В.Путин.Церемония вручения ГП.12.06.05.Part 2
Ceremony for the 2004 Russian Federation National Awards Presentation.Part 2
June 12, 2005
Grand Kremlin Palace, Moscow
Церемония вручения Государственных премий Российской Федерации за 2004 год
12 июня 2005 года
Москва, Большой Кремлевский дворец
Today, not only the exact sciences but also the humanities are undergoing a revival, among them, archaeology the eternal science.
Academician Vyacheslav Molodin and Doctor of Historical Sciences Natalya Viktorovna Polosmak spent long years studying and conserving the archaeological monuments of Siberia. They have opened up for us previously unknown pages in the lives of the people of ancient Eurasia, the culture of the Scythian period. Using the most advanced bio-chemical methods, they have preserved valuable exhibits for our descendents and for future generations of researchers to work with.
It gives me pleasure to welcome the winner of the State Prize for literature and the arts, the outstanding Russian poet, Isabella Akhatovna Akhmadulina. Her work is always sincere, refined and lofty and continues the best traditions of our literature, traditions set by Pushkin, Akhmatova, Pasternak and Tsvetayeva.
Another recipient of this high award is Anna Yuryevna Netrebko, a bright new star on the Russian and world musical stage. The Russian vocal school was always a great source of talent and it is pleasing to see that this wonderful tradition continues in this new century.
The architects and restorers Leonid Yegorovich Krasnorechyev and Ninel Nikolayevna Kuzmina, being true patriots and filled with devotion to their country, have put all their heart and soul into restoring a unique monument of Russian architecture the Church of the Assumption near Novgorod.
Distinguished laureates,
Your personal achievements are not just exceptional and bright events in Russian science and the arts; they are the pride and glory of our nation.
It is deeply symbolic that we should be honouring those who have raised our Fatherland higher on this day, our main national holiday. Each of you has made an undeniable personal contribution to preserving our historic and cultural heritage, to reviving Russian science, education and to the renaissance of Russias spirituality.
Thanks to you, Russia has become stronger, richer, and has taken another step forward. You set yourselves ambitious, truly great and noble goals, and you have generously bestowed your talent upon your country and its people. I am sure that you will always find recompense, and not just in the form of state decorations, but in the love and attention our people give you.
I congratulate you and thank you with all my heart.
Thank you very much.
ALEXANDER KVASNIKOV: Comrade Commander-in-Chief, Dear Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Comrades,
The fact that these state awards of such distinction are being presented on our national holiday, the Day of Russia, gives this event particular weight. I see this award, above all, as a sign of the states unfailing attention and its direction of the outer space control systems development.
We can say that today, the outer space control system plays a vital part in ensuring Russias independent space activities and establishing the necessary conditions for guaranteeing our countrys security.
This unique optical-electronic system was created through the research and the selfless work of scientists, designers, engineers and the Space Troops in the area of introducing new technology and developing Russian-produced equipment for outer space control.
I want to express my particular gratitude today to the thousands of people who were directly involved in this systems creation and who were, are and always will be the pride of the Russian nation.
The bitter story of Andrei Gorenko (brother of Anna Akhmatova)
On Friday, February 14th, 1920, the small Athenian society was surprised to learn by the headlines of almost all newspapers about the “double suicide of Russian married couple”. It was Andrei Gorenko and his wife Maria, who had found refuge in Greece as political refugees since in their home country the Bolshevik revolution and the civil war were raging.
Gorenko was not a random person: he was actually a Russian noble with brilliant studies, a great Hellenist and admirer of Greece and the brother of Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966), the great Russian poet, who suffered badly from the Stalinist regime.
From that fatal suicide attempt of the couple with morphine overdose, Andrei did not withstand and succumbed, yet his wife Maria survived and most importantly, while she was hospitalized, she was announced that she was pregnant!
Andreas Gorenko Junior was born a few months after his father’s, Andrei, death, he was naturalized as a Greek citizen, he never discovered the details of the tragic history of his parents, he served in the Greek Air Force as a senior officer and after the war as Chief of the Air Force Academy and until his death in 1976, he excelled as a highly active and prominent member of the postwar Athenian society.
This complicated story began to unfold in 2008 on the occasion of the tribute that the literary magazine Planodion made (Issue 45) to the great Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, where the poet and publisher Yiannis Patilis along with the investigator of modern Greek literature Giorgos Zevelakis brought to light unknown details of the suicide attempt, of her brother Andrei Gorenko and his wife Maria Smountsilo the evening of February 11th, 1920 (a few weeks after the death of their only child), at the hotel “Kronion” at Omonoia Square in Athens.
