Дело Гастронома №1 / Trouble in Store. 1 Серия. Сериал. StarMedia. Историческая Драма
Все серии:
Весна 1982 года. Брежнев еще в силе, однако, все понимают, что ему осталось недолго. В этот самый момент Андропов решает расчистить «авгиевы конюшни коррупции и вседозволенности» в стране. Основная задача следствия другая -- взять Беркутова, директора первого гастронома. Все знают, что Беркутов «отоваривает» дефицитными продуктами многих влиятельных лиц в стране. Перед начальником следственного отдела полковником Скачко ставится задача -- собрать компромат на директора Елисеевского гастронома. Скачко решает действовать через Зою Платонову, первую помощницу и доверенное лицо Беркутова.
In the spring of 1982 as Brezhnev's power was waning, Yuri Andropov decides to tackle corruption and apathy in the Soviet Union. A number of company directors were targeted, but Andropov's first aim was to arrest Berkutov, director of the country's First Yeliseyev Grocery Store, who, it was believed, had been supplying faulty goods to influential government officials for many years. With Brezhnev's rule almost at an end and Andropov tipped to replace him, Colonel Skachko, Head of the Investigation Department approaches some of Berkutov's inner circle, starting with his assistant Zoya Platonova. During the 'cultivation' of Zoya Platonova, an interesting fact is established -- her son, Anton had had an affair with Skachko's wife, Masha, who had given Anton a book forbidden by the regime. To save Masha, Skachko has no alternative but to release Anton and give up his interrogation of Zoya Platonova.
Формат/Type: сериал/TV series
Жанр/Genre: историческая драма / historical drama
Год производства / Year of production: 2011
Количество серий / Number of episodes: 8
Режиссер / Directed by: Сергей Ашкенази / Sergey Ashkenazi
Сценарий / Written by: Владислав Романов, Евгений Латий / Vladislav Romanov, Evgeniy Latiy
Оператор-постановщик / Director of photography: Владимир Климов / Vladimir Klimov
Композитор / Music by: Алексей Ашкенази / Aleksey Chintsov Продюсеры/Producers: Виталий Бордачев, Влад Ряшин / Vitaliy Bordachev, Vlad Ryashin
В ролях / Cast: Анна Сергей Маковецкий, Михаил Пореченков, Юлия Пересильд, Мария Шукшина, Дарья Михайлова, Игорь Черневич, Алексей Секирин, Сергей Векслер, Анна Горшкова, Евгения Симонова / Sergey Makovetskiy, Mikhail Porechenkov, Yulia Peresil'd, Inga Oboldina, Maria Shukshina, Daria Mikhailova, Igor Chernevich, Aleksey Sekirin, Yuriy Nazarov, Sergey Veksler, Anna Gorshkova, Evgenia Simonova
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PostScriptum show - April 11th, 2015; 1.25x [ENG Subs]
1. (00:00) Famous Ukrainian-born pianist's concert canceled over her opinions on Twitter
2. (2:45) On DPR's first anniversary, blockade of food deliveries to the Donbass continues, Lavrov calls on Kiev government to start honoring Minsk agreements
3. (4:29) UA PM Yatsenuk accused of stealing $7.5 bn, his party responds to accusation by accusing his ultra-nationalist opponents of being Putin's agents*
4. (6:22) Poroshenko blames WWII on both Hitler and Stalin**, Rada bans Soviet symbols and recognizes UPA/OUN insurgents (who largely fought unarmed civilians) as veterans of struggle for independence***; new school textbooks blame the Odessa massacre on the victims and call the Donbass campaign the Russo-Ukrainian war
5. (09:07) Head of French military intelligence states to the National Assembly that their data shows Russia is not, and was not, planning to invade Ukraine
6. (10:24) Latvia's foreign minister compared Russia to the third Reich. Both Russian MPs and Latvia's non-citizens**** reacted strongly
THE HOLOCAUST - WikiVidi Documentary
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish community in Europe. From 1941 to 1945, Germany targeted European Jewry for extermination as part of a larger event that included the persecution and murder of other groups. A broader definition of the Holocaust includes the murder of the Roma and the incurably sick. A broader definition still includes ethnic Poles, other Slavic groups, Soviet citizens and prisoners of war, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, black people, and political opponents. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed throughout German-occupied Europe, as well as within Germany itself, and across all territories controlled by the Axis powers. Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Following Hitler...
