Match Factory in Czestochowa - Museum (1882 - 2012) Zapałczarnia w Częstochowie - Muzeum
Początki przemysłu zapałczanego w Częstochowie sięgają lat 70. XIX wieku. Powstały wtedy dwie manufaktury: Filipa Sperbera na Zawodziu oraz Henryka Jankiewicza - niestety, nie wiadomo gdzie. Obie zatrudniały po 19 osób. Kiedy upadły wobec przemysłowej konkurencji, przeszkoleni pracownicy znaleźli zatrudnienie w tworzonej od 1881, a uruchomionej w 1882 roku nowoczesnej fabryce. Założyli ją dwaj przedsiębiorcy z Wrocławia: Karol von Gehlig i Julian Huch. Częstochowska zapałczarnia była zresztą powiązana technologicznie i finansowo z wrocławską firmą-matką Fabrik Chemischer Zundwaaren von Gehlig und Huch. Nowa fabryka zatrudniała 64 osoby, w 1892 roku już 107, i produkowała za 132 tys. rubli. W 1900 roku po śmierci jednego ze współwłaścicieli spadkobiercy zdecydowali o sprzedaży zapałczarni. Za 30 tys. rubli kupiła ją Fabrik Chemischer und Zundwaagen we Wrocławiu - po to, żeby już za 70 tys. odsprzedać ją w 1912 roku Towarzystwu Akcyjnemu W.A. Łapszyn.
Według opisów z 1910 roku częstochowska zapałczarnia zajmowała 9775 m kw. gruntu przy kolei warszawsko-wiedeńskiej, ograniczonego od wschodu ul. Ogrodową, a od południa i wschodu terenem fabryki guzików. W 1913 roku drewniane w większości zabudowania strawił pożar. Można go obejrzeć w trzyminutowym filmiku Pożar zapałczarni w Częstochowie - najstarszym zabytku polskiej kinematografii.
Wypalone budynki zostały szybko odbudowane i wyposażone w nowe maszyny, m.in. lokomobilę Borsig i agregat prądotwórczy. Nieszczęścia już omijały zapałczarnię, I wojnę światową przeszła bez szwanku.
W 1923 roku fabrykę wykupiło Polskie Towarzystwo Przemysłu Zapałczanego Spółka Akcyjna. Cena: 800 mln polskich marek. W 1927 roku natomiast weszła w skład utworzonego właśnie Monopolu Zapałczanego. Był reakcją na wypieranie polskich produktów z Rosji i południowo-wschodniej Europy przez towary szwedzkie i amerykańskie. Powodem była nie tylko jakość czy cena polskiej produkcji, ale też brak jednolitej polityki eksportowej firm.
Wkrótce zapałczarnię spotkało kolejne nieszczęście. Pożar w 1930 roku zniszczył część maszyn i zabudowań. Ale znowu zapadła decyzja o odbudowie zakładu i nieszczęście okazało się szczęściem, bo budynki zostały zmodernizowane, a do hal trafiły nowe maszyny firmy Durlach - te właśnie, które pracują przy Ogrodowej do dzisiaj.
W niezmienionym stanie i strukturze częstochowska zapałczarnia przetrwała II wojnę światową i działała w latach powojennych. Poszerzała tylko eksport: jej zapałki trafiały do Europy, Afryki, Ameryki Południowej i Środkowej. Pudełeczka oklejane były różnojęzycznymi etykietami. Największe wzięcie miała marka Black Cat, ale zdarzało się, że pod czarnym kotem pojawiały się arabskie robaczki. W 1998 roku zakład przekształcono w spółkę pracowniczą, a w 2002 roku w produkujące muzeum.