The magazine partner, writer and artist, Iro Nikopoulou, after months of research based on articles of the litterateur and journalist Pavlos Nirvanas published in newspapers of that time, identified in January 2009 the tomb of the family Gorenko at the First Cemetery of Athens. These discoveries caused a sensation, especially in the home country of the couple, Russia. Akhmatova Museum in St. Petersburg and the Russian Embassy in Athens, after the magazine’s initiatives, requested to declare the tomb of Gorenko an “Athens Monument”.
Furthermore, the magazine partner, writer and translator Eugenia Krichevskaya handed the Museum of Anna Akhmatova the family heirlooms, which were provided in the couple's memory by Lia Kossara-Gorenko, widow of Andreas Gorenko Jr., and she participated by notice in the conference for the 100 years since the birth of Anna Akhmatova in Novgorod. The whole story and the discovery of the tomb was featured in the Russian channel TV 100 of St Petersburg on 29/09/2009, which presented in its main evening newscast the events with extensive reportage and interviews.
Then the director and poet Lefteris Xanthopoulos utilizing the collected material of the case created a one-hour documentary entitled “The sad story of Andrei Gorenko” for the show Paraskinio of the Greek state television. The film has been viewed many times by state channels and received many distinctions in Greece and abroad. It is also one of the few Greek documentaries kept at the International Documentary Center in Zurich.
Τον Φεβρουαρίου του 1920, τα πρωτοσέλιδα των εφημερίδων πληροφορούν για την «διπλή αυτοκτονία ζεύγους Ρώσων συζύγων». Επρόκειτο για τον Αντρέι Γκορένκο και την σύζυγό του Μαρία, που είχαν καταφύγει στην Ελλάδα ως πολιτικοί πρόσφυγες.
Ο Γκορένκο ήταν Ρώσος ευγενής, ελληνιστής, ελληνολάτρης και αδελφός της μεγάλης Ρωσίδας ποιήτριας Άννας Αχμάτοβα (1889-1966).
Από τη μοιραία απόπειρα, θα επιβιώσει η Μαρία που αποκαλύπτεται ότι είναι έγκυος! Ο Αντρέας Γκορένκο ο νεώτερος θα γεννηθεί μετά τον θάνατο του πατέρα του Αντρέι, θα πολιτογραφηθεί Έλληνας και θα διαπρέψει ως εξέχον μέλος της μεταπολεμικής αθηναϊκής κοινωνίας.
Η περίπλοκη ιστορία ξεδιπλώθηκε το 2008 με αφορμή το αφιέρωμα του λογοτεχνικού περιοδικού Πλανόδιον στην Άννα Αχμάτοβα· ο ποιητής και εκδότης Γιάννης Πατίλης και ο ερευνητής Γιώργος Ζεβελάκης έφεραν στο φως άγνωστες λεπτομέρειες.
Η συνεργάτης του περιοδικού συγγραφέας και εικαστικός Ηρώ Νικοπούλου εντόπισε το 2009 τον οικογενειακό τάφο Γκορένκο στο πρώτο Νεκροταφείο Αθηνών. Οι ανακαλύψεις έκαναν ιδιαίτερη αίσθηση, ιδίως τη Ρωσία.
Η Ευγενία Κριτσέφτσκαγια παρέδωσε στο «Μουσείο Άννα Αχμάτοβα» τα οικογενειακά κειμήλια, που διέθεσε η Λία Κοσσαρά-Γκορένκο, χήρα του Ανδρέα Γκορένκο του νεώτερου. Το όλο θέμα προέβαλλε το ρωσικό κανάλι TV 100 της Αγίας Πετρούπολης στις 29/09/2009 στο κεντρικό βραδινό του δελτίο με εκτενές ρεπορτάζ.
Ο σκηνοθέτης και ποιητής Λευτέρης Ξανθόπουλος αξιοποιώντας το συγκεντρωμένο υλικό δημιούργησε το ντοκιμαντέρ «Η πικρή ιστορία του Αντρέι Γκορένκο» για την εκπομπή «Παρασκήνιο» της ΕΡΤ. Η ταινία προβλήθηκε πολλές φορές και έλαβε διακρίσεις στην Ελλάδα και στο εξωτερικό.
Pushkin Poem In Russian | International Women's Day
Hello my dearest!
Today is International Women's Day and I really want to share with you one of my favorite poems of A.S. Pushkin.
Here is the poem in Russian language:
Зачем я ею очарован?
Зачем расстаться должен с ней?
Когда б я не был избалован
Цыганской жизнию моей.