____________________________________
Shortcuts to chapters:
00:02:47: Terminology
00:05:24: Genocidal state
00:07:40: Ideology and scale
00:10:10: Medical experiments
00:12:17: Antisemitism and racism
00:13:40: Germany after World War I
00:15:39: Hitler's world view
00:16:22: Dictatorship and repression (1933–1939)
00:19:53: Sterlization Law, Aktion T4
00:23:22: Nuremberg Laws, Jewish emigration
00:25:49: Kristallnacht
00:28:18: Territorial solution and resettlement
00:29:49: German-occupied Poland
00:31:34: Lublin Reservation
00:32:53: Other occupied countries
00:36:23: Germany's allies
00:40:47: Concentration and labor camps
00:43:50: Ghettos
00:48:53: Pogroms
00:49:45: Death squads
00:53:01: Gas vans
00:54:12: Wannsee Conference
00:58:03: Extermination camps, gas chambers
01:02:55: Jewish resistance
01:06:07: Flow of information about the mass murder
01:10:42: Climax, holocaust in Hungary
01:13:12: Death marches
01:14:51: Liberation
01:16:27: Victims and death toll
01:17:07: Jews
01:20:15: Roma
01:23:37: Slavs
01:24:36: Ethnic Poles
01:26:40: Soviet citizens and POWs
01:28:25: Political opponents
01:29:06: Gay men
01:30:43: Persons of color
01:31:13: Jehovah's Witnesses
01:32:10: Motivation of perpetrators
01:34:26: German public
01:36:10: Trials
01:37:47: Reparations
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
History of the Jews in Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Russia
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SUMMARY
=======
Jews in Russia have historically constituted a large religious diaspora; the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. Within these territories the primarily Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions, while also facing periods of anti-Semitic discriminatory policies and persecutions. The largest group among Russian Jews are Ashkenazi Jews, but the community also includes a significant number of other Diasporan Jewish groups, such as Mountain Jews, Sephardic Jews, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Bukharan Jews, and Georgian Jews.
The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471. During the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Alexander III escalated anti-Jewish policies. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of anti-Jewish pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States and what is today the State of Israel.The Pale of Settlement took away many of the rights that the Jewish people of the late 17th century Russia were experiencing. At this time, the Jewish people were restricted to an area of what is current day Belarus, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. Where Western Europe was experiencing emancipation at this time, the laws for the Jewish people were getting more strict. The general attitude towards Jewish people was to look down on the religion and the people. It was as both a religion and a race, something that one could not escape if they tried. Slowly, the Jewish people were allowed to move further east towards a less crowded population. This was a small change, and did not come to all Jewish people, and not even a small minority of them. In this more spread out area, the Jewish people lived in communities, known as Schtetls. These communities were very similar to what would be known as ghettos in World War II, with the cramped and subpar living conditions.Before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917; thousands joined after the Revolution. The chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922, 125,000 of them in Ukraine, 25,000 in Belarus. The pogroms were mostly perpetrated by anti-communist forces; sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals and even disbanding the army units whose men had attacked Jews. Although pogroms were still perpetrated after this, mainly by Ukrainian units of the Red Army during its retreat from Poland (1920), in general, the Jews regarded the Red Army as the only force which was able and willing to defend them. The Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people.In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, and dissolved many Jewish communities. The Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language reactionary and elitist and the teaching of Hebrew was banned ...
The Holocaust | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:07 1 Terminology and scope
00:03:18 1.1 Terminology
00:05:30 1.2 Definition
00:07:30 2 Distinctive features
00:07:40 2.1 Genocidal state
00:11:46 2.2 Medical experiments
00:14:20 3 Origins
00:14:30 3.1 Antisemitism and the völkisch movement
00:16:08 3.2 Germany after World War I, Hitler's world view
00:19:21 4 Rise of Nazi Germany
00:19:32 4.1 Dictatorship and repression (1933–1939)
00:23:47 4.2 Sterilization Law, iAktion T4/i
00:27:55 4.3 Nuremberg Laws, Jewish emigration
00:31:12 4.4 iKristallnacht/i
00:34:09 4.5 Territorial solution and resettlement
00:35:57 5 World War II
00:36:07 5.1 German-occupied Poland
00:38:14 5.2 Other occupied countries
00:42:16 5.3 Germany's allies
00:47:22 5.4 Concentration and labor camps
00:51:03 5.5 Ghettos
00:56:53 5.6 Pogroms
00:57:50 5.7 Death squads
01:01:40 5.8 Gas vans
01:03:02 6 Final Solution
01:03:12 6.1 Wannsee Conference
01:08:43 6.2 Extermination camps, gas chambers
01:14:07 6.3 Jewish resistance
01:17:46 6.4 Flow of information about the mass murder
01:23:34 6.5 Climax, Holocaust in Hungary
01:26:28 6.6 Death marches
01:28:14 6.7 Liberation
01:31:02 7 Victims and death toll
01:31:12 7.1 Overview
01:32:31 7.2 Jews
01:36:03 7.3 Roma
01:39:58 7.4 Slavs
01:41:13 7.4.1 Ethnic Poles
01:43:56 7.4.2 Soviet citizens and POWs
01:46:00 7.5 Political opponents
01:46:54 7.6 Gay men
01:48:58 7.7 Jehovah's Witnesses
01:50:05 7.8 Persons of color
01:50:48 8 Motivation
01:50:57 8.1 Motivation of perpetrators
01:53:35 8.2 German public
01:55:44 9 Aftermath
01:55:54 9.1 Trials
01:59:05 9.2 Reparations
02:01:21 9.3 Uniqueness question
02:03:57 10 See also
02:04:07 11 Sources
02:04:16 11.1 Notes
02:04:25 11.2 Citations
02:04:34 11.3 Works cited
02:04:43 12 Further reading
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7165362998594326
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945. Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event involving the persecution and murder of other groups, including in particular the Roma and incurably sick, as well as ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet citizens, Soviet prisoners of war, political opponents, gay men and Jehovah's Witnesses, resulting in up to 17 million deaths overall.Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Following Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, the government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society, most prominently the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. Starting in 1933, the Nazis built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and people deemed undesirable. After the invasion of Poland in 1939, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. Over 42,000 camps, ghettos, and other detention sites were established.The deportation of Jews to the ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior Nazi officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout German-occupied Europe, and across all territories controlled by the Axis powers. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen in cooperation with Wehrmacht police battalions and local collaborators murdered around 1.3 million Jews in mass shootings between 1941 and 1945. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from the ghettos in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journ ...
