Art And Life In Italy 221314-10X.mp4 | Footage Farm
Footage Farm is a historical audio-visual library. The footage in this video constitutes an unedited historical document and has been uploaded for research purposes. Some viewers may find the archive material upsetting. Footage Farm does not condone the views expressed in this video.
Well dressed woman, girl & two boys in art museum w/ statues, paintings & objects; looking at Italian painting of Madonna & Child.
View of Italian mountain village in middle distance. Man painting on easel among trees; Roman ruin being painted in watercolors.
Italian square w/ Roman statues & large Baroque buildings; Travei fountain; tourists at sidewalk cafe, pedestrians & waiters w/ guitar player playing at table. People into church; guide showing couple ext. of large church & Classical ruins. Map showing Rome.
Roman arch, people looking; Colosseum / Coliseum & Pantheon w/ people past. St. Peter Cathedral. Victor Emmanuel Monument; high angle of early Christian church exteriior. Interior w/ mosaics of Christ. CU showing stones & glass.
Man constructing large mosaic, putting stones into grout. Man plastering wall & colors painted for fresco. Interior of frescoes in Chapel painted by Giotto.
Map showing Florence; LS of city w/ dome on church. Tilt down front of Renaissance church. Baptistry east doors by Ghiberti, LS & CU.
LS across square w/ Statue in center (Moses?). Medici Palace in Florence, people walking past. Int. of rooms w/ paintings, wall coverings. CU of paintings. Religious subjects by Rafael; Adoration of the Magi in LS & CUs including of Botticelli.
Stone carvings of Singing Angels by Della Robbia; actual choir boys singing. Stone carving. Carvings by Michelangelo; Moses combining Classical w/ Renaissance. Italian stone carver carving marble & quarry at Carrara (LS & MS).
St. Marks Cathedral in Venice; Santa Maria della Salute. Painting of Santa Maria dell Salute. Paintings of Venice scenes seen by artists; actual Venice w/ gondola. Fountains & gardens of Italy. Artists painting, sculpting. Various scenes summarizing. The End.
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Florence: Heart of the Renaissance
Rick Steves' Europe Travel Guide | Fifteenth-century Florence was the home of the Renaissance and the birthplace of our modern world. In this first of two episodes, we'll gaze into the self-assured eyes of Michelangelo's David, enjoy Botticelli's Birth of Venus, delve into the 3-D wonders of Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise, appreciate Fra Angelico's serene beauty, and climb the dome that kicked off the Renaissance. Then we'll cross the Arno to where Florentine artisans live, work, and eat...very well.
© 2012 Rick Steves' Europe
Art I: Medieval 500–1400, with Rick Steves
Subscribe at for more new travel lectures! A.D. 500: Rome shatters into a thousand kingdoms. See how Europe pieces itself back together: the castles of the Dark Ages, the grandeur of Romanesque churches, the soaring arches and stained glass of the Gothic style, and the rise of cities and trade that would bring the classical world’s “rebirth” in the Renaissance. Download the PDF handout for this talk:
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This talk was filmed during the Rick Steves European Travel Festival on Nov. 1, 2015. Any special promotions mentioned are no longer valid.
Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence, Tuscany, Italy, Europe
The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the principal Franciscan church in Florence, Italy, and a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church. It is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres south-east of the Duomo. The site, when first chosen, was in marshland outside the city walls. It is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Gentile and Rossini, thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories (Tempio dell'Itale Glorie). The Basilica is the largest Franciscan church in the world. Its most notable features are its sixteen chapels, many of them decorated with frescoes by Giotto and his pupils, and its tombs and cenotaphs. Legend says that Santa Croce was founded by St Francis himself. The construction of the current church, to replace an older building, was begun on 12 May 1294, possibly by Arnolfo di Cambio, and paid for by some of the city's wealthiest families. It was consecrated in 1442 by Pope Eugene IV. The building's design reflects the austere approach of the Franciscans. The floorplan is an Egyptian or Tau cross (a symbol of St Francis), 115 metres in length with a nave and two aisles separated by lines of octagonal columns. To the south of the church was a convent, some of whose buildings remain. The Primo Chiostro, the main cloister, houses the Cappella dei Pazzi, built as the chapter house, completed in the 1470s. Filippo Brunelleschi (who had designed and executed the dome of the Duomo) was involved in its design which has remained rigorously simple and unadorned. In 1560, the choir screen was removed as part of changes arising from the Counter-Reformation and the interior rebuilt by Giorgio Vasari. As a result, there was damage to the church's decoration and most of the altars previously located on the screen were lost. The bell tower was built in 1842, replacing an earlier one damaged by lightning. The neo-Gothic marble façade, by Nicolò Matas, dates from 1857-1863. A Jewish architect Niccolo Matas from Ancona, designed the church's 19th-century neo-Gothic facade, working a prominent Star of David into the composition. Matas had wanted to be buried with his peers but because he was Jewish, he was buried under the porch and not within the walls. In 1866, the complex became public property, as a part of government suppression of most religious houses, following the wars that gained Italian independence and unity. The Museo dell'Opera di Santa Croce is housed mainly in the refectory, also off the cloister. A monument to Florence Nightingale stands in the cloister, in the city in which she was born and after which she was named. Brunelleschi also built the inner cloister, completed in 1453. In 1966, the Arno River flooded much of Florence, including Santa Croce. The water entered the church bringing mud, pollution and heating oil. The damage to buildings and art treasures was severe, taking several decades to repair. Today the former dormitory of the Franciscan Friars houses the Scuola del Cuoio (Leather School). Visitors can watch as artisans craft purses, wallets, and other leather goods which are sold in the adjacent shop. The Basilica became popular with Florentines as a place of worship and patronage and it became customary for greatly honoured Florentines to be buried or commemorated there. Some were in chapels owned by wealthy families such as the Bardi and Peruzzi. As time progressed, space was also granted to notable Italians from elsewhere.
Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence, Tuscany, Italy, Europe
The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the principal Franciscan church in Florence, Italy, and a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church. It is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres south-east of the Duomo. The site, when first chosen, was in marshland outside the city walls. It is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Gentile and Rossini, thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories (Tempio dell'Itale Glorie). The Basilica is the largest Franciscan church in the world. Its most notable features are its sixteen chapels, many of them decorated with frescoes by Giotto and his pupils, and its tombs and cenotaphs. Legend says that Santa Croce was founded by St Francis himself. The construction of the current church, to replace an older building, was begun on 12 May 1294, possibly by Arnolfo di Cambio, and paid for by some of the city's wealthiest families. It was consecrated in 1442 by Pope Eugene IV. The building's design reflects the austere approach of the Franciscans. The floorplan is an Egyptian or Tau cross (a symbol of St Francis), 115 metres in length with a nave and two aisles separated by lines of octagonal columns. To the south of the church was a convent, some of whose buildings remain. The Primo Chiostro, the main cloister, houses the Cappella dei Pazzi, built as the chapter house, completed in the 1470s. Filippo Brunelleschi (who had designed and executed the dome of the Duomo) was involved in its design which has remained rigorously simple and unadorned. In 1560, the choir screen was removed as part of changes arising from the Counter-Reformation and the interior rebuilt by Giorgio Vasari. As a result, there was damage to the church's decoration and most of the altars previously located on the screen were lost. The bell tower was built in 1842, replacing an earlier one damaged by lightning. The neo-Gothic marble façade, by Nicolò Matas, dates from 1857-1863. A Jewish architect Niccolo Matas from Ancona, designed the church's 19th-century neo-Gothic facade, working a prominent Star of David into the composition. Matas had wanted to be buried with his peers but because he was Jewish, he was buried under the porch and not within the walls. In 1866, the complex became public property, as a part of government suppression of most religious houses, following the wars that gained Italian independence and unity. The Museo dell'Opera di Santa Croce is housed mainly in the refectory, also off the cloister. A monument to Florence Nightingale stands in the cloister, in the city in which she was born and after which she was named. Brunelleschi also built the inner cloister, completed in 1453. In 1966, the Arno River flooded much of Florence, including Santa Croce. The water entered the church bringing mud, pollution and heating oil. The damage to buildings and art treasures was severe, taking several decades to repair. Today the former dormitory of the Franciscan Friars houses the Scuola del Cuoio (Leather School). Visitors can watch as artisans craft purses, wallets, and other leather goods which are sold in the adjacent shop. The Basilica became popular with Florentines as a place of worship and patronage and it became customary for greatly honoured Florentines to be buried or commemorated there. Some were in chapels owned by wealthy families such as the Bardi and Peruzzi. As time progressed, space was also granted to notable Italians from elsewhere.