4th Regular MSIE 4 0 Meeting at CUT
Overview of our 4th MSIE 4.0 Regular Meeting at Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT), Poland
Date: 3rd - 8th June 2019
This video clip displays the atmosphere of the activities during the meeting: opening session, working session on course development, short presentation of the 16 courses, presentation and discussion on remote lab and E-learning platform, experience sharing on as Erasmus project, PEC meeting, QCMB meeting, E-learning training, breakfast with entrepreneurs, discussion on translating teaching&learning materials, participating in QPI 2019 conference, industrial visit at SGP group, industrial visit at museum of the production of matches, and closing session.
Our appreciation and special thanks go to dr hab. inż. Maciej Mrowiec prof. PCz (Vice-Rector of Innovation and Development Department), Prof. zw. dr hab. Dorota Jelonek (Dean of the Faculty of Management), dr Ewa Moroz (Coordinator of Foreign Students Office), and Prof. Tomasz Nitkiewicz (CUT leader) for giving their speech during the opening session. Thank you so much to Dr. Ilona Paweloszek and Dr. Tomasz Turek for the training session on E-learning. Last but not least, our high appreciation and thanks go to Prof. Tomasz Nitkiewicz, Prof. Robert Ulewicz, Dr. Anna Wisniewska-Salek, Dr. Agnieszka Ociepa-Kubicka, Ms. Katarzyna Rozpondek and the team for their dedicated works and hospitality from CUT team made this meeting happen. It was a meaningful moment. Thank you very very much!
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✨Together We Will Make Our Education Stronger✨
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Muzeum Produkcji Zapalek w Częstochowie
VLOG Jasna Góra i ZAPAŁKI/ MATCHES
/Odc. 112 / I visit monastery in Poland. Find me:
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Częstochowa, co warto zobaczyć - atrakcje turystyczne Częstochowy [ENG Subtitles]
Częstochowa, co warto zobaczyć? Atrakcje turystyczne Częstochowy, które opisuje w filmie:
Odbierz 100zł na nocleg:
-Jasna Góra
-plac Władysława Biegańskiego
-Ratusz Miejski
-mural Wieża Babel
-kościół św. Jakuba Apostoła
-Aleja NMP
-plac Ignacego Daszyńskiego
-najwęższa kamienica w Polsce
-plac Solidarności
-Muzeum Produkcji Zapałek
-najdłuższy peron kolejowy w Polsce
-kościół św. Zygmunta
-Muzeum Biegańskiego
-Muzeum Górnictwa Rud Żelaza
-Bazylika Metropolitalna Świętej Rodziny
-kamieniołomy na stokach Złotej Góry
-wyrobisko Saturn
-Park Miniatur Sakralnych
-Cmentarz Żydowski
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Muzykę: T.Love - Nie, nie, nie
Zdjęcia: latorosle.pl, zapalki.pl
Antique Russian gilt religious icon in case (19th Cent)
- Newel.com: Antique Russian gilt religious icon in case (19th Cent) (Russian, Russian, misc. furniture, religious item, gilt) (Newel Art and Antiques, New York City)
History of Poland (1939–45) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Poland (1939–45)
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to the end of World War II. Following the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September. The campaigns ended in early October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland. After the Axis attack on the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, all of Poland was occupied by Germany. Under the two occupations, Polish citizens suffered enormous human and material losses. According to the Institute of National Remembrance estimates, about 5.6 million Polish citizens died as a result of the German occupation and about 150,000 died as a result of the Soviet occupation. The Jews were singled out by the Germans for a quick and total annihilation and about 90% of Polish Jews (close to three million people) were murdered as part of the Holocaust. Jews, Poles, Romani people and prisoners of many other ethnicities were killed en masse at Nazi extermination camps, such as Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibór. Ethnic Poles were subjected to both Nazi German and Soviet persecution. The Germans killed an estimated two million ethnic Poles. They had future plans to turn the remaining majority of Poles into slave labor and annihilate those perceived as “undesirable” as part of the wider Generalplan Ost. Ethnic cleansing and massacres of Poles and to a lesser extent Ukrainians were perpetrated in western Ukraine (prewar Polish Kresy) from 1943. The Poles were murdered by Ukrainian nationalists.