Watch Live: Trump Impeachment Inquiry Hearings - November 19, 2019 (Day 3) | NBC News
The House Intelligence Committee continues public hearings in President Trump's impeachment inquiry. Jennifer Williams and Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman testify at a morning hearing. Amb. Kurt Volker and Tim Morrison testify at an afternoon hearing.
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Watch Live: Trump Impeachment Inquiry Hearings - November 19, 2019 (Day 3) | NBC News
Eastern Bloc economies | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Eastern Bloc economies
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Bloc (also known as the Socialist Bloc, Communist Bloc and Soviet Bloc) was the group of Communist-controlled states stretching from Central and Eastern Europe to East and Southeast Asia largely controlled by the Soviet Union during the Cold War in opposition to the Western Bloc led by the United States. The term generally includes the USSR and its satellite states in the Comecon, including Vietnam and its satellites Laos and Kampuchea, North Korea, and China (before 1961.) Cuba is included as well after 1961, but demonstrated independence from Soviet policy following the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Widespread Soviet hegemony ended with the success of the Revolutions of 1989 against the Warsaw Pact, and the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union brought the Eastern Bloc and the Cold War to an end.
During Joseph Stalin's lifetime, Soviet control over the Eastern Bloc was tested but never seriously challenged by the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état and Tito–Stalin Split over control of Yugoslavia, the 1949 Chinese Communist Revolution and Chinese and North Korean involvement in the Korean War against the United Nations. After his death in 1953, the Korean War was halted but not settled and anti-Soviet sentiment sparked the East German uprising. The Eastern Bloc started to break apart in 1956, when new leader Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech denouncing Stalin helped spark the anti-Soviet Hungarian Revolution of 1956, which was suppressed by a Soviet invasion, and the Sino–Soviet Split with Mao Zedong's China, which gave North Korea and North Vietnam more independence from both, and facilitated the Soviet–Albanian split. The Cuban Missile Crisis preserved the Cuban Revolution from rollback by the United States, but Fidel Castro became increasingly independent of Soviet rule afterwards, most notably in its 1975 intervention in Angola. That year, the fall of former French Indochina to communism following the end of the Vietnam War gave the Eastern Bloc renewed confidence which had been frayed by Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev's 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress the Prague Spring, which had led to Albania withdrawing from the Pact, briefly aligning with Mao Zedong's China until the Sino-Albanian split.
Under the Brezhnev Doctrine, the Soviet Union reserved the right to intervene in other Communist countries. In response, China moved towards the United States following a 1969 border war which almost went nuclear, and later reformed and liberalized its economy, while the Eastern Bloc stagnated economically behind the capitalist First World. Brezhnev's invasion of Afghanistan nominally expanded the Eastern Bloc, but the war proved unwinnable and too costly for the Soviets, challenged in Eastern Europe by civil resistance in Poland. In the late 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev pursued policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) to reform the Eastern Bloc and end the Cold War, which brought forth unrest throughout the bloc. Unlike previous Soviet leaders in 1953, 1956, and 1968, Gorbachev refused to use force to end the 1989 Revolutions against Marxist-Leninist rule in Eastern Europe. The fall of the Berlin Wall and end of the Warsaw Pact spread nationalist and liberal ideals throughout the Soviet Union, which would soon fall itself at the end of 1991. Conservative communist elites attempted to turn back liberal reforms and movements, which hastened the end of Marxist-Leninist rule in Eastern Europe but preserved it in China.
Though the Soviet Union and its rival the United States considered Europe the most important front of the Cold War, during the Cold War, the term Eastern Bloc was often used interchangeably with the term Second World. This broadest usage of the term would include not only Maoist China and Cambodia, but short-lived Soviet satellites such as East Turkestan Republic (1944-1949), the People's Repub ...