Fresco Training CLC Children Library Complex 25 Dec 2010 Lahore Pakistan
Fresco Training CLC 25 Dec 2010 Lahore Pakistan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [afˈfresːko] which derives from the Latin word for fresh. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods.
TYPES
Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh, lime mortar or plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster, intonaco, is used. Because of the chemical makeup of the plaster, a binder is not required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sink into the intonaco, which itself becomes the medium holding the pigment. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster; after a number of hours, the plaster dries and reacts with the air: it is this chemical reaction which fixes the pigment particles in the plaster. One of the first painters in the post-classical period to use this technique was the Isaac Master in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. A person who creates fresco is called a frescoist.
A secco painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (secco is dry in Italian). The pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. It is important to distinguish between a secco work done on top of buon fresco, which according to most authorities was in fact standard from the Middle Ages onwards, and work done entirely a secco on a blank wall. Generally, buon fresco works are more durable than any a secco work added on top of them, because a secco work lasts better with a roughened plaster surface, whilst true fresco should have a smooth one. The additional a secco work would be done to make changes, and sometimes to add small details, but also because not all colours can be achieved in true fresco, because only some pigments work chemically in the very alkaline environment of fresh lime-based plaster. Blue was a particular problem, and skies and blue robes were often added a secco, as neither azurite blue, nor lapis lazuli, the only two blue pigments then available, work well in wet fresco.[1]
It has also become increasingly clear, thanks to modern analytical techniques, that even in the early Italian Renaissance painters quite frequently employed a secco techniques so as to allow the use of a broader range of pigments. In most early examples this work has now entirely vanished, but a whole fresco done a secco on a surface roughened to give a key for the paint may survive very well, although damp is more threatening to it than to buon fresco.
A third type, called mezzo-fresco, is painted on nearly-dry intonaco—firm enough not to take a thumb-print, says the sixteenth-century author Ignazio Pozzo—so that the pigment only penetrates slightly into the plaster. By the end of the sixteenth century this had largely displaced buon fresco, and was used by painters such as Gianbattista Tiepolo or Michelangelo. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work.
The three key advantages of work done entirely a secco were that it was quicker, mistakes could be corrected, and the colours varied less from when applied to when fully dry—in wet fresco there was a considerable change.
Mark Balma
Mark Balma has built an international reputation as both a gifted oil painter and fresco artist. One of only three fresco painters in the US, Balma splits his time between Minnetonka, Minnesota and Assisi, Italy. In the summer of 2012, he created a dynamic fresco about social change for the Minnetonka Center for the Arts, celebrating their 10th anniversary in their new facility as well as their 60th anniversary overall. Balma's work and materials are greatly inspired by the Italian masters; his hand-ground pigments are mixed with essential oils and resin, imbuing his pieces with an incredible luminosity. Whether painting notable figures like Margaret Thatcher or George Bush Sr., or commissioned portraits, Balma's adoption of a technique pioneered by Leonardo da Vinci elevates any subject matter.
Balma has also created frescos locally for St. Mary's College in Winona, the Cathedral of St. Paul in St. Paul, the Huber Funeral Chapel in Excelsior, the Founder's Hall at the University of St. Thomas, and St. John's Church in Stacy.
