Masjid Ibrahim

Q&A Session on Burqa at Masjid Ibrahim

National Mosque Open Day at Masjid Ibrahim Southern River

Being Charitable [Jumu'ah - Australia] - Shaykh Khabbaab Ahmad

A very inspiring and motivational Talk & Khutbah delivered by the Respected Shaykh on Friday 4th July 2014 in Masjid Ibrahim, Perth AUSTRALIA to a very large crowd

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Spinosaurus fishes for prey | Planet Dinosaur | BBC

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John Hurts tells the stories of the biggest, deadliest and weirdest Dinosaurs ever to walk the Earth. Massive carnivorous hunter Spinosaurus hunts the giant fresh water fish Onchopristis.

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The Best of Israel

More info at We start in Jerusalem, alive with religious tradition and passion — Christian, Muslim, and Jewish. We then visit cosmopolitan Tel Aviv, with its in-love-with-life beaches; ponder the sad fortress of Masada; and join pilgrims at biblical sights around the Sea of Galilee. We'll also pay our respects at the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial, drop into an Orthodox Jewish neighborhood, and savor the local cuisine. | © 2014 Rick Steves' Europe

At you'll find money-saving travel tips, small-group tours, guidebooks, TV shows, radio programs, podcasts, and more on this destination.

Prayer on the night of Ramadan -- Prière lors de la nuit du Ramadan

WHAT IS ISLAM?
Islam is not a new religion, but the same truth that God revealed through all His prophets to every people. For a fourth of the world's population, Islam is both a religion
and a complete way of life. Muslims follow a religion of peace, mercy, and
forgiveness, and the majority have nothing to do with the extremely grave events
which have come to be associated with their faith. This is a unique religion with a name
which signifies a moral attitude and a way of life. What most people fail to realize is the
names of most all religions are named after people or places. For example Judaism
takes its name from the tribe of Judah, Christianity from Jesus Christ, Buddhism
from Gautama Buddha, Hinduism from Indus River. Marxism after Karl Marx, and
Confucianism after Confucius and etc. Islam is not named after a place nor does Islam
take its name from a person. That is one aspect of this religion that makes it universal.
The Arabic word Islam means peace and submission or surrender of one's will to the
will of the one true God. Anyone who does indeed submit to the will of God as
required by Islam is termed as Muslim.

WHO ARE THE MUSLIMS?
Over 1.6 billion people from a vast range of races, nationalities and cultures across the
globe -- from the southern Philippines to Nigeria -- are united by their common Islamic
faith. Less than 15% live in the Arab world; the world's largest Muslim community is in
Indonesia; substantial parts of Asia and most of Africa are Muslim, while significant
growth can be found in Russia, China, North and South America, Europe, Australia
and New Zealand. In fact Islam is the fastest growing religion in United States and
the World.

WHAT DO MUSLIMS BELIEVE?
Muslims believe in One Unique, Incomparable God; in the Angels created by Him; in
the prophets through whom His revelations were brought to mankind; in the Day of
Judgment and individual accountability for actions; in God's complete authority over
human destiny and in life after death. Muslims believe in a chain of prophets starting
with Adam and including Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Moses,
Aaron, David, Solomon, Elias, Jonah, John the Baptist, and Jesus, peace be upon
them. But God's final message to man, a reconfirmation of the eternal message and a
summing-up of all that has gone before was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through Gabriel. They all brought the same message: worship only God, and stop worshipping human beings and their ideas.
♥♥♥♥
Learn More About Islam♥♥♥
knowingallah.com

Maiduguri

Maiduguri, also called Yerwa by its locals, is the capital and the largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria. The city sits along the seasonal Ngadda River which disappears into the Firki swamps in the areas around Lake Chad. Maiduguri was founded in 1907 as a military outpost by the British and has since grown rapidly with a population exceeding a million by 2007.


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2010 Pakistan floods

The floods in Pakistan began in late July 2010, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab and, Balochistan regions of Pakistan, which affected the Indus River basin. Approximately one-fifth of Pakistan's total land area was underwater, approximately 796,095 square kilometres. According to Pakistani government data, the floods directly affected about 20 million people, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure, with a death toll of close to 2,000.
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon had initially asked for US$460 million for emergency relief, noting that the flood was the worst disaster he had ever seen. Only 20% of the relief funds requested had been received on 15 August 2010. The U.N. had been concerned that aid was not arriving fast enough, and the World Health Organization reported that ten million people were forced to drink unsafe water. The Pakistani economy was harmed by extensive damage to infrastructure and crops. Damage to structures was estimated to exceed US$4 billion, and wheat crop damages were estimated to be over US$500 million. Total economic impact may have been as much as US$43 billion.


