Polska (Poland) - Częstochowa & Licheń
1) Licheń - Bazylika Najświętszej Maryi Panny Licheńskiej (Licheń - Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń)
2) Częstochowa - Jasna Góra
3) Częstochowa - Muzeum Górnictwa Rud Żelaza (Częstochowa - The Iron Ore Mining Museum)
4) Częstochowa - Ratusz miasta (Częstochowa - Town Hall)
POLAND - WikiVidi Documentary
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a sovereign country in Central Europe. It is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312679 km2 with a mostly temperate climate. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin. The establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe with a uniquely liberal political system which declared Europe's fir...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:54: Etymology
00:04:29: Prehistory and protohistory
00:06:03: Piast dynasty
00:10:19: Jagiellon dynasty
00:13:41: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:18:20: Partitions
00:21:28: Era of insurrections
00:26:58: Reconstruction
00:30:40: World War II
00:38:45: Post-war communism
00:41:58: Present-day
00:45:42: Geography
00:47:24: Geology
00:50:40: Waters
00:55:58: Land use
00:57:39: Biodiversity
00:59:21: Climate
01:01:04: Politics
01:03:31: Law
01:07:31: Foreign relations
01:10:20: Administrative divisions
01:11:15: Military
01:15:26: Law enforcement and emergency services
01:16:56: Economy
01:21:14: Corporations
01:22:48: Tourism
01:24:55: Energy
01:26:43: Transport
01:30:42: Science and technology
01:32:44: Communications
01:34:24: Demographics
01:38:07: Languages
01:39:57: Religion
01:44:47: Health
01:46:45: Education
01:49:26: Culture
01:50:25: Famous people
01:51:39: Society
01:54:06: Music
01:58:10: Art
02:00:44: Architecture
02:04:53: Literature
02:09:46: Media
02:12:18: Cuisine
02:14:37: Sports
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Poland: PKP Class ET22 electric loco passing Jarocin on a southbound freight train
PKP Class ET22 electric loco number ET22-1030 passing Jarocin on a southbound freight train. Recorded 21 May 2003.
PKP class ET22 electric locomotive
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PKP class ET22 is a Polish six-axle electric freight locomotive built by Pafawag from 1969 to 1989. Due to the sharp drop in heavy industry production (and hence cargo transport) after 1989, this class is now also frequently used for passenger service.
The first two prototypes of the class 201E were ready in 1969. Large scale production started in 1971 PKP bought 1,183 locomotives until the production was ceased in 1989. This made the ET22 class one of the largest locomotive series built in Europe, trailing to some 8000 pieces of Russian Class TEM2 and Class CHME3 (built in Czechoslovakia).
During the production the design of the ET22 locomotive was slightly altered. Some changes were also made during repair and maintenance.
The body of the locomotives in use is different from the prototypes. There are two basic types of locomotive bodies where the main differences are the size and placement of the side windows, resistors, air intakes and ventilation grids. The older body design was used in locomotives with serial numbers below 240.
In 1973 Pafawag built a prototype locomotive of the building type 201Ea-53, which had a different transmission for top speed 160 km/h. The locomotive was classified as EP23-001. After a series of tests the decision was made not to continue the production. Possible causes are problems in shunting operation and adhesion. The prototype was rebuilt as ET22-121 in place of former 121 locomotive scraped in 1977. Today this locomotive is conserved in Jaworzyna Śląska railway museum.
Another two prototype locomotives were produced 1977 as building type 201Ec-1 and 201Ec-2. Main changes introduced were a modernised secondary suspension, multiple unit control and several small modernisations, like automatic door control. Those locomotives were first given the numbers 301 and 302. As the production of ET22 continued, those were renumbered to 501 and 502, than to 701 and 702 and finally to 1001 and 1002, which they still bear today.
In the 1980s PKP needed locomotives for passenger service. Since the freight service declined, the ET22 could be used for passenger service. They were fitted with main reservoir pipes required for the automatic door control of the passenger coaches.
In 2004 the locomotive ET22-2000 was modernised in Gliwice. Main modifications affected the electrical and mechanical main components as well as the driver's cab which was equipped with a modern computerised control system and joysticks. The locomotive is painted in PKP Cargo colours.