ТОП-7 самых абсурдных репрессий Беларуси в 2018 году. Часть 1 ???? Автостопом по Стране. Вопрос 09
Белорусов в 2018 году власти репрессировали за все, что угодно: за диалог с инопланетянами, за чаепитие у себя дома, за поцелуи и цветы памятнику, за кормление голубей, за детские рисунки на стенах в квартире и за отказ убить свою старую собаку, за требование учиться на государственном языке, а также за многое другое, что вообще-то и не запрещено белорусским законодательством.
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Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
Russia's economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has b ...
Colour revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Colour revolution
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Colour revolution (sometimes called the coloured revolution) is a term that was widely used by worldwide media to describe various related movements that developed in several countries of the former Soviet Union and the Balkans during the early 2000s. The term has also been applied to a number of revolutions elsewhere, including in the Middle East. Some observers (such as Justin Raimondo and Michael Lind) have called the events a revolutionary wave, the origins of which can be traced back to the 1986 People Power Revolution (also known as the Yellow Revolution) in the Philippines.
Participants in the colour revolutions have mostly used nonviolent resistance, also called civil resistance. Such methods as demonstrations, strikes and interventions have been intended protest against governments seen as corrupt and/or authoritarian and to advocate democracy and they have also created strong pressure for change. These movements generally adopted a specific colour or flower as their symbol. The colour revolutions are notable for the important role of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and particularly student activists in organising creative non-violent resistance.
Such movements have had a measure of success as for example in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's Bulldozer Revolution (2000), in Georgia's Rose Revolution (2003) and in Ukraine's Orange Revolution (2004). In most but not all cases, massive street protests followed disputed elections or requests for fair elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be authoritarian. Some events have been called colour revolutions, but are different from the above cases in certain basic characteristics. Examples include Lebanon's Cedar Revolution (2005) and Kuwait's Blue Revolution (2005).
Government figures in Russia, such as Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, stated that color revolutions are externally fueled act with a clear goal to influence the internal affairs that destabilize economy, conflict with the law and represent a new form of warfare. President Vladimir Putin said that Russia must prevent colour revolutions: We see what tragic consequences the wave of so-called colour revolutions led to. For us this is a lesson and a warning. We should do everything necessary so that nothing similar ever happens in Russia.
Eastern Front (World War II) | Wikipedia audio article
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Eastern Front (World War II)
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.), Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. It has been known as the Great Patriotic War (Russian: ru:Великая Отечественная война, Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna) in the former Soviet Union and modern Russia, while in Germany it was called the Eastern Front (German: die Ostfront), or the German-Soviet War by outside parties.The battles on the Eastern Front of the Second World War constituted the largest military confrontation in history. They were characterized by unprecedented ferocity, wholesale destruction, mass deportations, and immense loss of life due to combat, starvation, exposure, disease, and massacres. The Eastern Front, as the site of nearly all extermination camps, death marches, ghettos, and the majority of pogroms, was central to the Holocaust. Of the estimated 70 million deaths attributed to World War II, over 30 million, the majority of them civilian, occurred on the Eastern Front. The Eastern Front was decisive in determining the outcome in the European theatre of operations in World War II, eventually serving as the main reason for the defeat of Nazi Germany and the Axis nations.The two principal belligerent powers were Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies. Though never engaged in military action in the Eastern Front, the United States and the United Kingdom both provided substantial material aid in the form of the Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union. The joint German–Finnish operations across the northernmost Finnish–Soviet border and in the Murmansk region are considered part of the Eastern Front. In addition, the Soviet–Finnish Continuation War may also be considered the northern flank of the Eastern Front.
Holocaust | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Holocaust
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945. Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event involving the persecution and murder of other groups, including in particular the Roma and incurably sick, as well as ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet citizens, Soviet prisoners of war, political opponents, gay men and Jehovah's Witnesses, resulting in up to 17 million deaths overall.Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Following Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, the government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society, most prominently the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. Starting in 1933, the Nazis built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and people deemed undesirable. After the invasion of Poland in 1939, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. Over 42,000 camps, ghettos, and other detention sites were established.The deportation of Jews to the ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior Nazi officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout German-occupied Europe, and across all territories controlled by the Axis powers. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen in cooperation with Wehrmacht police battalions and local collaborators murdered around 1.3 million Jews in mass shootings between 1941 and 1945. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from the ghettos in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were killed in gas chambers. The killing continued until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945.