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Motorists stranded along Mombasa road for more than 12 hours due to heavy snarl-up

Motorists travelling from Mombasa to Nairobi were stranded for more than 12 hours along Mombasa road following a heavy traffic jam stretching over 50 kilometres. The snarl-up is said to have been caused by a truck which got stuck in a muddy stretch on a diversion at Taru area, blocking off the road.

The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan by Winston S. Churchill

When the self-proclaimed Mahdi (“Guided One”) gathered Islamic forces and kicked the Anglo-Egyptians out of the Sudan, he unleashed a backlash. With the image of the heroic General Charles Gordon dying at Khartoum, the British public was ready to support a war to reclaim the lost territories. And when the political time was right, a British-Egyptian-Sudanese expedition led by the redoubtable Herbert Kitchener set out to do just that.

The river involved was the Nile. For millennia, its annual flood has made habitable a slender strip, though hundreds of miles of deserts, between its tributaries and its delta. Through this desolate region, man and beast struggled to supply the bare essentials of life. Though this same region, the expedition had to find and defeat an enemy several times larger than itself.

The young Churchill was hot to gain war experience to aid his career, and so he wangled a transfer to the 21st Lancers and participated in the last successful cavalry charge the world ever saw, in the climactic battle of Omdurman. He also had a position as war correspondent for the Morning Post, and on his return to England he used his notes to compose this book.

Chapter 01. The Rebellion of the Mahdi - 00:00
Chapter 02. The Fate of the Envoy - 1:24:09
Chapter 03. The Dervish Empire - 2:45:41
Chapter 04. The Years of Preparation - 3:33:13
Chapter 05. The Beginning of the War - 4:15:26
Chapter 06. Firket - 5:00:59
Chapter 07. The Recovery of the Dongola Province - 5:21:57
Chapter 08. The Desert Railway - 6:15:20
Chapter 09. Abu Hamed - 7:04:52
Chapter 10. Berber - 7:46:23
Chapter 11. Reconaissance - 8:22:42
Chapter 12. The Battle of the Atbara - 8:52:56
Chapter 13. The Grand Advance - 9:21:50
Chapter 14. The Operations of the First of September - 9:50:47
Chapter 15. The Battle of Omdurman - 10:17:57
Chapter 16. The Fall of the City - 11:34:01
Chapter 17. The Fashoda Incident - 11:55:29
Chapter 18. On the Blue Nile - 12:28:57
Chapter 19. The End of the Khalifa - 13:12:58
Appendix - 13:54:27

#025 | Sejarah Babylon | Ustaz Auni Mohamad | April 2016

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Libya

Libya (Arabic: ‏ليبيا‎ Lībyā), (Amazigh: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ Libya), officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the 17th largest country in the world.
The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fifth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Equatorial Guinea, Seychelles, Gabon, and Botswana. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.


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History of the Jews in Iraq | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Iraq

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
The history of the Jews in Iraq (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים‬, Babylonian Jews, Yehudim Bavlim, Arabic: اليهود العراقيون‎ al-Yahūd al-ʿIrāqiyyūn), is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity c. 586 BC. Iraqi Jews constitute one of the world's oldest and most historically significant Jewish communities.
The Jewish community of Babylon included Ezra the scribe, whose return to Judea in the late 6th century BC is associated with significant changes in Jewish ritual observance and the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. The Talmud was compiled in Babylonia, identified with modern Iraq.From the Babylonian period to the rise of the Islamic caliphate, the Jewish community of Babylon thrived as the center of Jewish learning. The Mongol invasion and Islamic discrimination in the Middle Ages led to its decline. Under the Ottoman Empire, the Jews of Iraq fared better. The community established modern schools in the second half of the 19th century. Driven by persecution, which saw many of the leading Jewish families of Baghdad flee for the Indian subcontinent, and expanding trade with British colonies the Jews of Iraq established a trading diaspora in Asia known as the Baghdadi Jews.In the 20th century, Iraqi Jews played an important role in the early days of Iraq's independence. Between 1950–52, 120,000–130,000 of the Iraqi Jewish community (around 75%) reached Israel in Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.The religious and cultural traditions of Iraqi Jews are still kept alive today in by strong communities now established in the State of Israel, especially in Or Yehuda, Givyatayim and Kiryat Gat. As of 2014 more than 229,900 Israelis were of Iraqi Jewish descent. Smaller communities upholding Iraqi Jewish traditions in the Jewish Diaspora exist in Britain, Australia, Singapore, Canada and the United States.