ET22 is classified as a highly efficient freight locomotive. Its maximum continuous power is 3,000 kW (4,000 hp) and it is the biggest single-box Co-Co locomotive in PKP service. Technical features enable this engine to pull heavy freight trains of up to 3150 t. with speed of 70 km/h. Trains of up to 2700 t. are able to be pulled at 80 km/h. When used as passenger locomotive it can pull trains weighing up to 700 t at 125 km/h. This being caused by several features and solutions based on passenger EU07 and EU06 locomotives. Four EE-451A engines are isolated in H class with maximum temperature allowed of 180°C. They have four main and four commutative poles.[1] Because of its length and distance between axles ET22 locomotive performs poorly on tight curves, unlike the older ET21 locomotives, despite the fact that the designers were requested the same parameters for minimum curve diameter. Driving ET22 at winding tracks causes severe damage both to rails and locomotive drivers. This forced several modifications, which are made presently. Such changes are essential, as fewer and fewer ET21 locomotives stay in service and ET41 are ineffective on highland tracks due to serious loss of power. Most, but not all, locomotives are painted with a narrow yellow stripe on the front and massive letters and figures used for classification and serial numbers.
Jarocin
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Jarocin (German: Jarotschin) is a town in central Poland with 25,700 inhabitants (1995), the administrative capital of Jarocin County. Since 1999 Jarocin has been located in Greater Poland Voivodeship, prior to that it was located in the Kalisz Voivodeship (1975--1998).
The town was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1939 during World War II and administered within Reichsgau Wartheland as part of the district or county (kreis) of Jarotschin. Many Poles were expelled and replaced with ethnic Germans from the Baltic states, Volhynia, and Bukovina. Following the arrival of the Red Army and the end of the war, Jarocin was made part of the People's Republic of Poland.
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Częstochowa, co warto zobaczyć - atrakcje turystyczne Częstochowy [ENG Subtitles]
Częstochowa, co warto zobaczyć? Atrakcje turystyczne Częstochowy, które opisuje w filmie:
Odbierz 100zł na nocleg:
-Jasna Góra
-plac Władysława Biegańskiego
-Ratusz Miejski
-mural Wieża Babel
-kościół św. Jakuba Apostoła
-Aleja NMP
-plac Ignacego Daszyńskiego
-najwęższa kamienica w Polsce
-plac Solidarności
-Muzeum Produkcji Zapałek
-najdłuższy peron kolejowy w Polsce
-kościół św. Zygmunta
-Muzeum Biegańskiego
-Muzeum Górnictwa Rud Żelaza
-Bazylika Metropolitalna Świętej Rodziny
-kamieniołomy na stokach Złotej Góry
-wyrobisko Saturn
-Park Miniatur Sakralnych
-Cmentarz Żydowski
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Wielki Finał Kampanii Ognia w Muzeum Starożytnego Hutnictwa Mazowieckiego
Wielki Finał Kampanii Ognia w Muzeum Starożytnego Hutnictwa Mazowieckiego
History of Solidarity | Wikipedia audio article
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History of Solidarity
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The history of Solidarity (Polish: Solidarność, pronounced [sɔliˈdarnɔɕt͡ɕ] (listen)), a Polish non-governmental trade union, began on August 14, 1980, at the Lenin Shipyards (now Gdańsk Shipyards) at its founding by Lech Wałęsa and others. In the early 1980s, it became the first independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country. Solidarity gave rise to a broad, non-violent, anti-communist social movement that, at its height, claimed some 9.4 million members. It is considered to have contributed greatly to the fall of communism.
Poland's communist government attempted to destroy the union by instituting martial law in 1981, followed by several years of political repression, but in the end was forced into negotiation. The Roundtable Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition resulted in semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August 1989, a Solidarity-led coalition government had been formed, and, in December 1990, Wałęsa was elected president. This was soon followed by the dismantling of the communist governmental system and by Poland's transformation into a modern democratic state. Solidarity's early survival represented a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and was an unprecedented event; not only for the People's Republic of Poland—a satellite of the USSR ruled by a one-party communist regime—but for the whole of the Eastern bloc. Solidarity's example led to the spread of anti-communist ideas and movements throughout the Eastern Bloc, weakening communist governments. This process later culminated in the Revolutions of 1989.
In the 1990s, Solidarity's influence on Poland's political scene waned. A political arm of the Solidarity movement, Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), was founded in 1996 and would win the Polish parliamentary elections in 1997, only to lose the subsequent 2001 elections. Thereafter, Solidarity had little influence as a political party, though it did become the largest trade union in Poland.