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Florence, Italy Short Walking Tour (4K/60fps)
WALKING IN FLORENCE, ITALY: This walk was filmed on July 3rd, 2019 starting at 11:37 am. It begins at the Piazza San Giovanni in front of St. John's Baptistery and ends at the Ponte Vecchio. ????For an even more immersive experience, be sure to put on your headphones and listen in 3D audio. Let's go for a walk!
▼▼Video Timeline Links▼▼
00:17 - Map of the walk
00:41 - Piazza San Giovanni
01:50 - Baptistery of St. John
02:22 - Florence Cathedral
06:30 - Via dei Calzaiuoli
09:26 - Piazza della Repubblica
12:44 - Loggia del Mercato Nuovo
14:26 - Wild Board Fountain
16:34 - Piazza della Signoria
18:00 - Fountain of Neptune
19:20 - Replica of Michelangelo's David
19:53 - Loggia della Signoria
23:35 - Uffizi Gallery
26:25 - Arno River
30:03 - Ponte Vecchio
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#ProwalkTours #Walkingtour #Florence
Cimabue, Santa Trinita Madonna
Cimabue, Maesta of Santa Trinita, 1280-1290, tempera on panel, 151 1/2 x 87 3/4 (385 x 223 cm), Uffizi, Florence Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.
Germany’s Frankfurt and Nürnberg
Rick Steves' Europe Travel Guide | Check your local public television station for this Rick Steves’ Europe episode or watch it on Skyscraper-studded Frankfurt — with so much commerce it’s nicknamed “Bankfurt” — has a delightful-to-explore old center. We'll also visit Nürnberg, a capital for both the First Reich (the Holy Roman Empire) and the Third. From its towering castle and playful fountains to its Nazi Documentation Center and maze of underground bomb shelters, Nürnberg is a fascinating study in contrasts.
Visit for more information about this destination and other destinations in Europe.
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Rick Steves, America's most respected authority on European travel, writes European travel guidebooks and hosts travel shows on public television and public radio.
History of the Catholic Church | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Catholic Church
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
According to tradition, the history of the Catholic Church begins with Jesus Christ and his teachings (c. 4 BC – c. AD 30) and the Catholic Church is a continuation of the early Christian community established by Jesus. The Church considers its bishops to be the successors to Jesus's apostles and the Church's leader, the Bishop of Rome (also known as the Pope) to be the sole successor to Saint Peter, who ministered in Rome in the first century AD, after his appointment by Jesus as head of the church. By the end of the 2nd century, bishops began congregating in regional synods to resolve doctrinal and policy issues. By the 3rd century, the bishop of Rome began to act as a court of appeals for problems that other bishops could not resolve.Christianity spread throughout the early Roman Empire, despite persecutions due to conflicts with the pagan state religion. In 313, the struggles of the Early Church were lessened by the legalisation of Christianity by the Emperor Constantine I. In 380, under Emperor Theodosius I, Catholicism became the state religion of the Roman Empire by the decree of the Emperor, which would persist until the fall of the Western Empire, and later, with the Eastern Roman Empire, until the Fall of Constantinople. During this time, the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils, there were considered five primary sees (jurisdictions within the Catholic Church) according to Eusebius: Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria, known as the Pentarchy.
The battles of Toulouse preserved the Catholic west, even though Rome itself was ravaged in 850, and Constantinople besieged. In the 11th century, already strained relations between the primarily Greek church in the East, and the Latin church in the West, developed into the East-West Schism, partially due to conflicts over Papal Authority. The fourth crusade, and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved the final breach. Prior to and during the 16th century, the Church engaged in a process of reform and renewal. Reform during the 16th century is known as the Counter-Reformation. In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world despite experiencing a reduction in its hold on European populations due to the growth of Protestantism and also because of religious skepticism during and after the Enlightenment. The Second Vatican Council in the 1960s introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent four centuries before.