Druze | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:02:23 1 Location
00:03:12 2 History
00:03:21 2.1 Etymology
00:05:52 2.2 Early history
00:08:25 2.3 Closing of the faith
00:10:07 2.4 During the Crusades
00:11:49 2.5 Persecution during the Mamluk and Ottoman period
00:13:33 2.6 Ma'an dynasty
00:17:52 2.7 Shihab Dynasty
00:19:28 2.8 Qaysites and the Yemenites
00:20:22 2.9 Civil War of 1860
00:22:04 2.10 Rebellion in Hauran
00:22:49 3 Modern history
00:23:30 3.1 In Syria
00:28:39 3.2 In Lebanon
00:30:31 3.3 In Israel
00:31:28 3.4 In Jordan
00:31:44 4 Beliefs
00:31:52 4.1 God
00:33:51 4.2 Scriptures
00:34:16 4.3 Reincarnation
00:35:10 4.4 Pact of Time Custodian
00:36:07 4.5 Sanctuaries
00:36:23 4.6 Esotericism
00:37:27 4.7 Seven Druze precepts
00:38:13 4.8 Taqiyya
00:38:53 4.9 Other beliefs
00:39:24 5 Religious symbol
00:40:51 6 Prayer houses and holy places
00:41:51 7 Initiates and ignorant members
00:44:53 8 Culture
00:45:01 8.1 Cuisine
00:45:41 9 Origins
00:45:49 9.1 Ethnic origins
00:45:58 9.1.1 Arabian hypothesis
00:47:05 9.1.2 Druze as a mixture of Middle Eastern tribes
00:48:50 9.1.3 Iturean hypothesis
00:49:31 9.2 Genetics
00:53:04 10 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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Speaking Rate: 0.9934845800889014
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Druze (; Arabic: درزي‎ darzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz; Hebrew: דרוזי‎ drūzī plural דרוזים, druzim) are an Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group originating in Western Asia who self-identify as Al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. The People of Monotheism). Jethro of Midian is considered an ancestor of all people from the Mountain of Druze region, who revere him as their spiritual founder and chief prophet. It is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based on the teachings of Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad and the sixth Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle.The Epistles of Wisdom is the foundational text of the Druze faith. The Druze faith incorporates elements of the Isma'ili sect of Shia Islam, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism, Pythagoreanism, Hinduism, and other philosophies and beliefs, creating a distinct and secretive theology known to interpret esoterically religious scriptures, and to highlight the role of the mind and truthfulness. The Druze follow theophany, and believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul. At the end of the cycle of rebirth, which is achieved through successive reincarnations, the soul is united with the Cosmic Mind (al-ʿAql al-kullī).Although dwarfed by other, larger communities, the Druze community played an important role in shaping the history of the Levant, where it continues to play a large political role. As a religious minority in every country, they have frequently experienced persecution, except in Lebanon and Israel, where Druze judges, parliamentarians, diplomats, and doctors occupy the highest echelons of society. Even though the faith originally developed out of Ismaili Islam, Druze are not considered Muslims, although Al Azhar of Egypt recognizes them as one of the Islamic sects akin to Shia. Fatimid caliph Ali az-Zahir, whose father al-Hakim is a key figure in the Druze faith, was particularly harsh, causing the death of many Druze in Antioch, Aleppo, and northern Syria. Persecution flared up during the rule of the Mamluks and Ottomans. Most recently, Druze were targeted by the ISIL and Al-Qaeda in order to cleanse Syria and neighboring countries of non-Islamic influence.The Druze faith is one of the major religious groups in the Levant, with between 800,000 and a million adherents. They are found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, with small communities in Jordan and parts of Southwestern Asia. The oldest and most densely-populated Druze communities exist in Mount Lebanon and in the south of Syria around Jabal al-Druze (literally the Mountain of th ...

