History vs. Vladimir Lenin - Alex Gendler
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Vladimir Lenin overthrew Russian Czar Nicholas II and founded the Soviet Union, forever changing the course of Russian politics. But was he a hero who toppled an oppressive tyranny or a villain who replaced it with another? Alex Gendler puts this controversial figure on trial, exploring both sides of a nearly century-long debate.
Lesson by Alex Gendler, animation by Brett Underhill.
Vladimir Lenin: The Founder of the Soviet Union
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Колыма - родина нашего страха / Kolyma - Birthplace of Our Fear
Не знаю, как у вас, но всю свою жизнь я слышу от родителей: ну будь осторожен, ну не привлекай к себе лишнее внимание, не высовывайся – это очень опасно; и вообще мы простые люди – от нас ничего не зависит.
Мои родители – прекрасные люди, я безумно их люблю. Но они говорят все это десятилетиями - даже в тех ситуациях, где очевидно нарушается здравый смысл, где творится несправедливость и где мы точно правы.
Я всегда думал: откуда у старшего поколения этот страх, это стремление мазать все серой краской? Почему они боятся, что даже за минимальную смелость обязательно прилетит наказание? Моя гипотеза: этот страх зародился еще в прошлом веке и через поколения добрался до нас. Одно из мест, где этот страх появлялся, - Колыма.
Для максимального погружения мы проехали всю трассу Колыма. 2000 км тяжеленной дороги. 9 дней пути. И лютый, просто неправдоподобный мороз.
Как люди жили здесь тогда, во время репрессий? Как люди жили после? Как живут люди сейчас?
Все это нам было интересно и важно узнать нам. Все, что узнали, мы рассказываем вам.
Некоторые герои выпуска:
Ростислав -
Артем Ковалев -
Роман Романов -
Иван Паникаров - номер карты сбербанка для поддержания работы музея в Ягодном
5469 3600 1298 2287
Антоха -
За одежду спасибо ребятам из компании Если бы не они, совсем не факт, что мы бы пережили эти морозы.
World Ride 2016 in Nijni Novgorod- Lenin's city, Russia
Без права переписки. Документальный фильм о политических репрессиях
Документальный фильм «Без права переписки»
Поддержать проект:
Яндекс-кошелёк: 410015118899257
-------------------------------
Карта Сбербанка России
Номер карты: 4276 6100 1430 1159
Владелец карты: Александр Анатольевич С.
-------------------------------
Paypal: alex_smoleev@mail.ru
Vladimir Lenin | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vladimir Lenin
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations secured independence after 1917, but three re-united with Russia through the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin died at his dacha in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right emphasize his role as founder and leader of an authoritarian regime responsible for political repression and mass killings.
City Anthem of Novosibirsk (Russia) / Гимн Новосибирска - Мой Новосибирск родной
A new monument now stands on Lenin Square and every day at exactly noon, the unofficial anthem of Novosibirsk plays, V. Lensky’s song “My Novosibirsk is native.” A commemorative sign is installed at the subway exit near the opera house.
“Novosibirsk is proud of Vladislav Lensky”, - Vladimir Filippovich Gorodetsky, mayor of Novosibirsk, opened the event with such words. - Being neither a professional poet nor a professional composer, he composed this beautiful music and song, which became the anthem of the city”.
Yoshkar-Ola - the capital of the Mari El Republic
The Kokshaga River, which runs through the city of Yoshkar-Ola.n The Blagoveshenskiy Cathedral (Sobor) inside. The Blagoveshenskaya Tower. The Patriarshaya Square: the Grand Chateau restaurant, the Eurospar supermarket, the Saint Alexius II monument, the Republican Puppet Theatre etc. 12 apostles from the Holy Bible (The Patriarshaya Square in Yoshkar-Ola). This video was recorded on the camera OLYMPUS TG-5.
Political repression in the Soviet Union | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution. It culminated during the Stalin era, then declined, but continued to exist during the Khrushchev Thaw, followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev stagnation, and did not cease to exist during Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika.