Role of Christianity in civilization | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Role of Christianity in civilization
00:04:17 1 Politics and law
00:04:26 1.1 From persecuted minority to State Religion
00:06:27 1.1.1 Human value
00:08:55 1.1.1.1 Women
00:11:22 1.1.1.2 Children
00:12:10 1.1.2 Constantine
00:15:01 1.1.3 Fourth Century
00:15:30 1.1.4 The Fall of Rome
00:16:50 1.1.4.1 The Dark Ages
00:18:27 1.2 Medieval period
00:18:36 1.2.1 Early Middle Ages
00:19:43 1.2.2 High Middle Ages
00:21:22 1.2.2.1 Inquisition
00:22:42 1.2.3 Late Middle Ages
00:22:50 1.2.3.1 Women
00:25:12 1.2.3.2 The Popes
00:27:17 1.2.4 Crusade
00:29:20 1.2.5 Human Rights
00:31:34 1.3 Reformation until Modern era
00:34:39 2 Sexual morals
00:39:08 3 Marriage and family life
00:41:34 3.1 Roman Empire
00:43:39 3.2 Medieval period
00:44:37 4 Slavery
00:46:41 4.1 Latin America
00:49:16 4.2 Africa
00:50:44 5 Letters and learning
00:54:50 5.1 Antiquity
00:56:48 5.2 Byzantine Empire
00:59:14 5.3 Preservation of Classical learning
01:02:11 5.4 Index Librorum Prohibitorum
01:03:49 5.5 Protestant role in science
01:05:09 5.6 Astronomy
01:09:27 5.7 Evolution
01:11:18 5.8 Embryonic stem cell research
01:12:19 6 Art, architecture, literature, and music
01:20:30 7 Economic development
01:21:32 7.1 Protestant work ethic
01:23:41 8 Social justice, care-giving, and the hospital system
01:24:20 8.1 Fourth Century
01:26:06 8.2 Medieval period
01:26:47 8.3 Industrial Revolution
01:30:27 9 Education
01:33:02 9.1 Europe
01:37:05 9.2 Latin America
01:37:35 9.3 North America
01:38:24 9.4 Australasia
01:39:11 9.5 Africa
01:39:58 9.6 Asia
01:40:12 9.7 Protestant role in education
01:41:34 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The role of Christianity in civilization has been intricately intertwined with the history and formation of Western society. Throughout its long history, the Church has been a major source of social services like schooling and medical care; inspiration for art, culture and philosophy; and influential player in politics and religion. In various ways it has sought to affect Western attitudes to vice and virtue in diverse fields. Festivals like Easter and Christmas are marked as public holidays; the Gregorian Calendar has been adopted internationally as the civil calendar; and the calendar itself is measured from the date of Jesus's birth.
The cultural influence of the Church has been vast. Church scholars preserved literacy in Western Europe following the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, the Church rose to replace the Roman Empire as the unifying force in Europe. The cathedrals of that age remain among the most iconic feats of architecture produced by Western civilization. Many of Europe's universities were also founded by the church at that time. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries. The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting, born from Cathedral schools. The Reformation brought an end to religious unity in the West, but the Renaissance masterpieces produced by Catholic artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at that time remain among the most celebrated works of art ever produced. Similarly, Christian sacred music by composers like Pachelbel, Vivaldi, Bach, Handel, Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Liszt, and Verdi is among the most admired classical music in the Western canon.
The Bible and Christian theology have also strongly influenced Western philosophers and political activists. The teachings of Jesus, such as the Parable of the Good Samaritan, are among the important sources for modern notions of Human Rights and the welfare measures commonly provided by governments in the West. Long held Christian teachings on sexuality and marriage and family life have also been both influential and (in recent times) controversial. Christianity played a role in ending practices such as human sacrifice, slavery, ...
Role of Christianity in civilization | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Role of Christianity in civilization
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The role of Christianity in civilization has been intricately intertwined with the history and formation of Western society. Throughout its long history, the Church has been a major source of social services like schooling and medical care; inspiration for art, culture and philosophy; and influential player in politics and religion. In various ways it has sought to affect Western attitudes to vice and virtue in diverse fields. Festivals like Easter and Christmas are marked as public holidays; the Gregorian Calendar has been adopted internationally as the civil calendar; and the calendar itself is measured from the date of Jesus's birth.