Iran–Iraq War | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:02:37 1 Terminology
00:03:48 2 Background
00:03:58 2.1 Iran–Iraq relations
00:04:52 2.2 After the Iranian Revolution
00:08:43 2.3 Iraqi preparations
00:10:44 2.4 Iranian preparations
00:15:04 2.5 Border conflicts leading to war
00:16:52 3 Course of the war
00:17:02 3.1 1980: Iraqi invasion
00:23:18 3.1.1 First Battle of Khorramshahr
00:25:12 3.1.2 Iraqi advance stalls
00:27:23 3.2 1981: Stalemate
00:28:51 3.2.1 Battle of Dezful
00:32:01 3.2.2 Attack on H3
00:33:48 3.2.3 Introduction of the human wave attack
00:37:16 3.2.4 Operation Eighth Imam
00:38:25 3.2.5 Operation Tariq al-Qods
00:39:55 3.3 1982: Iraqi retreat, Iranian offensive
00:41:12 3.3.1 Operation Undeniable Victory
00:43:11 3.3.2 Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas
00:45:36 3.3.2.1 Liberation of Khorramshahr (Second Battle of Khorramshahr)
00:46:56 3.3.3 State of Iraqi armed forces
00:49:20 3.3.4 International response in 1982
00:55:09 3.3.5 Ceasefire proposal
00:58:25 3.3.6 Iran invades Iraq
00:58:34 3.3.6.1 Iraqi tactics against Iranian invasion
01:02:29 3.3.6.2 Operation Ramadan (First Battle of Basra)
01:06:56 3.3.6.3 Fighting during the rest of 1982
01:09:02 3.4 1983–84: Strategic stalemate and war of attrition
01:10:42 3.4.1 Operation Before the Dawn
01:12:39 3.4.2 Dawn Operations
01:16:44 3.4.3 Iran's change in tactics
01:20:28 3.4.4 Battle of the Marshes
01:25:16 3.4.5 Tanker War and the War of the Cities
01:25:57 3.4.5.1 Attacks on shipping
01:31:43 3.4.5.2 Attacks on cities
01:35:45 3.4.6 Strategic situation in 1984
01:37:03 3.5 1985–86: Offensives and retreats
01:38:54 3.5.1 Operation Badr
01:42:13 3.5.2 Strategic situation at the beginning of 1986
01:46:09 3.5.3 First Battle of al-Faw
01:49:33 3.5.4 Battle of Mehran
01:51:28 3.5.5 Strategic situation at the end of 1986
01:55:07 3.5.5.1 Iraq's dynamic defense strategy
01:59:06 3.6 1987–88: Towards a ceasefire
02:00:53 3.6.1 Karbala operations
02:01:02 3.6.1.1 Operation Karbala-4
02:02:21 3.6.1.2 Operation Karbala-5 (Sixth Battle of Basra)
02:03:11 3.6.1.3 Operation Karbala-6
02:04:15 3.6.2 Iranian war-weariness
02:08:17 3.6.2.1 Strategic situation in late 1987
02:11:16 3.6.2.2 Air and tanker war in 1987
02:17:46 3.6.3 1988: Iraqi offensives and UN ceasefire
02:19:44 3.6.3.1 Iran's Kurdistan Operations
02:22:34 3.6.3.2 Second Battle of al-Faw
02:25:09 3.6.3.3 Operation Praying Mantis
02:26:05 3.6.3.4 Iranian counteroffensive
02:27:07 3.6.3.5 Operation Forty Stars
02:27:58 3.6.3.6 Tawakalna ala Allah operations
02:32:20 3.6.3.7 Iran accepts the ceasefire
02:36:39 3.6.4 Operation Mersad and end of the war
02:42:12 4 Aftermath
02:46:17 4.1 Peace talks and postwar situation
02:54:38 4.2 Economic situation
02:57:05 4.3 Science and technology
02:58:31 5 Domestic situation
02:58:42 5.1 Iraq
03:01:14 5.1.1 Gaining civilian support
03:03:17 5.2 Iran
03:05:08 5.2.1 Civil unrest
03:06:44 5.2.2 Economy
03:10:09 6 Comparison of Iraqi and Iranian military strength
03:11:48 7 Foreign support to Iraq and Iran
03:16:34 7.1 Iraq
03:19:15 7.1.1 Financial support
03:20:51 7.2 Iran
03:22:24 7.3 Both countries
03:24:26 8 U.S. involvement
03:25:09 8.1 U.S. embargo
03:27:20 8.2 Iraqi attack on U.S. warship
03:28:57 8.3 U.S. military actions toward Iran
03:30:40 8.3.1 U.S. shoots down civilian airliner
03:32:07 9 Iraq's use of chemical weapons
03:38:14 10 Differences from other conflicts
03:45:06 11 Iran and Iraq's Modern Relationship



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

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Speaking Rate: 0.8264839729753404
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq, beginning on 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, and ending on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the UN-brokered ceasefire. Iraq wanted to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state, and was worried that the 1979 Iranian Revolution would lead Iraq's Shi'ite ...