Red Terror
The Red Terror in Soviet Russia refers to a campaign of mass killings, torture, and systematic oppression conducted by the Bolsheviks before and after seizing power in Petrograd and Moscow. In Soviet historiography, the Red Terror is described as having been officially announced on 2 September 1918 by Yakov Sverdlov and ended about October 1918. However, many historians, beginning with Sergei Melgunov, apply this term to political repression during the whole period of the Russian Civil War, 1918–1922. The mass repressions were conducted by the Cheka (the Bolshevik secret police), together with elements of the Bolshevik military intelligence agency (the GRU).
The term Red Terror was originally used to describe the last six weeks of the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution, ending on 28 July 1794 with the execution of Maximilien Robespierre, to distinguish it from the subsequent First White Terror.
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Forgotten Leaders. Episode 1. Felix Dzerzhinsky. Documentary. English Subtitles. StarMediaEN
All Episodes of Forgotten Leaders
The project provisionally titled “Forgotten Leaders” is a series of seven films, each featuring an individual from the leaders of the Soviet state in power during the time period from 1920 to 1953. Each episode is a filmed portrait depicting the story of life, political and public activities of its hero. The heroes of “The Forgotten Leaders” are
individuals ambiguous from the perspective of the Russian and world’s history and odious and often sharply negative in the eyes of public consciousness. Unfortunately, when labeling, we often forget that “each individual
is a tangle of contradictions” and that “history is written by the victors”. Seven men. Seven lives. One era. What was behind their decisions and at what was the price they paid for their deeds?
Type: historical reenactment
Genre: docudrama
Year of production: 2016
Number of episodes: 8
Directed by: Pavel Sergatskov
Written by: Aleksandr Kolpakydy, Egor Vasilyev, Aleksandr Lukyanov, Vasiliy Shevtsov, Inna Nechaykyna
Production designer: Aleksandr Khilyarevskiy
Director of photography: Aleksandr Kiper
Music by: Boris Kukoba
Producers: Valeriy Babich , Vlad Ryashin
Cast: Farid Takhiev, Roman Vusotskiy, Sergey Tishin, Aleksandr Suvorov, Anton Morozov, Aleksey Ustinov, Adam Bulkhuchev
Forgotten Leaders. Episode 1. Felix Dzerzhinsky. Documentary. StarMediaEN
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Russian politics. Elections 2012 debate. Zhirinovsky vs Zyuganov (English subs)
FOR SUBTITLES TURN CAPTIONS (CC) ON.
Finally, I finished it. Translating Zyuganov is freakin torture. There are some lines there that does not seems to make sence. That's because they aren't. Sometimes I don't understand what the hell Zyuganov is saying. And if there is anybody who is still uncertain that Russia might still be communist, and that people are still voting for communists, this video should dispel all their doubts.
So, this video was a request by Siim Sulla. This is one of debates of 2012 presidential elections. I don't know if it was before or after Zhirinovsky's debate vs Prokhorov, please, check the dates, if you like.
Keep in mind, that this is elections debates. All they do here is throwing dirt at current (at the time) government. They are not wrong, cuz during Medvedev's presidency, the government was rather weaker than with Putin. But I still think they over exaggerated, and should have presented more specific suggestions, instead of blackening others. And plus, I can't really say that they were actually debating. They rarely disagreed with each other, and concentrated on blackening current government.
Zhirinovsky is in his classic style here, but if you are expecting heated arguing, then you might wanna skip this one. Basically, watch the first 5-10 minutes, and there you go, the whole debate is gonna be like that.
Sometimes they speak together, so to distinguish better, I put exclamation marks at Zhirinovsky's lines. Oh, and keep your hand on ''Pause'' button.
Aired live on: 28/02/2012
Abbreviations:
H&U – Housing and Utilities
SCSE - State Committee on the State of Emergency
CCCPSU - Central Committee of Communist Party of Soviet Union
PCO – Public Communication Office
REC – Regional Executive Committee
Remarks:
1. I don’t get it why did he referred to 7-th paragraph. I assume he is referring to 7-th paragraph of RF constitution.
2. By this moment, Zuganov remind me of one of those Russian villains from 1950’s spy movie. ‘’It was all Ameяicans!’’ lol I mean, OK US sponsored it, but the ones who were willing implementers - are our very own traitors.
