasser in their northern branch. He was appointed Gauleiter (district leader) for Berlin in 1926, where he began to take an interest in the use of propaganda to promote the party and its programme. After the Nazi's seizure of power in 1933, Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry quickly gained and exerted control over the news media, arts, and information in Germany. He was particularly adept at using the relatively new media of radio and film for propaganda purposes. Topics for party propaganda included antisemitism, attacks on the Christian churches, and (after the start of the Second World War) attempting to shape morale.
In 1943, Goebbels began to pressure Hitler to introduce measures that would produce total war, including closing businesses not essential to the war effort, conscripting women into the labour force, and enlisting men in previously exempt occupations into the Wehrmacht. Hitler finally appointed him as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War on 23 July 1944, whereby Goebbels undertook largely unsuccessful measures to increase the number of people available for armaments manufacture and the Wehrmacht.
As the war drew to a close and Nazi Germany faced defeat, Magda Goebbels and the Goebbels children joined him in Berlin. They moved into the underground Vorbunker, part of Hitler's underground bunker complex, on 22 April 1945. Hitler committed suicide on 30 April. In accordance with Hitler's will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany; he served one day in this post. The following day, Goebbels and his wife committed suicide, after poisoning their six children with cyanide.