City Hall fountain will open by Halloween
Moscow | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moscow
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moscow (; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskvá, IPA: [mɐˈskva] (listen)) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17 million within the urban area. Moscow is one of Russia's federal cities.
Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city (both by population and by area) entirely on the European continent. By broader definitions Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the 14th largest metro area, the 18th largest agglomeration, the 14th largest urban area, and the 11th largest by population within city limits worldwide. According to Forbes 2013, Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world's largest urban economies, being ranked as an alpha global city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world according to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.
Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth. It is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe; the Federation Tower, the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe; and the Moscow International Business Center. By its territorial expansion on July 1 2012 southwest into the Moscow Oblast, the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people.Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, making it Europe's most populated inland city. The city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral with its colourful architectural style. With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders—more than any other major city—even before its expansion in 2012.
The city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation.
Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, a medieval city-fortress that is today the residence for work of the President of Russia. The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in the city. Moscow is considered the centre of Russian culture, having served as the home of Russian artists, scientists and sports figures and because of the presence of museums, academic and political institutions and theatres.
The city is served by a transit network, which includes four international airports, nine railway terminals, numerous trams, a monorail system and one of the deepest underground rapid transit systems in the world, the Moscow Metro, the fourth-largest in the world and largest outside Asia in terms of passenger numbers, and the busiest in Europe. It is recognised as one of the city's landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations.Moscow has acquired a number of epithets, most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The Third Rome (Третий Рим), the Whitestone One (Белокаменная), the First Throne (Первопрестольная), the Forty Soroks (Сорок Сороков) (sorok meaning both forty, a great many and a district or parish in Old Russian).
Moscow is also one of the twelve Hero Cities. The demonym for a Moscow res ...
Scenes of Petrograd (St Petersburg) after World War I and the Russian Revolution....HD Stock Footage
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Scenes of Petrograd (St Petersburg) after World War I and the Russian Revolution. U.S ship carrying relief supplies is docked.
Soon after World War 1, a tugboat leads two ships through narrow open water channel in frozen Russian bay. Buildings and trees in the far background. View of area covered with snow. Children wearing warm clothes stand in front of ship on which is written: 'Margus Newark USA'. An American flag flutters on the flag pole of the ship. The children pose for photograph. A cinematographer hand cranks his movie camera on a city street. Other men stand with him. Buildings along the sides of snow covered street. Location: Petrograd Russia. Date: 1919.
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Moscow City Russia
Description
Why a Video Blog-Public Relations Firm St. Petersburg.mov
Why a Video Blog-Public Relations Firm St. Petersburg. True Blue Communications' Principal and President Noelle Anderson explains why video blogs are important. For all your Public Relations and Marketing needs contact us now: Tel: (813) 380-0314 or visit our website at St. Petersburg area Public Relations Firm
Video Transcript:
Hi, I'm Noelle Anderson, Principal and President of True Blue Communications, a PR and Marketing Firm in Tampa, Florida. This right here is my first-ever video blog entry, which I'm going to be posting later on my website, truebluecommunications.com, and on YouTube at the channel truebluecomm. The goal of my video blog, or vlog as many people call it, is to provide informational tidbits that are relevant to the average business person in an interesting way - and, naturally, most of the topics will revolve around public relations and marketing.
So when I was trying to think of the first topic for my blog entry, I thought maybe it would be helpful to give some advantages of doing a video blog over doing a regular text blog, and I came up with four main reasons that I decided to do a video blog and these also will probably be applicable to most people, as well.
Number one, we are a video-watching society. The average person spends much more time every day watching movies and TV and online video than they do reading. Now, I may not be one of these people, but I think usually people would rather watch a two-minute video than spend more time reading a text blog.
Number two, video allows you to better connect with your audience. When you can see the person and hear them speak, you have a better sense of their personality versus when you're reading their writing. And, also, it usually increases understanding because some nuances like sarcasm maybe lost in text.
Number three, video blogs help you stand out from other bloggers. Things like attire, setting, lighting, music and graphics all allow for many more avenues of creativity than in text blogs.
And finally, video blogs allow you to better expand your audience and to improve your search engine optimization because of the various posting locations available online, like your company's website or your company's eNewsletter or eBlast, Facebook, YouTube, etc.
