POLAND: POPE FALLS AND CUTS HEAD
English/Nat
Pope John Paul II fell and cut his head on Saturday before leaving Warsaw for an open-air Mass, requiring three stitches on his right temple.
The pope's accident could have brought a halt to his tour of Poland but the pontiff arrived on time for the Mass in the southeastern city of Sandomierz with a bandage visible just below his skullcap.
A pilgrimage far from the Vatican, a packed schedule and hundreds of thousands of faithful eagerly awaiting Pope John Paul II.
The pope's fall on Saturday, as he was preparing to leave Warsaw, bore the potential for a medical and planning emergency, but it is a risk the Vatican takes to meet John Paul's desire to keep on the road.
The Pope greeted officials as he climbed unaided from his helicopter, and appeared to be coping well when he first arrived in the city of Sandomierz.
Thousand of people pressed to get close to him as he went through the streets in his pope mobile.
The only time the pope appeared more fragile than usual was when he had trouble climbing the stairs to his chair and was helped by two aides.
But he sounded strong and did not appear to be in pain.
The accident came after the most rigorous day of his Poland pilgrimage.
On Friday he attended an early morning Mass followed by five speeches - including an address to parliament - reception lines and prayers at two memorials.
According to Joachim Navarro-Valls, a Vatican spokesman, the pope slipped accidentally and his head hit the ground while he was leaving the papal nuncio's residence in Warsaw around 8 a.m. local time (0600 GMT).
He said he did not know what had caused the pope to fall.
SOUNDBITE: (English)
This morning before leaving his residence of the papal nuncio in Warsaw, the holy father slipped accidentally and procured a slight cut in the right hand of his forehead that was treated with three stitches. There were no variations at all in his biological parameters, blood pressure or weight or whatever, and the programme of the trip continues as planned for those days still remaining in Poland.
SUPER CAPTION: Joachim Navarro-Valls, Vatican Spokesman
The pope himself made no reference to the accident.
He did not appear to have been greatly shaken by the incident although he has been in ill health in recent years.
He arrived in his native Poland on June 5th and is scheduled in for a 13-day pilgrimage.
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Homilia wygloszona do mlodziezy na Westerplatte
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Kraków’s Rynek Główny, Poland (Central Square) the nerve centre of the city’s medieval Old Town
Main Square, Kraków
The main square (Polish: Rynek Główny [ˈrɨnɛk ˈɡwuvnɨ]) of the Old Town of Kraków, Lesser Poland, is the principal urban space located at the center of the city. It dates back to the 13th century, and at 3.79 ha (9.4 acres) is one of the largest medieval town squares in Europe. The Project for Public Spaces (PPS) lists the square as the best public space in Europe due to its lively street life, and it was a major factor in the inclusion of Kraków as one of the top off-the-beaten-path destinations in the world in 2016.
The main square is a square space surrounded by historic townhouses (kamienice) and churches. The center of the square is dominated by the Cloth Hall (Sukiennice), rebuilt in 1555 in the Renaissance style, topped by a beautiful attic or Polish parapet decorated with carved masks. On one side of the cloth hall is the Town Hall Tower (Wieża ratuszowa), on the other the 10th century Church of St. Adalbert and 1898 Adam Mickiewicz Monument. Rising above the square are the Gothic towers of St. Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki). Kraków Main Square does not have a town hall, because it has not survived to the present day.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Plock Poland Europe - Cathedral Basilica, Płock - Katedra
Cathedral Basilica
Dediceted to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The Cathedral Basilica was built in 1144 and founded by Bishop Alexander of Malonne. It was rebuilt many times, but its primary Romanesque elements of architecture were preserved. In the Royal Chapel there is a sarcophagus of two Polish rulers -- Władysław Herman and Bolesław Krzywousty. In the church porch there is a bronze replica of the Romanesque Płock Door, made for the Płock's cathedral ca. 1154 in Magdeburg. Close to the cathedral stands a monument to Pope John Paul II in token of the Holy Father's visit to Płock on June 7 and 8, 1991. The Pope stayed overnight in the seat of Płock's bishops at 10 Narutowicza Square. Special plaque on the building commemorates this fact.