3. Means of mass information – mass media. I like how Andrei Ilyich Fursov is calling it– Means of mass advertisement, agitation and disinformation.
Thanks for watching!
Trolls: Go to hell.
Памятник Ленину перенесли в Калуге на старое место
Saint Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Saint Petersburg
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. On 1 September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д, IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]), and on 1 October 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is one of the most modern cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world.
Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Памятник В И Ленину.Смоленск накануне Юбилея 70 лет Победы
Памятник В И Ленину.Смоленск накануне Юбилея 70 лет Победы.
Автор: BelgksC.
Comprovando que o Nazismo é de esquerda - The Soviet Story (A História Soviética) Legendado PT-BR
*Subtitles: Português (Portugal) - Deutsch - Español - Eesti keel - Suomalainen - Français - Magyar - Italiano - Latviešu - Lietuviškai - Polski - Pусский - Svenska - Česky - Українська
-------------------------------------
The Soviet Story” é uma história sobre o esforço da URSS em ajudar a Alemanha nazista a exterminar o povo judaico, enquanto chacinava também seu próprio povo em escala industrial. Assistido pelo Ocidente,este esforço triunfou no dia 9 de Maio de 1945. Os seus crimes foram tabu e a história completa do regime que mais contribuiu para os assassinatos em massa na Europa nunca foi contado. Até agora…
O filme também discute o impacto da herança soviética na Europa moderna. Ouça as discussões dos especialistas e deputados do Parlamento Europeu, debatendo a implicação da atitude seletiva perante os assassinatos em massa e conheça a mulher que descreve como o seu filho recém–nascido foi queimado em um campo de concentração do GULAG. “The Soviet Story” é uma história do sofrimento, injustiça ,hecatombe e realpolitik”.
The Soviet Story (A História Soviética) - é um documentário lançado em 2008 sobre terror interno na União Soviética e as relações germano-soviéticas antes de 1941 escrito e dirigido por Edvins Snore e patrocinado pela grupo da União Européia das Nações no Parlamento Europeu. Snore passou 10 anos coletando informações e dois anos filmando em vários países.
O filme apresenta entrevistas com historiadores ocidentais e russos, como Norman Davies e Boris Sokolov, o escritor russo Viktor Suvorov, o dissidente soviético Vladimir Bukovsky, membros do Parlamento Europeu e os participantes, bem como as vítimas do terror Soviético.
O filme argumenta que houve uma estreita conexão filosófica, política e organizacional entre os regimes Nazista e Soviético antes e durante as primeiras fases da II Guerra Mundial.
Destaca o Grande Expurgo, bem como a Grande Fome, o massacre de Katyn, a colaboração Gestapo-NKVD, deportações em massa na União Soviética e experiências médicas no Gulag.