So there you have it - in a nutshell, video blogging allows me to do what my company is all about - stand out and be true. Thanks for watching.
Via Siberia! To Really Experience Russia! (ASL-AV002-0632)
A Travelogue of the 1970 Alaska Airline's inaugural flight from Alaska to Russia and Siberia. Filmmaker-Henry Portin. Color/Sound
Express to Russia Office, St. Petersburg, Russia
Welcome to Express to Russia. Meet our great managers and learn about our company. Express to Russia is the leading company for customized tours to Russia. We offer Moscow tours, St. Petersburg tours, Russian River Cruises, Russian train tickets and much much more. Contact us to see how we can help you plan the journey of a lifetime to Russia.
4. Peter the Great
European Civilization, 1648-1945 (HIST 202)
Peter the Great's historical significance stems not only from his military ambitions and the great expansion of the Russian Empire under his supervision, but also from his efforts to introduce secular, Western customs and ideas into Russian culture. Despite his notorious personal brutality, Peter's enthusiasm for science and modern intellectual concerns made an indelible mark both on Russia's relationship to the West and on its internal politics. The struggle under Peter's reign between Westernizers and Slavophiles, or those who resist foreign influences, can be seen at work in Russia up to the present day.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Peter the Great and the Territorial Expansion of Russia
07:37 - Chapter 2. Russia as a European Power: The Influence of the West on the Russian State
14:47 - Chapter 3. The Peculiarities of Peter the Great: The Peasant Czar
27:37 - Chapter 4. A New Culture: Divergences from the Russian Orthodox Religious Tradition
32:40 - Chapter 5. The Boyars: Junior Partners in Russian Absolutism
37:29 - Chapter 6. Peter the Great: The Ambivalent Child of European Rationalism
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website:
This course was recorded in Fall 2008.
Exploring St. Petersburg
This video is a part of The Russia Video Project for more information and to post comments visit
The day when Russia won ww2
Ah what a good time to celebrate when Russia beat the Nazis in World War II and saved the world. I'm happy to be a Russian and a American to I know it's little bit to early to post this but want to remember the memories on how we beat them. Leave a like and subscribe for more.
La dépouille du grand-duc russe Nicolas Nicolaïevich rentre à Moscou
Les restes du grand-duc Nicolas Nicolaïevich, l’oncle du dernier tsar Nicolas II, qui assumait la fonction de commandant suprême des armées impériales russes en 1914, et de son épouse Anastassia Nicolaïevna, ont quitté Paris après une cérémonie rituelle aux Invalides pour rejoindre Moscou où ils seront enterrés.
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Peter the Great
Peter the Great, Peter I or Pyotr Alexeyevich (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич, Пётр I, Pyotr I, or Пётр Вели́кий, Pyotr Velikiy) (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 – 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725) ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother. In numerous successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with one that was modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and based on The Enlightenment.
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VLOGGING WITH ABBY IN ST PETERSBURG FL
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สาวฝรั่งเกือบขาดอากาศตาย! ที่เมืองถ้ำโบราณ Vardzia [Lord of the Rings ในชีวิตจริง] [Ep.3]
Lord of the Rings เป็นหนังเรื่องโปรดของใครหลายๆคน วันนี้ผมจะพาเพื่อนๆไปยังถ้ำโบราณที่เขาให้ฉายาว่าเปรียบเสมือน Lord of the Rings ในชีวิตจริงนั้นคือ Vardzia นั้นเอง มีเหตุการณ์ที่ทำให้ผมตะลึงและช็อคสายตามากมาย หนึ่งในนั้นคือการที่มีสาวฝรั่งคนหนึ่งเรียกให้ผมช่วย เนื่องจากเขาเกือบขาดอากาศตายในถ้ำ จะเป็นอย่างไร ไปชมกันได้เลย
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Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
Russia's economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons ...
Vladimir Putin's Rise To Power - Full Documentary [HD] #Advexon
Vladimir Putin was born on October 7, 1952 in Leningrad. “I come from an ordinary family, and this is how I lived for a long time, nearly my whole life. I lived as an average, normal person and I have always maintained that connection,” Mr Putin recalls.
ladimir Putin’s mother, Maria Shelomova, was a very kind, benevolent person.
