Climbing Mt Kilimanjaro | Africa's Tallest Mountain (Part 1)
Want to climb Mount Kilimanjaro? From lush tropical jungles to its glacier-clad volcanic peak, Mt Kilimanjaro is one of the most iconic mountains in the world, but climbing to the 19,341 ft tall summit is no easy task.
Join Alex The Vagabond in this multi-part video series, as he explores this fascinating mountain and documents all aspects of climbing Mt Kilimanjaro, Africa's tallest mountain and the world's tallest free-standing mountain. #Kilimanjaro #MtKilimanjaro #Hiking #Camping #Africa #Travel #TravelVlog
Huge thanks to KiliWarrior Expeditions for making this trip possible.
Find out more here ►
---
SUBSCRIBE ►
Alex's Channel ►
---
WHAT WE VLOG WITH ►
+ INSTAGRAM ►
+ FACEBOOK ►
+ TWITTER ►
+ SNAPCHAT ►@Vagabrothers
---
Personal Accounts:
+ Alex ►
YT:
IG:
+ Marko ►
YT:
IG:
---
Contribute to Vagabrothers #TranslationTeam:
---
SEND US STUFF:
2633 Lincoln Blvd #921 Santa Monica, CA 90405
---
BOOK YOUR TRAVELS HERE:
+ Hotels:
+ Flights:
+ Eurail Tickets:
+ Insurance:
---
HOW WE GET AROUND:
Get your first free ride with Uber by using the code UberVagabrothersUE or clicking here:
---
P.S. We love the Vagabuddies... Subscribe and join the squad!
Whether you’re looking for travel vlogs, travel tips and inspiration or want to know how to travel like a professional, then Vagabrothers is the travel vlog you’ve been searching for. With our in-depth destination guides and travel vlog series you get the trip specific information you need to know before you go. If you want to know the top 10 things to do in cities around the world then we are the travel vloggers you’ve been looking for.
We’re Alex and Marko the Vagabrothers, we are brothers and vagabonds from San Diego, California but now live in Venice Beach in Los Angeles. We’ve traveled all over Europe by train, bicycle and road trips, we’ve backpacked through South America and South East Asia and explored the wilderness of Africa. From Machu Picchu Peru to Cape Town, Ireland, The Basque Country in Spain to South Korea and all the way back to Thailand or Helsinki, Finland - we’ve haven’t been everywhere, but it’s on our list.
We will help you find affordable destinations to visit right now, show you how to get cheap airfare and tickets, and share insider travel hacks that will make your trip as smooth as butter.
Take a moment, look around the channel, but don’t forget to subscribe and turn on notifications, because we are taking YOU AROUND THE WORLD!
Mount Kenya
Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya and the second-highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro. The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian), Nelion) and Point Lenana). Mount Kenya is located in central Kenya, about 16.5 kilometres south of the equator, around 150 kilometres north-northeast of the capital Nairobi. Mount Kenya is the source of the name of the Republic of Kenya.
Mount Kenya is a stratovolcano created approximately 3 million years after the opening of the East African rift. Before glaciation, it was 7,000 m high. It was covered by an ice cap for thousands of years. This has resulted in very eroded slopes and numerous valleys radiating from the centre. There are currently 11 small glaciers. The forested slopes are an important source of water for much of Kenya.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
The Brand New! Colobus Crossing | Louisville Zoo
2019 welcomed not one but two new exhibits at the Louisville Zoo! Both are passaged themed, featuring complex elevated tunnels that venture over the guest path. Allowing you to see animals walk above your footpath. Replacing an outdated primate island, the Colobus Crossing features enriching spaces including numerous climbing structures and training platforms that connect to overhead passage ways to the behind the scenes. The exhibit passages mimic those being built in Kenya, called “colobridges”, allowing a safe way for the primates and other wildlife to cross busy roads. Get your first look at this brand new attraction on Zoo Tours. Enjoy.