Она глядит на вас так нежно,
Она лепечет так небрежно,
Она так тонко весела,
Ее глаза так полны чувством,
Вечор она с таким искусством
Из-под накрытого стола
Мне свою ножку подала.
Александр Сергеевич Пушкин.
P.S. I'm sorry about my translation of poem, it's really hard to deal with it. I hope you can grab the meaning from it :)
Have a great holiday!
Alexander Pushkin - (In English) - Tenth Commandment
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and
Десятая заповедь
Добра чужого не желать
Ты, боже, мне повелеваешь:
Но меру сил моих ты знаешь --
Мне ль нежным чувством управлять?
Обидеть друга не желаю,
И не хочу его села,
Не нужно мне его вола,
На всё спокойно я взираю:
Ни дом его, ни скот, ни раб,
Не лестна мне вся благостыня.
Но ежели его рабыня,
Прелестна... Господи! я слаб!
И ежели его подруга
Мила, как ангел во плоти, -
О боже праведный! прости
Мне зависть ко блаженству друга.
Кто сердцем мог повелевать?
Кто раб усилий бесполезных?
Как можно не любить любезных?
Как райских благ не пожелать?
Смотрю, томлюся и вздыхаю,
Но строгий долг умею чтить,
Страшусь желаньям сердца льстить,
Молчу... и втайне я страдаю.
1821
The Tenth Commandment
Don't covet goods of other beings -
My Goodness, You've commanded so;
The limits of my will You know -
Am I to manage tender feelings?
I wish not to offend my friend.
His village I do not desire,
And for his steer I don't aspire,
I'm gazing at it all, content:
His men, his house and his cattle,--
I do not wish them to be mine.
Supposing, though, his concubine
Is beautiful... I've lost the battle!
And if by chance his lady's pretty
And gifted with an angel's skin
Then God forgive me for my sin
Of being envious and greedy!
Who can command a heart like this?
Who is a slave to worthless trial?
Not love a loved one in denial?!--
Who can resist this heaven's bliss?
I sigh from sadness and perceive,
But I must honor my conviction,
Scared to fulfill my heart's ambition,
I'm silent... and alone I grieve.
1821
Экскурсия по рекам и каналам СПб #Авиамания | Tour of the rivers and canals of St. Petersburg
Наш канал о путешествиях Авиамания приглашает вас увидеть интересные места Санкт-Петербурга.
Экскурсия по рекам и каналам СПб будет сопровождаться красивой музыкой , вас ждут интересные факты о Петербурге:
-Мосты Петербурга по пути следования нашего теплохода
-Где находятся братья Укротителей коней с Аничкого моста
-Каким был раньше Мост Ломоносова
-Чем притягивает зрителей БДТ
-Как выглядит РОтонда снаружи и почему она утратила магическую привлекательность
-Почему Обуховский мост так называется
-Дворец Юсуповых на Фонтанке и Дом Юсуповых на Мойке - это одно и то же?
-Какой район назывался Коломна
-Что за Собор называется Николо-Богоявленский Морской Собор
-Куда смотрят фасады домов на набережных Петербурга
-Почему мост у Мариинского театра называют Торговый мост
-Как выглядит Вторая сцена Мариинского театра
-Где было написано стихотворение Ночь, улица, фонарь....
-Почему Поцелуев мост в Питере привлекает влюбленных
-Где убили Григория Распутина
-Цветные мосты Петербурга и их тайны
-Что стало со швейной фабрикой имени Володарского
-Здание Строгановского дворца сейчас
-Кондитерская Вольфа и Беранже
-Почему Певческий мост сейчас не так популярен ,как раньше
-Первый каменный мост в Петербурге
-Большая Нева и достопримечательности СПб
-Где находится самая красивая ограда по мнению Анны Ахматовой
-Что делал Петр I в Летнем саду и как его покидал
-Самый маленький памятник Питера и загадывание желания
-Михайловский замок и его легенды
-Кафе на теплоходе
Статья Авиамания с ценами и тд
Сайт на котором мы покупали билеты
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Russian literature
Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia and its émigrés and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Rus', Russia or the Soviet Union. Roots of Russian literature can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old Russian were composed. By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, and from the early 1830s, Russian literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. Prose was flourishing as well. The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky soon became internationally renowned. In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian poetry. The poets most often associated with the Silver Age are Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolay Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Boris Pasternak. This era produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Fedor Sologub, Aleksey Remizov, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely.