“We lived simply - cabbage soup, cutlets, pancakes, but on Sundays and holidays my Mom would bake very delicious stuffed buns [pirozhki] with cabbage, meat and rice, and curd tarts [vatrushki],” Mr Putin says.
His mother did not approve of his decision to do judo. “Every time I went to a practice session, she would grumble, ‘He’s off to his fights again.’” Things changed after Vladimir Putin’s coach visited his home and told his parents about what he did and what he achieved; the family’s attitude toward this sport changed.
His father, Vladimir Putin, participated in the war. In the 1950s, he worked as a security guard and later as a foreman at the carriage works.
“My father was born in St Petersburg in 1911. When World War I began, life in St Petersburg became hard, people were starving, so the entire family moved to Pominovo, a village in the Tver Region my grandmother came from. Incidentally, my relatives still vacation in the house where my grandparents lived. It was in Pominovo that my father met my mother, and they got married at the age of 17.”
After the war, the Putin family moved into a room in a communal apartment [kommunalka], in a typical St Petersburg dwelling house on Baskov Lane. Vladimir Putin recalls, “It was a building with a well-like yard. Fifth floor. No elevator. Before the war [World War II], my parents occupied half of the house in Peterhof and were very proud of the living standards they had achieved then. It wasn’t really much, but it seemed like an ultimate dream to them.”
School years
A troublemaker, not a Pioneer
Even before he finished school, Vladimir Putin wanted to work in intelligence. He went to a public reception office of the KGB Directorate to find out how to become an intelligence officer. There, he was told that first, he would have to either serve in the army or complete college, preferably with a degree in law.
“And from that moment, I began preparing myself to enter the law department at Leningrad State University,” Mr Putin notes.
In 1970, Vladimir Putin was admitted to law department at Leningrad State University. “We had a class of 100 people, and only 10 of them entered immediately after high school, the rest had already completed military service. So for us, the high-school graduates, only one out of 40 was admitted. I got four out of five for the essay, but top marks for everything else, so I passed.”
“When I began studying at the university, new goals and new values emerged. I mainly focused on studies, and began seeing sports as secondary. But, of course, I trained on a regular basis and participated in nation-wide competitions, almost out of habit.”
After graduating from Leningrad State University, Putin was assigned to work in the state security agencies. “My perception of the KGB was based on the idealistic stories I heard about intelligence.”
He was first appointed to the Directorate secretariat, then the counterintelligence division, where he worked for about five months. Half a year later, he was sent to operations personnel retraining courses.
Mr Putin spent another six months working in the counterintelligence division.
That was when he drew attention from foreign intelligence officers. “Fairly quickly, I left for special training in Moscow, where I spent a year. Then I returned again to Leningrad, worked there in the First Main Directorate – the intelligence service. That directorate had branches in major cities of the Soviet Union, including Leningrad. I worked there for about four and a half years.”
Then Mr Putin returned again to Moscow to study at the Andropov Red Banner Institute, where he was trained for his trip to Germany.
In 1960-1968, Vladimir Putin attended Primary School No. 193 in Leningrad. After the eighth grade, he entered High School No. 281, a chemistry-focused magnet school under the aegis of a technology institute, completing his studies there in 1970.
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LIVE Protesters take to Baltimore's city hall over Freddie Gray’s death
A second rally to call for justice for Freddie Gray, who died in police custody, is set to take place outside Baltimore's city hall on April 25. Protesters are due to march from the Gilmore Homes complex, where Gray was arrested on April 19.
Protesters are demanding the punishment of the officers involved in the arrest of 25-year-old Gray, who reportedly sustained severe injuries while being transported in a police vehicle. A spinal injury eventually lead to his death.
Police officers Lt. Brian Rice, Sgt. Alicia White, Officer Caesar Goodson, Officer William Porter, Officer Garrett Miller and Officer Edward Nero have been identified as being involved in Gray’s arrest.
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Siege of Leningrad | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Siege of Leningrad
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Siege of Leningrad (Блокада Ленинграда) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany against the Russian city of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) on the Eastern Front in World War II. The Finnish army invaded from the north, co-operating with the Germans until they had recaptured territory lost in the recent Winter War, but refused to make further approaches to the city.