Bonn | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bonn
00:02:07 1 Geography
00:02:16 1.1 Topography
00:03:27 1.2 Administration
00:04:15 1.3 Climate
00:04:33 2 History
00:04:42 2.1 Founding and Roman times
00:08:09 2.2 Middle Ages and Early Modern times
00:09:30 2.3 20th century and time as the capital of West Germany
00:11:30 2.4 After German reunification in 1990
00:13:46 3 Politics
00:13:55 3.1 City council
00:15:17 3.2 Landtag election
00:15:51 3.3 German federal election
00:16:29 4 Culture
00:18:03 4.1 Churches
00:18:35 4.2 Castles and residences
00:18:47 4.3 Modern buildings
00:19:33 4.4 Museums
00:22:10 4.5 Nature
00:23:38 5 Transportation
00:23:47 5.1 Air traffic
00:25:01 5.2 Rail and bus system
00:26:13 5.3 Road network
00:27:24 5.4 Port
00:27:53 6 Economy
00:28:13 7 Education
00:28:42 7.1 Private schools
00:30:25 8 Demographics
00:31:14 9 Sports
00:31:53 10 International relations
00:33:46 10.1 Twin towns — sister cities
00:34:40 11 Notable residents
00:34:50 11.1 Up to the 19th century
00:39:20 11.2 20th century
00:39:29 11.2.1 1900–1950
00:42:23 11.2.2 1951 up to present
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Federal City of Bonn (German pronunciation: [bɔn] (listen)) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000. About 24 km (15 mi) south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants.
Because of a political compromise following German reunification, the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn, and the city is considered a second, unofficial, capital of the country. Bonn is the secondary seat of the President, the Chancellor, the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities. The unique title of Federal City (German: Bundesstadt) reflects its important political status within Germany.Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement, Bonn is one of Germany's oldest cities. From 1597 to 1794, Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne. Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn in 1770. From 1949 to 1990, Bonn was the provisional capital of West Germany, and Germany's present constitution, the Basic Law, was declared in the city in 1949. Berlin was re-affirmed by the Bundestag in Bonn as the capital of Germany, though due to the country's division a seat of government was maintained there - only in the eastern half - solely by the German Democratic Republic. From 1990 to 1999, Bonn served as the seat of government – but no longer capital – of reunited Germany.
The headquarters of Deutsche Post DHL and Deutsche Telekom, both DAX-listed corporations, are in Bonn. The city is home to the University of Bonn and a total of 20 United Nations institutions, including headquarters for Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Secretariat of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the UN Volunteers programme.
Holocaust | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:13 1 Terminology and scope
00:04:24 1.1 Terminology
00:07:02 1.2 Definition
00:12:32 2 Distinctive features
00:12:43 2.1 Genocidal state
00:17:26 2.2 Medical experiments
00:20:11 3 Origins
00:20:21 3.1 Antisemitism and the völkisch movement
00:22:04 3.2 Germany after World War I, Hitler's world view
00:25:28 4 Rise of Nazi Germany
00:25:39 4.1 Dictatorship and repression (1933–1939)
00:30:13 4.2 Sterilization Law, iAktion T4/i
00:34:33 4.3 Nuremberg Laws, Jewish emigration
00:38:06 4.4 iKristallnacht/i
00:41:16 4.5 Territorial solution and resettlement
00:43:07 5 World War II
00:43:18 5.1 Occupied countries
00:43:28 5.1.1 Poland
00:45:23 5.1.2 Other occupied countries
00:50:26 5.2 Germany's allies
00:55:12 5.3 Concentration and labor camps
00:58:44 5.4 Ghettos
01:04:46 5.5 Pogroms
01:07:39 5.6 Death squads
01:11:29 5.7 Gas vans
01:12:54 6 Final Solution
01:13:04 6.1 Wannsee Conference
01:19:23 6.2 Extermination camps, gas chambers
01:25:03 6.3 Jewish resistance
01:29:43 6.4 Flow of information about the mass murder
01:36:26 6.5 Climax, Holocaust in Hungary
01:39:27 6.6 Death marches
01:41:17 6.7 Liberation
01:44:14 6.8 Death toll
01:47:53 7 Other victims of Nazi persecution
01:48:05 7.1 Roma
01:51:48 7.2 Ethnic Poles
01:54:38 7.3 Soviet citizens and POWs
01:56:39 7.4 Political and religious opponents
01:58:33 7.5 Gay men
02:00:44 7.6 Black people
02:01:28 8 Aftermath
02:01:38 8.1 Trials
02:05:01 8.2 Reparations
02:07:23 8.3 Motivation
02:12:14 8.4 Uniqueness question
02:17:03 9 See also
02:17:13 10 Sources
02:17:23 10.1 Notes
02:17:32 10.2 Citations
02:17:41 10.3 Works cited
02:17:51 11 External links
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Speaking Rate: 0.7129058729237174
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by local collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews—around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe—between 1941 and 1945. Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event during the Holocaust era, in which Germany and its collaborators persecuted and murdered other groups, including Slavs (chiefly ethnic Poles, Soviet prisoners of war, and Soviet citizens), the Roma, the incurably sick, political and religious dissenters such as communists and Jehovah's Witnesses, and gay men. Taking into account all the victims of Nazi persecution, the death toll rises to 17 million.Germany implemented the persecution of the Jews in stages. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as German Chancellor in January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed undesirable, starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March, which gave Hitler plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society, which included a boycott of Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935. On 9–10 November 1938, during Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass), Jewish businesses and other buildings were ransacked, smashed or set on fire throughout Germany and Austria, which Germany had annexed in March that year. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. Eventually thousands of camps and other detention sites were established across German-occupied Europe.