OTHER LOUISVILLE ZOO TOURS
THE AFRICAN SAVANNAH (Where Colobus Crossing is located):
THE AWARD WINNING GORILLA FOREST:
THE AWARD WINNING ISLANDS COMPLEX:
FOLLOW ZOO TOURS ELSEWHERE:
FACEBOOK:
TWITTER:
Kenya | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kenya
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Kenya (; locally [ˈkɛɲa] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and south-west, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2 (224,445 sq mi) has a population of approximately 48 million. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and a critical inland port at Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret.
Kenya's geographical and topographical diversity yields a variety of climates, including a warm and humid coastline, temperate savannah grasslands in the interior, temperate and forested hilly areas in the west, arid and semi-arid areas near the Somali border and Lake Turkana, and an Equatorial climate around Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical freshwater lake. Kenya subsequently support an abundance of flora and fauna, many of which are protected by wildlife reserves and national parks, such as the East and West Tsavo National Park, Amboseli National Park, Maasai Mara, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park. The country is the birthplace of the modern safari and hosts several World Heritage Sites such as Lamu.
Kenya is part of the African Great Lakes region, which has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium C.E., the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Its territory was at the crossroads of the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic cultures, today representing most major ethnolinguistic groups in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of Kenya's population. Trade with the Arabs began in the first century C.E., leading to the introduction of Islam and Arab culture to coastal regions, and the development of a distinct Swahili culture. European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century, with the British Empire establishing a protectorate in 1895, followed by the Kenya Colony in 1920. Kenya gained independence in December 1963 but remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In relative terms, it has been relatively stable and democratic in the ensuing decades, albeit intercepted by periods of authoritarianism and political violence, most recently in 2007. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors.
Kenya's economy is the largest in eastern and central Africa, with Nairobi serving as a major regional commercial hub. Agriculture is the largest sector; tea and coffee are traditional cash crops, while fresh flowers are a fast-growing export. The service industry is also a major economic driver, particularly tourism. Kenya is a member of the East African Community trade bloc, though some international trade organisations categorise it as part of the Greater Horn of Africa. Africa is Kenya's largest export market, followed by the European Union.
Kenya | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kenya
00:03:39 1 Etymology
00:05:07 2 History
00:05:16 2.1 Prehistory
00:06:17 2.2 Neolithic
00:07:45 2.3 Swahili culture and trade (1st century–19th century)
00:11:19 2.4 British Kenya (1888–1962)
00:15:25 2.4.1 Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1959)
00:17:19 2.5 Independent Kenya (1963)
00:19:01 2.5.1 Moi era (1978–2002)
00:20:51 2.5.2 2000s
00:22:05 3 Geography and climate
00:23:12 3.1 Climate
00:24:05 3.2 Wildlife
00:25:19 4 Government and politics
00:27:37 4.1 2013 elections and new government
00:28:39 4.2 Foreign relations
00:29:52 4.3 Armed forces
00:31:36 4.4 Administrative divisions
00:32:36 4.5 Human rights
00:33:55 5 Economy
00:37:31 5.1 Tourism
00:38:42 5.2 Agriculture
00:42:57 5.3 Industry and manufacturing
00:44:25 5.4 Transport
00:44:47 5.5 Energy
00:46:23 5.6 Overall Chinese investment and trade
00:47:56 5.7 Vision 2030
00:48:52 5.8 Oil exploration
00:49:50 5.9 Child labour and prostitution
00:50:43 5.10 Microfinance in Kenya
00:52:44 6 Demographics
00:53:29 6.1 Ethnic groups
00:54:59 6.2 Languages
00:56:29 6.3 Urban centres
00:56:37 6.4 Religion
00:58:22 6.5 Health
01:02:58 6.6 Women
01:04:10 6.7 Education
01:07:53 7 Culture
01:08:39 7.1 Media
01:09:40 7.2 Literature
01:10:48 7.3 Music
01:12:55 7.4 Sports
01:17:27 7.5 Cuisine
01:18:37 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Kenya (; locally [ˈkɛɲa] (listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and south-west, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2 (224,445 sq mi) has a population of approximately 48 million. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and a critical inland port at Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret.