The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last road to the city was severed. Although the Soviet forces managed to open a narrow land corridor to the city on 18 January 1943, the siege was not lifted until 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It was one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history, and possibly the costliest in casualties suffered. Some historians classify it as genocide.
The Queen has private cash machine at Buckingham Palace, TV show reveals
The Queen has opened up her home for a new series which reveals she has a cash machine at the Palace. The surprise revelation comes in the first episode of a four-part series – Secrets Of The Royal Palaces – to be shown later this month on Channel 5. While the monarch is said to never carry cash, the show points out that Coutts, the upmarket bank favoured by the royals, has installed an ATM at Buckingham Palace. But the film does not reveal whether the sovereign has ever used it. The documentary visits all of the royal palaces, with new details about Windsor Castle, Balmoral and Clarence House. It features contributions from royal observers, former press officers, society designer Nicky Haslam, and former butler to Charles and Camilla, Grant Harrold. Buckingham Palace is the focus for most of the first episode. Built by the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 and later extended, it has 775 rooms, 52 bedrooms and 78 bathrooms. It is managed by 188 members of the Royal Household who look after the Queen and Prince Phillip. The Queen describes it as her “office”. Such is the grandeur of the Palace that the ceiling in the famous ballroom is the “height of three double-decker buses”. There is a staff Post Office together with a doctor’s surgery which is able to perform “emergency operations”. Staff can also use a swimming pool, reveals Dickie Arbiter, former press officer to the Queen. He said he would take an occasional dip himself while working there. There used to be a bar in the Palace but it was closed after some members of staff were too often “the worse for wear”, claims Arbiter. “They had to get rid,” he said. There is also footage of a balcony scene in which Prince William was “admonished” by the Queen for bending over to talk to Prince George as they waited for a fly-past. The Queen, looking less than amused, is seen directly talking to her grandson. The show recalls how actors Sir Ian McKellen and Dame Helen Mirren once discovered The Throne Room during a palace function. “We sat on them. It brings out the worst in you, Buckingham Palace,” said Sir Ian. ● Secrets of the Royal Palaces is on Channel 5 on Wednesday, September 25, 9pm.
Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:32 1 Etymology
00:08:41 2 History
00:08:51 2.1 Early history
00:10:56 2.2 Kievan Rus'
00:14:52 2.3 Grand Duchy of Moscow
00:17:32 2.4 Tsardom of Russia
00:22:40 2.5 Imperial Russia
00:29:11 2.6 February Revolution and Russian Republic
00:31:01 2.7 Soviet Russia and civil war
00:32:50 2.8 Soviet Union
00:37:29 2.8.1 World War II
00:41:28 2.8.2 Cold War
00:46:28 2.9 Russian Federation
00:52:03 3 Politics
00:52:13 3.1 Governance
00:54:43 3.2 Foreign relations
01:00:35 3.3 Military
01:04:04 3.4 Political divisions
01:07:27 4 Geography
01:08:51 4.1 Topography
01:13:30 4.2 Climate
01:16:04 4.3 Biodiversity
01:17:30 5 Economy
01:26:22 5.1 Corruption
01:29:29 5.2 Agriculture
01:32:05 5.3 Energy
01:35:09 5.4 Transport
01:40:52 5.5 Science and technology
01:48:14 5.6 Space exploration
01:50:29 5.7 Water supply and sanitation
01:51:21 6 Demographics
01:57:01 6.1 Largest cities
01:57:11 6.2 Ethnic groups
01:57:41 6.3 Language
01:59:20 6.4 Religion
02:11:26 6.5 Health
02:13:42 6.6 Education
02:15:56 7 Culture
02:16:06 7.1 Folk culture and cuisine
02:20:06 7.2 Architecture
02:24:14 7.3 Visual arts
02:27:49 7.4 Music and dance
02:31:04 7.5 Literature and philosophy
02:35:14 7.6 Cinema, animation and media
02:39:41 7.7 Sports
02:47:57 7.8 National holidays and symbols
02:52:37 7.9 Tourism
02:56:04 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7925987386990176
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. However, Russia recognises two more countries that border it, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both of which are internationally recognized as parts of Georgia.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on th ...