HISTORICAL PLACES OF POLAND IN GOOGLE EARTH PART FIVE ( 5/9 )
1. PLASZOW FORCED LABOUR CAMP,KRAKOW
50° 1'45.25N 19°57'41.08E
2. ST.COUNCIL VINCENT&ST.JAMES,WROCLAW
51° 6'46.48N 17° 2'18.67E
3. CASTLE KORNIK,GMINA KORNIK 52°14'37.86N 17° 5'27.54E
4. ST.NICHOLAS'S CHURCH,SLUPSK 54°28'5.90N 17° 1'54.35E
5. CHURCHES,POZNAN 52°24'39.75N 16°56'48.31E
6. CITY HALL TOWER,KATY WROCLAWSKIE 51° 1'48.01N 16°46'16.70E
7. MONUMENT,POZNAN 52°25'8.00N 16°55'54.13E
8. LUTHERN CHURCH,KATOWICE 50°15'31.89N 19° 1'36.44E
9. STATUE OF CHILDREN,GŁOGÓW 51°39'59.33N 16° 5'23.90E
10. SCHOENA PALACE,SOSNOWIEC 50°17'57.22N 19° 8'36.22E
11. CHURCH,JELENIA GORA 50°51'55.77N 15°40'43.48E
12. CITY HALL,SANDOMIERZ 50°40'45.65N 21°44'58.05E
13. SOSNOWIEC CATHEDRAL,SOSNOWIEC 50°16'28.48N 19° 7'54.57E
14. ST.MARTIN'S CHURCH,JAWOR 51° 3'7.16N 16°11'35.46E
15. NIDZICA CASTLE,NIDZICA 53°21'34.30N 20°25'43.18E
16. ST.FRANCIS CHURCH,POZNAN 52°24'12.81N 16°56'15.33E
17. WATER TOWER AT CEMENTRY,MORAG 53°55'5.78N 19°55'11.59E
18. ST.MICHAEL ARCHANGEL CHURCH,WROCLAW
51° 7'14.46N 17° 3'2.86E
19. CASTLE TEUTONIC,RADZYN 53°23'18.28N 18°56'8.03E
20. ST.JOHN'S CHURCH,POZNAN 52°24'34.02N 16°57'31.85E
21. EUROPEAN ARTS CENTER,BIALYSTOK 53° 7'47.29N 23° 9'0.35E
22. ST.MARY'S CHURCH,KRAKOW 50° 3'41.58N 19°56'21.90E
23. LIW CASTLE,GMINA LIW 52°22'25.13N 21°58'12.32E
24. WATER TOWER,OPOLE 50°40'1.74N 17°55'10.16E
25. PALACE LAZIENKOWSKI,WARSAW 52°12'54.14N 21° 2'8.88E
26. TOWN HALL,RZESZOWIE 50° 2'14.34N 22° 0'14.30E
27. CHURCH OF ST.ADALBERT,WARSAW 52°14'0.11N 20°57'40.30E
28. LADY QUEEN OF POLISH CHURCH,OLSZTYNIE
53°46'40.59N 20°28'14.54E
29. ROTUNDA ZAMOJSKA,ZAMOSC 50°42'38.54N 23°14'49.99E
30. WISLOUJSCIE FORT,GDANSK 54°23'44.64N 18°40'45.42E
Controversy Erupts over Papal Adviser
VATICAN CITY -- In his last will and testament, Pope John Paul II, who died in 2003, instructed that his closest aide burn certain personal notes. However, that confidante, Archbishop Stanislaw Dziwisz, refused to carry out that instruction, choosing instead to preserve them for publication. That book, entitled Very Much in God's Hands: Personal Notes 1962-2003, is scheduled for release in Poland today. The decision to defy the Pope's wishes has prompted widespread criticism of Dziwisz in Poland and Vatican City.
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POLONIA #3 | La colina de Wawel | Entre Rutas
Cracovia no sería Cracovia si no hablamos de la colina de Wawel, donde antiguamente se concentraba el poder de todo el país. Tiene de todo: castillos, catedrales, ruinas... ¡y hasta un dragón!