The deportation of Jews to the ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior Nazi officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions fr ...
Socialist bloc | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Socialist bloc
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Bloc (also known as the Socialist Bloc, Communist Bloc and Soviet Bloc) was the group of Communist-controlled states stretching from Central and Eastern Europe to East and Southeast Asia largely controlled by the Soviet Union during the Cold War in opposition to the Western Bloc led by the United States. The term generally includes the USSR and its satellite states in the Comecon, including Vietnam and its satellites Laos and Kampuchea, North Korea, and China (before 1961.) Cuba is included as well after 1961, but demonstrated independence from Soviet policy following the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Widespread Soviet hegemony ended with the success of the Revolutions of 1989 against the Warsaw Pact, and the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union brought the Eastern Bloc and the Cold War to an end.
During Joseph Stalin's lifetime, Soviet control over the Eastern Bloc was tested but never seriously challenged by the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état and Tito–Stalin Split over control of Yugoslavia, the 1949 Chinese Communist Revolution and Chinese and North Korean involvement in the Korean War against the United Nations. After his death in 1953, the Korean War was halted but not settled and anti-Soviet sentiment sparked the East German uprising. The Eastern Bloc started to break apart in 1956, when new leader Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech denouncing Stalin helped spark the anti-Soviet Hungarian Revolution of 1956, which was suppressed by a Soviet invasion, and the Sino–Soviet Split with Mao Zedong's China, which gave North Korea and North Vietnam more independence from both, and facilitated the Soviet–Albanian split. The Cuban Missile Crisis preserved the Cuban Revolution from rollback by the United States, but Fidel Castro became increasingly independent of Soviet rule afterwards, most notably in its 1975 intervention in Angola. That year, the fall of former French Indochina to communism following the end of the Vietnam War gave the Eastern Bloc renewed confidence which had been frayed by Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev's 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress the Prague Spring, which had led to Albania withdrawing from the Pact, briefly aligning with Mao Zedong's China until the Sino-Albanian split.
Under the Brezhnev Doctrine, the Soviet Union reserved the right to intervene in other Communist countries. In response, China moved towards the United States following a 1969 border war which almost went nuclear, and later reformed and liberalized its economy, while the Eastern Bloc stagnated economically behind the capitalist First World. Brezhnev's invasion of Afghanistan nominally expanded the Eastern Bloc, but the war proved unwinnable and too costly for the Soviets, challenged in Eastern Europe by civil resistance in Poland. In the late 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev pursued policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) to reform the Eastern Bloc and end the Cold War, which brought forth unrest throughout the bloc. Unlike previous Soviet leaders in 1953, 1956, and 1968, Gorbachev refused to use force to end the 1989 Revolutions against Marxist-Leninist rule in Eastern Europe. The fall of the Berlin Wall and end of the Warsaw Pact spread nationalist and liberal ideals throughout the Soviet Union, which would soon fall itself at the end of 1991. Conservative communist elites attempted to turn back liberal reforms and movements, which hastened the end of Marxist-Leninist rule in Eastern Europe but preserved it in China.
Though the Soviet Union and its rival the United States considered Europe the most important front of the Cold War, during the Cold War, the term Eastern Bloc was often used interchangeably with the term Second World. This broadest usage of the term would include not only Maoist China and Cambodia, but short-lived Soviet satellites such as East Turkestan Republic (1944-1949), the People's Republic of A ...
Detroit | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Detroit
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Detroit (, locally also ; French: Détroit, lit. 'strait') is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the largest city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of Wayne County. The municipality of Detroit had a 2017 estimated population of 673,104, making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States. The metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 4.3 million people, making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area. Regarded as a major cultural center, Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art, architecture and design.
Detroit is a major port located on the Detroit River, one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest, behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and the 13th-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge, the busiest international crossing in North America. Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry, and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit.
In 1701, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, the future city of Detroit. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region. With expansion of the auto industry in the early 20th century, the city and its suburbs experienced rapid growth, and by the 1940s, the city had become the fourth-largest in the country. However, due to industrial restructuring, the loss of jobs in the auto industry, and rapid suburbanization, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to the present. Since reaching a peak of 1.85 million at the 1950 census, Detroit's population has declined by more than 60 percent. In 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy, which it successfully exited in December 2014, when the city government regained control of Detroit's finances.Detroit's diverse culture has had both local and international influence, particularly in music, with the city giving rise to the genres of Motown and techno, and playing an important role in the development of jazz, hip-hop, rock, and punk music. The erstwhile rapid growth of Detroit left a globally unique stock of architectural monuments and historic places, and since the 2000s conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces and allowed several large-scale revitalizations, including the restoration of several historic theatres and entertainment venues, high-rise renovations, new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and various other neighborhoods has increased. An increasingly popular tourist destination, Detroit receives 19 million visitors per year. In 2015, Detroit was named a City of Design by UNESCO, the first U.S. city to receive that designation.