After the Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white émigré parts. While the Soviet Union assured universal literacy and a highly developed book printing industry, it also enforced ideological censorship. In the 1930s Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Alexander Fadeyev achieved success in Russia. Various émigré writers, such as poets Vladislav Khodasevich, Georgy Ivanov and Vyacheslav Ivanov; novelists such as Mark Aldanov, Gaito Gazdanov and Vladimir Nabokov; and short story Nobel Prize winning writer Ivan Bunin, continued to write in exile. The Khrushchev Thaw brought some fresh wind to literature and poetry became a mass cultural phenomenon. This thaw did not last long; in the 1970s, some of the most prominent authors were banned from publishing and prosecuted for their anti-Soviet sentiments.
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Great Russian poets translated: • “Clouds Up to Tricks” - Mayakovsky
“Clouds Up to Tricks” - the children's poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893 -1930), in the translation by Dorian Rottenberg. Performed by actor Alexei Diakov.
Saint Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Saint Petersburg
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. On 1 September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д, IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]), and on 1 October 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is one of the most modern cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world.
Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
St. Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:30 1 Name
00:03:33 2 History
00:03:43 2.1 Imperial era (1703–1917)
00:12:53 2.2 Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)
00:16:51 2.3 World War II (1941–1945)
00:18:42 2.4 Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)
00:21:29 2.5 Contemporary era (1991–present)
00:25:32 3 Geography
00:29:05 3.1 Climate
00:31:12 3.2 Toponymy
00:35:43 4 Demographics
00:39:59 4.1 Religion
00:40:17 5 Government
00:43:07 6 Economy
00:49:37 7 Cityscape
00:58:06 8 Tourism
01:02:05 9 Dramatic Theatre
01:02:30 10 Media and communications
01:03:04 11 Culture
01:03:13 11.1 Museums
01:05:30 11.2 Music
01:11:14 11.3 Film
01:13:19 11.4 Literature
01:15:54 12 Education
01:16:56 13 Sports
01:20:57 13.1 2018 FIFA World Cup
01:21:30 14 Infrastructure
01:21:39 14.1 Transportation
01:22:37 14.1.1 Roads and public transport
01:25:12 14.2 Saint Petersburg public transportation statistics
01:26:06 14.2.1 Waterways
01:27:15 14.2.2 Rail
01:29:32 14.2.3 Air
01:31:02 14.3 Parks
01:33:13 15 Famous people
01:33:51 16 Crime
01:37:12 17 Twin towns and sister cities
01:37:44 18 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8733509262978975
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is often considered Russia's cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Russian literature | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian literature
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia and its émigrés and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Rus', the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union. The roots of Russian literature can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old Russian were composed. By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, and from the early 1830s, Russian literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. Prose was flourishing as well. The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky soon became internationally renowned. In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian poetry. The poets most often associated with the Silver Age are Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolay Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Boris Pasternak. This era produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Fyodor Sologub, Aleksey Remizov, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely.
After the Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white émigré parts. While the Soviet Union assured universal literacy and a highly developed book printing industry, it also enforced ideological censorship. In the 1930s Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Alexander Fadeyev achieved success in Russia. Various émigré writers, such as poets Vladislav Khodasevich, Georgy Ivanov and Vyacheslav Ivanov; novelists such as Mark Aldanov, Gaito Gazdanov and Vladimir Nabokov; and short story Nobel Prize-winning writer Ivan Bunin, continued to write in exile. Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, like Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the gulag camps. The Khrushchev Thaw brought some fresh wind to literature and poetry became a mass cultural phenomenon. This thaw did not last long; in the 1970s, some of the most prominent authors were banned from publishing and prosecuted for their anti-Soviet sentiments.
The end of the 20th century was a difficult period for Russian literature, with few distinct voices. Among the most discussed authors of this period were Victor Pelevin, who gained popularity with short stories and novels, novelist and playwright Vladimir Sorokin, and the poet Dmitri Prigov. In the 21st century, a new generation of Russian authors appeared, differing greatly from the postmodernist Russian prose of the late 20th century, which lead critics to speak about new realism.
Russian authors have significantly contributed to numerous literary genres. Russia has five Nobel Prize in literature laureates. As of 2011, Russia was the fourth largest book producer in the world in terms of published titles. A popular folk saying claims Russians are the world's most reading nation.
Joseph Stalin | Wikipedia audio article
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Joseph Stalin
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Joseph Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian ethnicity. He ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and the nation's Premier from 1941 to 1953. Initially presiding over an oligarchic one-party system that governed by plurality, he became the de facto dictator of the Soviet Union by the 1930s. Ideologically committed to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, Stalin helped to formalise these ideas as Marxism–Leninism, while his own policies became known as Stalinism.