Kenya's geographical and topographical diversity yields a variety of climates, including a warm and humid coastline, temperate savannah grasslands in the interior, temperate and forested hilly areas in the west, arid and semi-arid areas near the Somali border and Lake Turkana, and an Equatorial climate around Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical freshwater lake. Kenya subsequently support an abundance of flora and fauna, many of which are protected by wildlife reserves and national parks, such as the East and West Tsavo National Park, Amboseli National Park, Maasai Mara, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park. The country is the birthplace of the modern safari and hosts several World Heritage Sites such as Lamu.
Kenya is part of the African Great Lakes region, which has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium C.E., the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Its territory was at the crossroads of the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic cultures, today representing most major ethnolinguistic groups in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of Kenya's population. Trade with the Arabs began in the first century C.E., leading to the introduction of Islam and Arab culture to coastal regions, and the development of a distinct Swahili culture. European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century, with the British Empire establishing a protectorate in 1895, followed by the Kenya Colony in 1920. Kenya gained independence in December 1963 but remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In relative terms, it has been relatively stable and democratic in the ensuing decades, albeit in ...
Kenya | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kenya
00:03:39 1 Etymology
00:05:07 2 History
00:05:16 2.1 Prehistory
00:06:17 2.2 Neolithic
00:07:45 2.3 Swahili culture and trade (1st century–19th century)
00:11:19 2.4 British Kenya (1888–1962)
00:15:25 2.4.1 Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1959)
00:17:19 2.5 Independent Kenya (1963)
00:19:01 2.5.1 Moi era (1978–2002)
00:20:51 2.5.2 2000s
00:22:05 3 Geography and climate
00:23:12 3.1 Climate
00:24:05 3.2 Wildlife
00:25:19 4 Government and politics
00:27:37 4.1 2013 elections and new government
00:28:39 4.2 Foreign relations
00:29:52 4.3 Armed forces
00:31:36 4.4 Administrative divisions
00:32:36 4.5 Human rights
00:33:55 5 Economy
00:37:31 5.1 Tourism
00:38:42 5.2 Agriculture
00:42:57 5.3 Industry and manufacturing
00:44:25 5.4 Transport
00:44:47 5.5 Energy
00:46:23 5.6 Overall Chinese investment and trade
00:47:56 5.7 Vision 2030
00:48:52 5.8 Oil exploration
00:49:50 5.9 Child labour and prostitution
00:50:43 5.10 Microfinance in Kenya
00:52:44 6 Demographics
00:53:29 6.1 Ethnic groups
00:54:59 6.2 Languages
00:56:29 6.3 Urban centres
00:56:37 6.4 Religion
00:58:22 6.5 Health
01:02:58 6.6 Women
01:04:10 6.7 Education
01:07:53 7 Culture
01:08:39 7.1 Media
01:09:40 7.2 Literature
01:10:48 7.3 Music
01:12:55 7.4 Sports
01:17:27 7.5 Cuisine
01:18:37 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Kenya (; locally [ˈkɛɲa] (listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and south-west, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2 (224,445 sq mi) has a population of approximately 48 million. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and a critical inland port at Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret.
Kenya's geographical and topographical diversity yields a variety of climates, including a warm and humid coastline, temperate savannah grasslands in the interior, temperate and forested hilly areas in the west, arid and semi-arid areas near the Somali border and Lake Turkana, and an Equatorial climate around Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical freshwater lake. Kenya subsequently support an abundance of flora and fauna, many of which are protected by wildlife reserves and national parks, such as the East and West Tsavo National Park, Amboseli National Park, Maasai Mara, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park. The country is the birthplace of the modern safari and hosts several World Heritage Sites such as Lamu.