The cultural influence of the Church has been vast. Church scholars preserved literacy in Western Europe following the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, the Church rose to replace the Roman Empire as the unifying force in Europe. The cathedrals of that age remain among the most iconic feats of architecture produced by Western civilization. Many of Europe's universities were also founded by the church at that time. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries. The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting, born from Cathedral schools. The Reformation brought an end to religious unity in the West, but the Renaissance masterpieces produced by Catholic artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at that time remain among the most celebrated works of art ever produced. Similarly, Christian sacred music by composers like Pachelbel, Vivaldi, Bach, Handel, Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Liszt, and Verdi is among the most admired classical music in the Western canon.
The Bible and Christian theology have also strongly influenced Western philosophers and political activists. The teachings of Jesus, such as the Parable of the Good Samaritan, are among the important sources for modern notions of Human Rights and the welfare measures commonly provided by governments in the West. Long held Christian teachings on sexuality and marriage and family life have also been both influential and (in recent times) controversial. Christianity played a role in ending practices such as human sacrifice, slavery, infanticide and polygamy. Christianity in general affected the status of women by condemning marital infidelity, divorce, incest, polygamy, birth control, infanticide (female infants were more likely to be killed), and abortion. While official Church teaching considers women and men to be complementary (equal and different), some modern advocates of ordination of women and other feminists argue that teachings attributed to St. Paul and those of the Fathers of the Church and Scholastic theologians advanced the notion of a divinely ordained female inferiority. Nevertheless, women have played prominent roles in Western history through and as part of the church, particularly in education and healthcare, but also as influential theologians and mystics.
Christians have made a myriad contributions to human progress in a broad and diverse range of fields, both historically and in modern times, including the science and technology, medicine, fine arts and architecture, politics, literatures, Music, philanthropy, philosophy, ethics, theatre and business. According to 100 Years of Nobel Prizes a review of Nobel prizes award between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of Nobel Prizes Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. Eastern Christians (particularly Nestorian Christians) have also contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the Ummayad and the Abbasid periods by translating works of Greek philosophers to Syriac and afterwards to Arabic. They also excelled in philosophy, science, theolo ...
Baroque | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:55 1 Origin of word
00:03:17 2 Architecture: origins and characteristics
00:06:45 2.1 Italian Baroque architecture
00:09:47 2.2 Spanish Baroque architecture
00:11:58 2.3 Central Europe and iRococo/i (1740s–1770s)
00:14:44 2.4 French Baroque or iClassicism/i
00:16:48 2.5 Russian Baroque
00:17:43 3 Painting
00:21:36 4 Sculpture
00:23:18 5 Music and ballet
00:26:14 5.1 Composers and examples
00:29:42 6 Theatre
00:34:02 7 End of the style, condemnation and academic rediscovery
00:36:15 8 Italian Baroque
00:36:24 9 Spanish Baroque
00:36:32 10 Baroque and Rococo in Germany, Austria and Central Europe
00:36:44 11 Style Louis XIV
00:36:53 12 See also
00:37:02 13 Notes
00:37:10 14 Books cited in text
00:37:19 15 Further reading
00:37:28 16 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9391586417732875
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Baroque (UK: , US: ) is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, music, painting, sculpture and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the mid-18th century. It followed the Renaissance style and preceded the Rococo (in the past often referred to as late Baroque) and Neoclassical styles. It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture, art and music, though Lutheran Baroque art developed in parts of Europe as well. The Baroque style used contrast, movement, exuberant detail, deep colour, grandeur and surprise to achieve a sense of awe. The style began at the start of the 17th century in Rome, then spread rapidly to France, northern Italy, Spain and Portugal, then to Austria and southern Germany. By the 1730s, it had evolved into an even more flamboyant style, called rocaille or Rococo, which appeared in France and central Europe until the mid to late 18th century.