Born to a poor family in Gori, Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin began his revolutionary career by joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party as a youth. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings, and protection rackets. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles. After the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia during the 1917 October Revolution, Stalin joined the party's governing Politburo, where he was instrumental in overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922. As Lenin fell ill and then died in 1924, Stalin assumed leadership over the country. During Stalin's rule, Socialism in One Country became a central tenet of the party's dogma, and Lenin's New Economic Policy was replaced with a centralized command economy. Under the Five-Year Plan system, the country underwent collectivisation and rapid industrialization but experienced significant disruptions in food production that contributed to the famine of 1932–33. To eradicate those regarded as enemies of the working class, Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939.
Stalin's government promoted Marxism–Leninism abroad through the Communist International and supported anti-fascist movements throughout Europe during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, it signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in their joint invasion of Poland. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941. Despite initial setbacks, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German incursion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. The Soviets annexed the Baltic states and helped establish Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe, China and North Korea. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged from the war as the two world superpowers. Tensions arose between the Soviet-backed Eastern Bloc and U.S.-backed Western Bloc which became known as the Cold War. Stalin led his country through its post-war reconstruction, during which it developed a nuclear weapon in 1949. In these years, the country experienced another major famine and an anti-semitic campaign peaking in the Doctors' plot. Stalin died in 1953 and was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who denounced his predecessor and initiated a de-Stalinisation process throughout Soviet society.
Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist–Leninist movement, for whom Stalin was a champion of socialism and the working class. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who established the Soviet Union as a major world power. Conversely, his totalitarian government has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repressions, ethnic cleansing, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines which caused the deaths of millions.
Odessa | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:41 1 Name
00:03:30 2 History
00:03:39 2.1 Early history
00:05:45 2.2 Ottoman Silistre
00:06:23 2.3 Russian conquest of Sanjak of Özi (Ochacov Oblast)
00:10:25 2.4 Renaming of the settlement and establishment of sea port
00:16:28 2.5 Beginnings of revolution
00:19:10 2.6 World War II
00:23:42 2.7 Postwar history
00:26:49 3 Geography
00:26:57 3.1 Location
00:30:01 3.2 Climate
00:32:19 4 Demographics
00:34:06 4.1 Historical ethnic and national composition
00:34:16 5 Government and administrative divisions
00:36:47 6 Cityscape
00:41:01 6.1 Parks and gardens
00:43:26 7 Education
00:46:11 8 Culture
00:46:20 8.1 Museums, art and music
00:49:49 8.2 Literature
00:52:25 8.3 Resorts and health care
00:52:42 8.4 Celebrations and holidays
00:53:29 8.5 Notable Odessans
00:55:52 9 Economy
01:00:25 10 Scientists
01:01:09 11 Transport
01:01:18 11.1 Maritime transport
01:02:10 11.2 Roads and automotive transport
01:03:54 11.3 Railways
01:04:58 11.4 Public transport
01:06:51 11.5 Air transport
01:07:39 12 Sport
01:08:34 12.1 Athletes
01:09:56 13 International relations
01:10:06 13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:10:23 13.2 Partner cities
01:10:31 14 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.8877266312885073
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Odessa or Odesa (Ukrainian: Оде́са [oˈdɛsɐ] (listen); Russian: Оде́сса [ɐˈdʲesə]) is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major tourism center, seaport and transport hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. It is also the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast and a multiethnic cultural center. Odessa is sometimes called the pearl of the Black Sea, the South Capital (under the Russian Empire and Soviet Union), and Southern Palmyra.
Before the Tsarist establishment of Odessa, an ancient Greek settlement existed at its location. A more recent Tatar settlement was also founded at the location by Hacı I Giray, the Khan of Crimea in 1440 that was named after him as Hacıbey. After a period of Lithuanian Grand Duchy control, Hacibey and surroundings became part of the domain of the Ottomans in 1529 and remained there until the empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1792.
In 1794, the city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great. From 1819 to 1858, Odessa was a free port - porto-franco. During the Soviet period, it was the most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base. On 1 January 2000, the Quarantine Pier at Odessa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a period of 25 years.
During the 19th century, Odessa was the fourth largest city of Imperial Russia, after Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Warsaw. Its historical architecture has a style more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including Art Nouveau, Renaissance and Classicist.Odessa is a warm-water port. The city of Odessa hosts both the Port of Odessa and Port Yuzhne, a significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. Another notable port, Chornomorsk, is located in the same oblast, to the south-west of Odessa. Together they represent a major transport hub integrating with railways. Odessa's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to Russian and European networks by strategic pipelines.