Arab | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Arab

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Arabs (; Arabic: عَرَب‎ ISO 233 ‘arab, Arabic pronunciation [ˈʕarab] (listen)) are a population inhabiting the Arab world. They primarily live in the Arab states in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and western Indian Ocean islands. They also form a significant diaspora, with Arab communities established around the world. Arabs are the world's second largest ethnic group.
The first mention of Arabs is from the mid-ninth century BCE as a tribal people in eastern and southern Syria, and the north of the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabs appear to have been under the vassalage of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–612 BCE), and the succeeding Neo-Babylonian (626–539 BCE), Achaemenid (539–332 BCE), Seleucid and Parthian empires. Arab tribes, most notably the Ghassanids and Lakhmids, begin to appear in the southern Syrian Desert from the mid 3rd century CE onward, during the mid to later stages of the Roman and Sasanian empires. Tradition holds that Arabs descend from Ishmael, the son of Abraham. The Arabian Desert is the birthplace of Arab, as well other Arab groups that spread in the land and existed for millennia.Before the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), Arab referred to any of the largely nomadic and settled Semitic people from the Arabian Peninsula, Syrian Desert, North and Lower Mesopotamia. Today, Arab refers to a large number of people whose native regions form the Arab world due to the spread of Arabs and the Arabic language throughout the region during the early Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries and the subsequent Arabisation of indigenous populations. The Arabs forged the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517) and the Fatimid (901–1071) caliphates, whose borders reached southern France in the west, China in the east, Anatolia in the north, and the Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history. In the early 20th century, the First World War signalled the end of the Ottoman Empire; which had ruled much of the Arab world since conquering the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517. This resulted in the defeat and dissolution of the empire and the partition of its territories, forming the modern Arab states. Following the adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945. The Charter of the Arab League endorsed the principle of an Arab homeland whilst respecting the individual sovereignty of its member states.Today, Arabs primarily inhabit the 22 Arab states within the Arab League: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. The Arab world stretches around 13 million km2, from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. Beyond the boundaries of the League of Arab States, Arabs can also be found in the global diaspora. The ties that bind Arabs are ethnic, linguistic, cultural, historical, identical, nationalist, geographical and political. The Arabs have their own customs, language, architecture, art, literature, music, dance, media, cuisine, dress, society, sports and mythology. The total number of Arabs are an estimated 450 million.Arabs are a diverse group in terms of religious affiliations and practices. In the pre-Islamic era, most Arabs followed polytheistic religions. Some tribes had adopted Christianity or Judaism, and a few individuals, the hanifs, apparently observed monotheism. Today, about 93% of Arabs are adherents of Islam, and there are sizable Christian minorities. Arab Muslims primarily belong to the Sunni, Shiite, Ibadi, and Alawite denominations. Arab Christians generally follow one of the Eastern Christian Churches, such as the Greek Orthodox ...

Eritrea | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Eritrea

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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SUMMARY
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Eritrea (; ( listen)), , officially the State of Eritrea is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its toponym Eritrea is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890.
Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country, with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 5 million. Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family, either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches. Among these communities, the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population, with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants. In addition, there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities. Most people in the territory adhere to Christianity or Islam.The Kingdom of Aksum, covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, was established during the first or second centuries AD. It adopted Christianity around the middle of the fourth century. In medieval times much of Eritrea fell under the Medri Bahri kingdom, with a smaller region being part of Hamasien.
The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. After the defeat of the Italian colonial army in 1942, Eritrea was administered by the British Military Administration until 1952. Following the UN General Assembly decision, in 1952, Eritrea would govern itself with a local Eritrean parliament but for foreign affairs and defense it would enter into a federal status with Ethiopia for a period of 10 years. However, in 1962 the government of Ethiopia annulled the Eritrean parliament and formally annexed Eritrea. But the Eritreans that argued for complete Eritrean independence since the ouster of the Italians in 1941, anticipated what was coming and in 1960 organized the Eritrean Liberation Front in opposition. In 1991, after 30 years of continuous armed struggle for independence, the Eritrean liberation fighters entered the capital city, Asmara, in victory.
Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have never been held since independence. According to Human Rights Watch, the Eritrean government's human rights record is among the worst in the world. The Eritrean government has dismissed these allegations as politically motivated. The compulsory military service requires long, indefinite conscription periods, which some Eritreans leave the country to avoid. Because all local media is state-owned, Eritrea was also ranked as having the second-least press freedom in the global Press Freedom Index, behind only North Korea.
The sovereign state of Eritrea is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, and is an observer in the Arab League alongside Brazil, Venezuela, India and Turkey.