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Warsaw Uprising | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Warsaw Uprising
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Warsaw Uprising (Polish: powstanie warszawskie; German: Warschauer Aufstand) was a major World War II operation, in the summer of 1944, by the Polish underground resistance, led by the Home Army (Polish: Armia Krajowa), to liberate Warsaw from German occupation. The uprising was timed to coincide with the retreat of the German forces from Poland ahead of the Soviet advance. While approaching the eastern suburbs of the city, the Red Army temporarily halted combat operations, enabling the Germans to regroup and defeat the Polish resistance and to raze the city in reprisal. The Uprising was fought for 63 days with little outside support. It was the single largest military effort taken by any European resistance movement during World War II.The Uprising began on 1 August 1944 as part of a nationwide Operation Tempest, launched at the time of the Soviet Lublin–Brest Offensive. The main Polish objectives were to drive the Germans out of Warsaw while helping the Allies defeat Germany. An additional, political goal of the Polish Underground State was to liberate Poland's capital and assert Polish sovereignty before the Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation could assume control. Other immediate causes included a threat of mass German round-ups of able-bodied Poles for evacuation; calls by Radio Moscow's Polish Service for uprising; and an emotional Polish desire for justice and revenge against the enemy after five years of German occupation.Initially, the Poles established control over most of central Warsaw, but the Soviets ignored Polish attempts to make radio contact with them and did not advance beyond the city limits. Intense street fighting between the Germans and Poles continued. By 14 September, the eastern bank of the Vistula River opposite the Polish resistance positions was taken over by the Polish troops fighting under the Soviet command; 1,200 men made it across the river, but they were not reinforced by the Red Army. This, and the lack of air support from the Soviet air base five-minute flying time away, led to allegations that Joseph Stalin tactically halted his forces to let the operation fail and allow the Polish resistance to be crushed. Arthur Koestler called the Soviet attitude one of the major infamies of this war which will rank for the future historian on the same ethical level with Lidice.Winston Churchill pleaded with Stalin and Franklin D. Roosevelt to help Britain's Polish allies, to no avail. Then, without Soviet air clearance, Churchill sent over 200 low-level supply drops by the Royal Air Force, the South African Air Force, and the Polish Air Force under British High Command, in an operation known as the Warsaw Airlift. Later, after gaining Soviet air clearance, the U.S. Army Air Force sent one high-level mass airdrop as part of Operation Frantic.
Although the exact number of casualties is unknown, it is estimated that about 16,000 members of the Polish resistance were killed and about 6,000 badly wounded. In addition, between 150,000 and 200,000 Polish civilians died, mostly from mass executions. Jews being harboured by Poles were exposed by German house-to-house clearances and mass evictions of entire neighbourhoods. German casualties totalled over 2,000 soldiers killed and missing. During the urban combat, approximately 25% of Warsaw's buildings were destroyed. Following the surrender of Polish forces, German troops systematically levelled another 35% of the city block by block. Together with earlier damage suffered in the 1939 invasion of Poland and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943, over 85% of the city was destroyed by January 1945 when the course of the events in the Eastern Front forced the Germans to abandon the city.
Wrocław
Wrocław (/ˈvrɒtswəf/; Polish pronunciation: [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] ( ); German: Breslau, known also by other alternative names), situated in Central Europe on the Silesian Lowlands on the river Oder (Polish: Odra), is the largest city in western Poland.
Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia, today Wrocław is also the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship.
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Józef Poniatowski | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Józef Poniatowski
00:02:07 1 Early Austrian years and war with Turkey
00:04:45 2 Polish military service and defence of the 3 May Constitution
00:09:09 3 1794 Kościuszko Insurrection
00:11:14 4 Withdrawal into private life
00:13:46 5 Duchy of Warsaw and victory in the 1809 Austro-Polish War
00:19:14 6 Napoleon's Russian campaign
00:21:52 7 German Campaign of 1813 and death at Leipzig
00:24:08 8 Legacy
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjuzɛf anˈtɔɲi pɔɲaˈtɔfskʲi]; 7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish leader, general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire.
A nephew of King Stanisław II Augustus, his military career began in 1780 in the Austrian army, where he attained the rank of a colonel. In 1789, after leaving the Austrian service, he joined the Polish army. Poniatowski, now in the rank of major general and commander of the Royal Guards, took part in the Polish–Russian War of 1792, leading the crown forces in Ukraine, where he fought a victorious battle of Zieleńce.
After the king's support for the Targowica Confederation Poniatowski was forced to resign. In 1794 he participated in the Kościuszko Uprising and was in charge of defending Warsaw for which he was subsequently exiled. In 1798 Poniatowski was permitted to return, however, he refused the offer to serve in the Imperial Russian army submitted to him by Tsar Alexander I.