Chemical attack | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:14 1 Definition
00:04:06 2 History
00:04:15 2.1 Ancient and medieval times
00:08:39 2.2 Early modern era
00:10:22 2.3 Industrial era
00:13:11 2.4 World War I
00:16:52 2.5 Interwar years
00:18:21 2.5.1 Use by Italians in Libya and Ethiopia
00:22:14 2.5.1.1 Nerve agents
00:24:20 2.6 World War II
00:24:29 2.6.1 Imperial Japanese Army
00:27:24 2.6.2 Nazi Germany
00:32:35 2.6.3 Western Allies
00:35:58 2.6.3.1 Accidental release
00:38:13 2.7 Post-World War II
00:38:53 2.7.1 Britain
00:42:32 2.7.2 United States
00:47:01 2.7.3 Soviet Union
00:49:37 2.8 Use in conflicts after World War II
00:49:48 2.8.1 North Yemen
00:52:14 2.8.2 Rhodesian Bush War
00:52:51 2.8.3 Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
00:53:17 2.8.4 Iran–Iraq War
00:54:59 2.8.5 Halabja
00:55:45 2.8.6 Persian Gulf War
00:59:38 2.8.7 Angola
01:02:48 2.8.8 Falklands War
01:03:33 2.8.9 Syrian Civil War
01:05:40 2.9 Terrorism and anti-terrorism
01:09:38 2.10 Chemical weapons treaties
01:10:24 2.10.1 Chemical Weapons Convention
01:11:04 3 Technology
01:12:41 3.1 Chemical warfare agents
01:14:16 3.1.1 Persistency
01:17:30 3.1.2 Classes
01:19:33 3.1.3 Designations
01:20:14 3.2 Delivery
01:21:19 3.2.1 Dispersion
01:26:27 3.2.2 Thermal dissemination
01:28:29 3.2.3 Aerodynamic dissemination
01:30:13 3.3 Protection against chemical warfare
01:33:41 3.3.1 Decontamination
01:36:06 4 Sociopolitical climate
01:38:37 4.1 Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons
01:40:21 4.2 Chemical weapon proliferation
01:42:25 5 Chemical weapons destruction
01:42:35 5.1 India
01:43:56 5.2 Iraq
01:44:57 5.3 Japan
01:45:36 5.4 Russia
01:48:09 5.5 United States
01:52:47 6 Herbicidal warfare
01:53:38 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.817780640096751
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. In theory, with proper protective equipment, training, and decontamination measures, the primary effects of chemical weapons can be overcome. In practice, they continue to cause much suffering, as most victims are defenceless civilians. Many nations possess vast stockpiles of weaponized agents in preparation for wartime use. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic tools in planning both measures and counter-measures.
The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law.
Divija Group - Dnepropetrovsk National Medical Academy
Divija Group - Dnepropetrovsk National Medical Academy
St. Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:30 1 Name
00:03:33 2 History
00:03:43 2.1 Imperial era (1703–1917)
00:12:53 2.2 Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)
00:16:51 2.3 World War II (1941–1945)
00:18:42 2.4 Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)
00:21:29 2.5 Contemporary era (1991–present)
00:25:32 3 Geography
00:29:05 3.1 Climate
00:31:12 3.2 Toponymy
00:35:43 4 Demographics
00:39:59 4.1 Religion
00:40:17 5 Government
00:43:07 6 Economy
00:49:37 7 Cityscape
00:58:06 8 Tourism
01:02:05 9 Dramatic Theatre
01:02:30 10 Media and communications
01:03:04 11 Culture
01:03:13 11.1 Museums
01:05:30 11.2 Music
01:11:14 11.3 Film
01:13:19 11.4 Literature
01:15:54 12 Education
01:16:56 13 Sports
01:20:57 13.1 2018 FIFA World Cup
01:21:30 14 Infrastructure
01:21:39 14.1 Transportation
01:22:37 14.1.1 Roads and public transport
01:25:12 14.2 Saint Petersburg public transportation statistics
01:26:06 14.2.1 Waterways
01:27:15 14.2.2 Rail
01:29:32 14.2.3 Air
01:31:02 14.3 Parks
01:33:13 15 Famous people
01:33:51 16 Crime
01:37:12 17 Twin towns and sister cities
01:37:44 18 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8733509262978975
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is often considered Russia's cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Red Terror | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Red Terror
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Red Terror was a period of political repression and mass killings carried out by Bolsheviks after the beginning of the Russian Civil War in 1918. The term is usually applied to Bolshevik political repression during the whole period of the Civil War (1917–1922), as distinguished from the White Terror carried out by the White Army (Russian monarchists) against their political enemies (including the Bolsheviks). It was modeled on the Terror of the French Revolution. The Cheka (the Bolshevik secret police) carried out the repressions of the Red Terror. Estimates for the total number of people killed during the Red Terror for the initial period of repression are at least 10,000. Estimates for the total number of victims of Bolshevik repression vary widely. One source asserts that the total number of victims of repression and pacification campaigns could be 1.3 million, whereas another gives estimates of 28,000 executions per year from December 1917 to February 1922. The most reliable estimations for the total number of killings put the number at about 100,000, whereas others suggest a figure of 200,000.