Eritrea | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Eritrea

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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- increases imagination and understanding
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
Eritrea (; ( listen)), , officially the State of Eritrea is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its toponym Eritrea is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890.
Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country, with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 5 million. Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family, either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches. Among these communities, the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population, with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants. In addition, there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities. Most people in the territory adhere to Christianity or Islam.The Kingdom of Aksum, covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, was established during the first or second centuries AD. It adopted Christianity around the middle of the fourth century. In medieval times much of Eritrea fell under the Medri Bahri kingdom, with a smaller region being part of Hamasien.
The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. After the defeat of the Italian colonial army in 1942, Eritrea was administered by the British Military Administration until 1952. Following the UN General Assembly decision, in 1952, Eritrea would govern itself with a local Eritrean parliament but for foreign affairs and defense it would enter into a federal status with Ethiopia for a period of 10 years. However, in 1962 the government of Ethiopia annulled the Eritrean parliament and formally annexed Eritrea. But the Eritreans that argued for complete Eritrean independence since the ouster of the Italians in 1941, anticipated what was coming and in 1960 organized the Eritrean Liberation Front in opposition. In 1991, after 30 years of continuous armed struggle for independence, the Eritrean liberation fighters entered the capital city, Asmara, in victory.
Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have never been held since independence. According to Human Rights Watch, the Eritrean government's human rights record is among the worst in the world. The Eritrean government has dismissed these allegations as politically motivated. The compulsory military service requires long, indefinite conscription periods, which some Eritreans leave the country to avoid. Because all local media is state-owned, Eritrea was also ranked as having the second-least press freedom in the global Press Freedom Index, behind only North Korea.
The sovereign state of Eritrea is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, and is an observer in the Arab League alongside Brazil, Venezuela, India and Turkey.

Somalia | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Somalia

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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SUMMARY
=======
Somalia ( so-MAH-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال‎, translit. aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Federal Republic of Somalia (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; Arabic: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية‎, translit. Jumhūrīyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirālīyah; Italian: Repubblica Federale di Somalia), is a sovereign state with its territory located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Guardafui Channel and Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. It is separated from Socotra by the Guardafui Channel in the northeast. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Climatically, hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.In terms of culture, religion, ethnicity and linguistics, it has been described as the only and the most homogeneous country in Africa. Somalia has an estimated population of around 14.3 million. Around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis, who have historically inhabited the northern part of the country. Ethnic minorities are largely concentrated in the southern regions. The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic, both of which belong to the Afroasiatic family. Most people in the country are Muslim, with the majority being Sunni.In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial centre. It is among the most probable locations of the fabled ancient Land of Punt. During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Warsangali Sultanate, and the Sultanate of the Geledi.
In the late 19th century, through a succession of treaties with these kingdoms, the British and Italian empires gained control of parts of the coast and established the colonies of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland. In the interior, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's movement repelled the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region, before succumbing to defeat in 1920 by British airpower. The toponym Somalia was coined by the Italian explorer Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti (1855–1926). Italy acquired full control of the northeastern, central and southern parts of the area after successfully waging the so-called Campaign of the Sultanates against the ruling Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo. Italian occupation lasted until 1941, yielding to British military administration. British Somaliland would remain a protectorate, while Italian Somaliland in 1949 became a United Nations Trusteeship under Italian administration, the Trust Territory of Somaliland. In 1960, the two regions united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government.The Supreme Revolutionary Council seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic. Led by Mohamed Siad Barre, this government later collapsed in 1991 as the Somali Civil War broke out. Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum, particularly in the south. During this period, due to the absence of a central government, Somalia was a failed state, and residents returned to customary and religious law in most regions. A few autonomous regions, including the Somaliland and Puntland administrations, emerged in the north. The early 2000s saw the creation of fledgling interim federal administrations. The Transitional National Government (TNG) was established in 2000, followed by the formation of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004, which reestablished national institutions such as the military. In 2006, the TFG, assisted by Ethiopian troops, assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups such as Al-Shabaab, which battled the TFG and its AMISOM allies for control ...