In 1806, after the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw, Józef Poniatowski was appointed the minister of war. In 1809 he commanded a 16,000-strong army during the Austro-Polish War and achieved tactical success over a larger and more experienced Austrian force in the battle of Raszyn. This was followed by the advance into the territory of Galicia. The conflict ended with a Polish victory which allowed the Duchy to partially recover lands once lost in the Partitions of Poland.
A staunch ally and supporter of Napoleon I, Poniatowski voluntarily took part in the French invasion of Russia. He was injured during the fighting for Moscow which eventually forced his return to Warsaw, where he worked on the reconstruction of the Polish Armed Forces intended to fight in Germany. Covering the retreat of the French army after losing the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig (1813), Poniatowski was repeatedly wounded and drowned in the Elster river.
Purdue Varsity singing in the Salt Mines That Ever I Saw Kraków, POLAND
Purdue Varsity singing in the Salt Mines That Ever I Saw Kraków, POLAND, 5/2017
Wrocław | Wikipedia audio article
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Wrocław
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Wrocław (Polish: [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] (listen); German: Breslau [ˈbʁɛslaʊ]; Czech: Vratislav; Latin: Vratislavia) is a city in western Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 350 kilometres (220 mi) from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south. The population of Wrocław in 2018 was 639,258, making it the fourth-largest city in Poland and the main city of Wrocław agglomeration.
Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia. Today, it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The history of the city dates back over a thousand years, and its extensive heritage combines almost all religions and cultures of Europe. At various times, it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary, Habsburg Monarchy, Prussia and Germany. Wrocław became part of Poland again in 1945, as a result of the border changes after the Second World War, which included a nearly complete exchange of population.
Wrocław is a university city with a student population of over 130,000, making it one of the most youthful cities in the country. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the University of Wrocław, previously Breslau University, produced 9 Nobel Prize laureates and is renowned for its high quality of teaching.Wrocław is classified as a Gamma- global city by GaWC. It was placed among the top 100 cities in the world for the quality of life by the consulting company Mercer.The city hosted the Eucharistic Congress in 1997 and the Euro 2012 football championships. In 2016, the city was a European Capital of Culture and the World Book Capital. Also in this year, Wrocław hosted the Theatre Olympics, World Bridge Games and the European Film Awards. In 2017, the city was the host of the IFLA Annual Conference and the World Games.
ICON: KING CASIMIR THE GREAT OF POLAND
Link:
Kal Halal Yahawah bahasham Yahawashi
Double honors to the Apostles/Elders of Yasharahla and Shalawam to All the Ahchyam pushing this Truth in sincerity and diligence
Wrocław | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:18 1 Etymology
00:05:34 2 History
00:07:07 2.1 Middle Ages
00:13:17 2.2 Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation
00:16:25 2.3 Napoleonic Wars
00:17:45 2.4 Prussia and Germany
00:26:32 2.5 Second World War and afterwards
00:29:46 2.6 After the war
00:34:52 3 Environment
00:35:14 3.1 Air pollution
00:37:29 3.2 Climate
00:39:34 3.3 Fauna
00:41:41 3.4 Water
00:42:31 4 Government and politics
00:43:12 4.1 Districts
00:45:31 4.2 Municipal government
00:47:21 5 Tourism
00:47:53 5.1 Landmarks and points of interest
00:53:22 5.2 Swimming
00:54:25 5.3 Shopping malls
00:55:36 5.4 Entertainment
00:57:11 5.5 Museums
00:58:54 6 Wrocław in literature
01:00:14 7 Education
01:03:46 8 Transport
01:08:05 9 Demographics
01:08:15 9.1 Population
01:08:25 9.2 Religion
01:12:17 10 Professional sports
01:14:09 10.1 Men's sports
01:16:02 10.2 Women's sports
01:16:31 11 Economy
01:21:14 12 Major corporations
01:21:25 13 International relations
01:21:36 13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:21:51 13.2 Partnerships
01:22:05 14 Gallery
01:22:14 15 Notable people
01:22:24 16 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7052910390209712
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Wrocław (UK: , US: , Polish: [ˈvrɔtswaf] (listen); German: Breslau [ˈbʁɛslaʊ]; Czech: Vratislav; Latin: Vratislavia) is a city in western Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 350 kilometres (220 mi) from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south. The population of Wrocław in 2018 was 640,648, making it the fourth-largest city in Poland and the main city of the Wrocław agglomeration.Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia. Today, it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The history of the city dates back over a thousand years, and its extensive heritage combines almost all religions and cultures of Europe. At various times, it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary, Habsburg Monarchy, Prussia and Germany. Wrocław became part of Poland again in 1945, as a result of the border changes after the Second World War, which included a nearly complete exchange of population.