Catherine the Great | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:39 1 Early life
00:10:30 2 Reign of Peter III and the icoup d'état/i of July 1762
00:14:34 3 Reign (1762–96)
00:14:45 3.1 Coronation (1762)
00:16:13 3.2 Foreign affairs
00:17:39 3.2.1 Russo-Turkish Wars
00:19:52 3.2.2 Russo-Persian War
00:21:56 3.2.3 Relations with Western Europe
00:23:36 3.2.4 Partitions of Poland
00:25:22 3.2.5 Relations with Japan
00:26:21 3.3 Economics and finance
00:28:16 3.4 Arts and culture
00:35:08 3.5 Education
00:42:35 3.6 Religious affairs
00:43:52 3.6.1 Islam
00:46:09 3.6.2 Judaism
00:48:16 3.6.3 Russian Orthodoxy
00:50:40 3.7 Personal life
00:52:51 3.7.1 Poniatowski
00:55:43 3.7.2 Orlov
00:57:25 3.7.3 Potemkin
00:59:20 3.8 Serfs
00:59:42 3.8.1 Rights and conditions
01:03:46 3.8.2 Attitudes towards Catherine
01:06:27 4 Final months and death
01:10:51 5 Children
01:11:00 6 Romanov dynastic issues
01:11:11 6.1 Pretenders and potential pretenders to the throne
01:13:01 6.1.1 Rise of pretenders
01:17:03 6.1.2 Pretenders and royal marks
01:19:36 6.2 Succession to the throne
01:20:22 7 Titles and styles
01:21:13 8 In popular culture
01:22:22 9 Ancestry
01:22:31 10 List of prominent Catherinians
01:23:29 11 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.9799328397112379
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; 2 May [O.S. 21 April] 1729 – 17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader. She came to power following a coup d'état that she organised—resulting in her husband, Peter III, being overthrown. Under her reign, Russia was revitalised; it grew larger and stronger and was recognised as one of the great powers of Europe.
In her accession to power and her rule of the empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably count Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, the Crimean Khanate was crushed following victories over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo–Turkish wars, and Russia colonised the territories of Novorossiya along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, king Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. In the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America.
Catherine reformed the administration of Russian guberniyas, and many new cities and towns were founded on her orders. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernise Russia along Western European lines. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and private landowners led to increased levels of reliance on serfs. This was one of the chief reasons behind several rebellions, including the large-scale Pugachev's Rebellion of cossacks and peasants.
Catherine decided to have herself inoculated against smallpox by a Scottish doctor, Thomas Dimsdale. While this was considered a controversial method at the time, she succeeded. Her son Pavel was later inoculated as well. Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire stating: My objective was, through my example, to save from death the multitude of my subjects who, not knowing the value of this technique, and frightened of it, were left in danger. By 1800, approximately 2 million inoculations were administer ...
The Holocaust | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:26 1 Terminology and scope
00:03:36 1.1 Terminology
00:05:46 1.2 Definition
00:10:18 2 Distinctive features
00:10:28 2.1 Genocidal state
00:14:18 2.2 Medical experiments
00:16:31 3 Origins
00:16:40 3.1 Antisemitism and the völkisch movement
00:18:06 3.2 Germany after World War I, Hitler's world view
00:20:53 4 Rise of Nazi Germany
00:21:03 4.1 Dictatorship and repression (1933–1939)
00:24:46 4.2 Sterilization Law, iAktion T4/i
00:28:20 4.3 Nuremberg Laws, Jewish emigration
00:31:16 4.4 iKristallnacht/i
00:33:50 4.5 Territorial solution and resettlement
00:35:22 5 World War II
00:35:32 5.1 Occupied countries
00:35:41 5.1.1 Poland
00:37:15 5.1.2 Other occupied countries
00:41:24 5.2 Germany's allies
00:45:18 5.3 Concentration and labor camps
00:48:13 5.4 Ghettos
00:53:13 5.5 Pogroms
00:55:34 5.6 Death squads
00:58:42 5.7 Gas vans
00:59:54 6 Final Solution
01:00:03 6.1 Wannsee Conference
01:05:13 6.2 Extermination camps, gas chambers
01:09:50 6.3 Jewish resistance
01:13:41 6.4 Flow of information about the mass murder
01:19:11 6.5 Climax, Holocaust in Hungary
01:21:40 6.6 Death marches
01:23:12 6.7 Liberation
01:25:39 6.8 Death toll
01:28:39 7 Other victims of Nazi persecution
01:28:50 7.1 Roma
01:31:52 7.2 Ethnic Poles
01:34:08 7.3 Soviet citizens and POWs
01:35:49 7.4 Political and religious opponents
01:37:24 7.5 Gay men
01:39:13 7.6 Black people
01:39:51 8 Aftermath
01:40:00 8.1 Trials
01:42:43 8.2 Reparations
01:44:39 8.3 Motivation
01:48:39 8.4 Uniqueness question
01:52:35 9 See also
01:52:44 10 Sources
01:52:54 10.1 Notes
01:53:02 10.2 Citations
01:53:11 10.3 Works cited
01:53:20 11 External links
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Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by local collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews—around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe—between 1941 and 1945. Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event during the Holocaust era, in which Germany and its collaborators persecuted and murdered other groups, including Slavs (chiefly ethnic Poles and Ukrainians, Soviet prisoners of war, and Soviet citizens), the Roma, the incurably sick, political and religious dissenters such as communists and Jehovah's Witnesses, and gay men. Taking into account all the victims of Nazi persecution, the death toll rises to over 17 million.Germany implemented the persecution of the Jews in stages. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as German Chancellor in January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed undesirable, starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March, which gave Hitler plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society, which included a boycott of Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935. On 9–10 November 1938, during Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass), Jewish businesses and other buildings were ransacked, smashed or set on fire throughout Germany and Austria, which Germany had annexed in March that year. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. Eventually thousands of camps and other detention sites were established across German-occupied Europe.