Kenya is part of the African Great Lakes region, which has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium C.E., the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Its territory was at the crossroads of the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic cultures, today representing most major ethnolinguistic groups in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of Kenya's population. Trade with the Arabs began in the first century C.E., leading to the introduction of Islam and Arab culture to coastal regions, and the development of a distinct Swahili culture. European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century, with the British Empire establishing a protectorate in 1895, followed by the Kenya Colony in 1920. Kenya gained independence in December 1963 but remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In relative terms, it has been relatively stable and democratic in the ensuing decades, albeit in ...
Kenya | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kenya
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Kenya (; locally [ˈkɛɲa] (listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and south-west, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2 (224,445 sq mi) has a population of approximately 48 million. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and a critical inland port at Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret.
Kenya's geographical and topographical diversity yields a variety of climates, including a warm and humid coastline, temperate savannah grasslands in the interior, temperate and forested hilly areas in the west, arid and semi-arid areas near the Somali border and Lake Turkana, and an Equatorial climate around Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical freshwater lake. Kenya subsequently support an abundance of flora and fauna, many of which are protected by wildlife reserves and national parks, such as the East and West Tsavo National Park, Amboseli National Park, Maasai Mara, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park. The country is the birthplace of the modern safari and hosts several World Heritage Sites such as Lamu.
Kenya is part of the African Great Lakes region, which has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium C.E., the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Its territory was at the crossroads of the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic cultures, today representing most major ethnolinguistic groups in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of Kenya's population. Trade with the Arabs began in the first century C.E., leading to the introduction of Islam and Arab culture to coastal regions, and the development of a distinct Swahili culture. European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century, with the British Empire establishing a protectorate in 1895, followed by the Kenya Colony in 1920. Kenya gained independence in December 1963 but remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In relative terms, it has been relatively stable and democratic in the ensuing decades, albeit intercepted by periods of authoritarianism and political violence, most recently in 2007. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors.
Kenya's economy is the largest in eastern and central Africa, with Nairobi serving as a major regional commercial hub. Agriculture is the largest sector; tea and coffee are traditional cash crops, while fresh flowers are a fast-growing export. The service industry is also a major economic driver, particularly tourism. Kenya is a member of the East African Community trade bloc, though some international trade organisations categorise it as part of the Greater Horn of Africa. Africa is Kenya's largest export market, followed by the European Union.
Kenya | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kenya
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Kenya (; locally [ˈkɛɲa] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and south-west, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2 (224,445 sq mi) has a population of approximately 48 million. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and a critical inland port at Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret.
Kenya's geographical and topographical diversity yields a variety of climates, including a warm and humid coastline, temperate savannah grasslands in the interior, temperate and forested hilly areas in the west, arid and semi-arid areas near the Somali border and Lake Turkana, and an Equatorial climate around Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical freshwater lake. Kenya subsequently support an abundance of flora and fauna, many of which are protected by wildlife reserves and national parks, such as the East and West Tsavo National Park, Amboseli National Park, Maasai Mara, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park. The country is the birthplace of the modern safari and hosts several World Heritage Sites such as Lamu.
Kenya is part of the African Great Lakes region, which has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium C.E., the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Its territory was at the crossroads of the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic cultures, today representing most major ethnolinguistic groups in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of Kenya's population. Trade with the Arabs began in the first century C.E., leading to the introduction of Islam and Arab culture to coastal regions, and the development of a distinct Swahili culture. European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century, with the British Empire establishing a protectorate in 1895, followed by the Kenya Colony in 1920. Kenya gained independence in December 1963 but remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In relative terms, it has been relatively stable and democratic in the ensuing decades, albeit intercepted by periods of authoritarianism and political violence, most recently in 2007. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors.
Kenya's economy is the largest in eastern and central Africa, with Nairobi serving as a major regional commercial hub. Agriculture is the largest sector; tea and coffee are traditional cash crops, while fresh flowers are a fast-growing export. The service industry is also a major economic driver, particularly tourism. Kenya is a member of the East African Community trade bloc, though some international trade organisations categorise it as part of the Greater Horn of Africa. Africa is Kenya's largest export market, followed by the European Union.