Wrocław is a university city with a student population of over 130,000, making it one of the most youthful cities in the country. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the University of Wrocław, previously Breslau University, produced 9 Nobel Prize laureates and is renowned for its high quality of teaching.Wrocław is classified as a Gamma-global city by GaWC. It was placed among the top 100 cities in the world for the quality of life by the consulting company Mercer and in the top 100 of the smartest cities in the world in the IESE Cities in Motion Index 2019 report.The city hosted the Eucharistic Congress in 1997 and the Euro 2012 football championships. In 2016, the city was a European Capital of Culture and the World Book Capital. Also in this year, Wrocław hosted the Theatre Olympics, World Bridge Games and the European Film Awards. In 2017, the city was the host of the IFLA Annual Conference and the World Games.
Lviv | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:38 1 Names
00:03:20 2 Geography
00:04:38 2.1 Climate
00:05:22 3 History
00:08:16 3.1 Galicia–Volhynia Wars
00:10:40 3.2 Kingdom of Poland
00:15:56 3.3 Habsburg Empire
00:22:09 3.3.1 First World War
00:23:02 3.4 Polish–Ukrainian War
00:26:51 3.5 Interbellum period
00:29:35 3.6 World War II and the Soviet incorporation
00:31:13 3.7 German occupation
00:35:32 3.8 Liberation from Nazis
00:37:37 3.9 Post-war Soviet Union
00:42:14 3.10 Independent Ukraine
00:43:14 4 Administrative division
00:44:17 5 Demographics
00:45:18 5.1 Historical populations
00:49:48 5.2 The ethnic Polish population
00:51:39 5.3 The Jewish population
00:54:42 6 Economy
01:00:12 6.1 Information technology
01:02:53 7 Culture
01:04:19 7.1 Architecture
01:05:51 7.2 Monuments
01:08:19 7.3 Religion
01:08:55 7.3.1 Christianity
01:10:51 7.3.2 Judaism
01:12:25 7.4 Arts
01:15:13 7.5 Theatre and opera
01:16:59 7.6 Museums and art galleries
01:19:01 7.7 Music
01:23:41 7.8 Universities and academia
01:26:35 7.9 Mathematics
01:27:39 7.10 Print and media
01:31:40 7.11 In cinema and literature
01:33:41 7.12 Parks
01:36:54 7.13 Sport
01:41:52 8 Tourism
01:43:42 9 Popular culture
01:45:34 10 Public transportation
01:48:19 10.1 Railways
01:50:55 10.2 Air transport
01:53:46 10.3 Bicycle lanes
01:55:55 11 Education
01:58:00 11.1 Universities
01:59:45 12 Notable people
01:59:54 12.1 Writers and authors
02:01:45 12.2 Musicians and composers
02:03:12 12.3 Philosophers, scholars, and doctors
02:04:57 12.4 Chess and gaming
02:05:43 12.5 Actors, singers, and directors
02:06:47 12.6 Painters
02:07:36 12.7 Military leaders
02:08:08 12.8 Government officials and politicians
02:09:04 12.9 Clergy
02:10:46 12.10 Sports
02:11:33 13 International relations
02:11:43 13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
02:11:54 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8838144945354984
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів [lʲwiu̯] (listen); Old East Slavic: Львіхород; Polish: Lwów [lvuf] (listen); Russian: Львов, romanized: Lvov [lʲvof]; German: Lemberg; Latin: Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of 724,713 as of January 2019. Lviv is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine.
Named in honour of Leo, the eldest son of Daniel, King of Ruthenia, it was the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (also called the Kingdom of Ruthenia) from 1272 to 1349, when it was conquered by King Casimir III the Great who then became known as the King of Poland and Ruthenia. From 1434, it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1918, for a short time, it was the capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Between the wars, the city was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic.
After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Lviv became part of the Soviet Union, and in 1944–46 there was a population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. In 1991, it became part of the independent nation of Ukraine.
Administratively, Lviv serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and has the status of city of oblast significance.
Lviv was the centre of the historical regions of Red Ruthenia and Galicia. The historical heart of the city, with its old buildings and cobblestone streets, survived Soviet and German occupations during World War II largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as Lviv University and Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also the home of many cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The histori ...