The deportation of Jews to the ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior Nazi officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. Under the coordination of the SS ...
Detroit | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Detroit
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Detroit (, locally also ; French: Détroit, lit. 'strait') is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the largest city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of Wayne County. The municipality of Detroit had a 2017 estimated population of 673,104, making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States. The metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 4.3 million people, making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area. Regarded as a major cultural center, Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art, architecture and design.
Detroit is a major port located on the Detroit River, one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest, behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and the 13th-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge, the busiest international crossing in North America. Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry, and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit.
In 1701, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, the future city of Detroit. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region. With expansion of the auto industry in the early 20th century, the city and its suburbs experienced rapid growth, and by the 1940s, the city had become the fourth-largest in the country. However, due to industrial restructuring, the loss of jobs in the auto industry, and rapid suburbanization, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to the present. Since reaching a peak of 1.85 million at the 1950 census, Detroit's population has declined by more than 60 percent. In 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy, which it successfully exited in December 2014, when the city government regained control of Detroit's finances.Detroit's diverse culture has had both local and international influence, particularly in music, with the city giving rise to the genres of Motown and techno, and playing an important role in the development of jazz, hip-hop, rock, and punk music. The erstwhile rapid growth of Detroit left a globally unique stock of architectural monuments and historic places, and since the 2000s conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces and allowed several large-scale revitalizations, including the restoration of several historic theatres and entertainment venues, high-rise renovations, new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and various other neighborhoods has increased. An increasingly popular tourist destination, Detroit receives 19 million visitors per year. In 2015, Detroit was named a City of Design by UNESCO, the first U.S. city to receive that designation.
Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Poland
00:03:02 1 Etymology
00:03:42 2 History
00:03:51 2.1 Prehistory and protohistory
00:05:43 2.2 Piast dynasty
00:09:26 2.3 Jagiellon dynasty
00:12:27 2.4 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:16:27 2.5 Partitions
00:19:09 2.6 Era of insurrections
00:23:38 2.7 Reconstruction
00:26:43 2.8 World War II
00:32:40 2.9 Post-war communism
00:35:24 2.10 1990s to present
00:38:32 3 Geography
00:40:09 3.1 Geology
00:43:46 3.2 Waters
00:48:15 3.3 Land use
00:50:07 3.4 Biodiversity
00:52:05 3.5 Climate
00:54:08 4 Politics
00:56:32 4.1 Law
01:00:23 4.2 Foreign relations
01:02:55 4.3 Administrative divisions
01:04:06 4.4 Military
01:08:03 4.5 Law enforcement and emergency services
01:09:29 5 Economy
01:13:56 5.1 Corporations
01:15:28 5.2 Tourism
01:17:21 5.3 Energy
01:19:18 5.4 Transport
01:23:19 5.5 Science and technology
01:26:00 5.6 Communications
01:27:42 6 Demographics
01:29:17 6.1 Urbanization
01:29:25 6.2 Languages
01:31:58 6.3 Ethnicity
01:35:04 6.4 Religion
01:38:58 6.5 Health
01:40:59 6.6 Education
01:43:51 7 Culture
01:44:50 7.1 Music
01:49:13 7.2 Art
01:51:49 7.3 Architecture
01:55:15 7.4 Literature
01:59:51 7.5 Cinema
02:02:15 7.6 Media
02:04:41 7.7 Cuisine
02:07:29 7.8 Sports
02:10:37 7.9 Fashion and design
02:14:16 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of approximately 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin.
The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km2) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens perished in the war. In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence. In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, the sovereign state of Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union, simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index. Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe. Poland is a developed country, which maintains a high-income economy along with very high standards of living, life quality, safety, education and economic freedom. Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security and a universal health care system for all citizens. Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 14 of which are cultural. Poland is a m ...