In September 1939, the Polish government officials sought refuge in Romania, but their subsequent internment there prevented the intended continuation abroad as the government of Poland. General Władysław Sikorski, a former prime minister, arrived in France, where a replacement Polish Government-in-Exile was soon formed. After the fall of France, the government was evacuated to Britain. The Polish armed forces had been reconstituted and fought alongside the Western Allies in France, Britain and elsewhere. Resistance movement began organizing in Poland in 1939, soon after the invasions. Its largest military component was a part of the Polish Underground State network of organizations and activities and became known as the Home Army. The whole clandestine structure was formally directed by the Government-in-Exile through its delegation resident in Poland. There were also peasant, right-wing, leftist, Jewish and Soviet partisan organizations. Among the failed anti-German uprisings were the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the Warsaw Uprising. The aim of the Warsaw Uprising was to prevent domination of Poland by the Soviet Union.
In order to cooperate with the Soviet Union, after Operation Barbarossa an important war ally of the West, Sikorski negotiated in Moscow with Joseph Stalin and they agreed to form a Polish army in the Soviet Union, intended to fight on the Eastern Front alongside the Soviets. The Anders' Army was instead taken to the Middle East and then to Italy. Further efforts to continue the Polish-Soviet cooperation had failed because of disagreements over the borders, the discovery of the Katyn massacre of Polish POWs perpetrated by the Soviets, and the death of General Sikorski. Afterwards, in a process seen by many Poles as a Western betrayal, the Polish Government-in-Exile gradually ceased being a recognized partner in the Allied coalition.
Stalin pursued a strategy of facilitating the formation of a Polish government independent of (and in opposition to) the exile government in London by empowering the Polish communists. Among Polish communist organizations established during the war were the Polish Workers' Party in occupied Poland and the Union of Polish Patriots in Moscow. A new Polish army was formed in the Soviet Union ...
Pola Negri
Pola Negri was a Polish stage and film actress who achieved worldwide fame during the silent and golden eras of Hollywood and European film for her tragedienne and femme fatale roles.
She was the first European film star to be invited to Hollywood, and became one of the most popular actresses in American silent film. Her varied career included work as an actress in theater and vaudeville; as a recording artist, as a ballerina and as an author.
This video is targeted to blind users.
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Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
Poland in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:24 1 Before the war
00:05:33 1.1 Rearmament and first annexations
00:08:13 1.2 Aftermath of the Munich Agreement
00:10:39 1.3 Military alliances
00:13:41 2 German and Soviet invasions of Poland
00:13:53 2.1 German invasion
00:23:25 2.2 Soviet invasion
00:25:55 2.3 End of campaign
00:29:05 3 Occupation of Poland
00:29:15 3.1 German-occupied Poland
00:40:30 3.2 Soviet-occupied Poland
00:52:10 3.3 Collaboration with the occupiers
00:58:02 4 Resistance in Poland
00:58:12 4.1 Armed resistance and the Underground State
01:02:53 4.2 After Operation Barbarossa
01:06:19 4.3 Operation Tempest and the Warsaw Uprising
01:15:00 5 The Holocaust in Poland
01:15:11 5.1 Jews in Poland
01:17:02 5.2 Nazi persecution and elimination of ghettos
01:19:32 5.3 Extermination of Jews
01:23:09 5.4 Efforts to save Jews
01:24:55 6 Polish-Ukrainian conflict
01:25:05 6.1 Background
01:27:01 6.2 Ethnic cleansing
01:29:56 7 Government-in-Exile, communist victory
01:30:07 7.1 Polish government in France and Britain
01:34:19 7.2 Polish Army's evacuation from the Soviet Union
01:37:10 7.3 In the shadow of Soviet offensive, death of Prime Minister Sikorski
01:40:49 7.4 Decline of Government-in-Exile
01:46:06 7.5 Soviet and Polish-communist victory
01:50:58 8 Polish state reestablished with new borders and under Soviet domination
01:51:12 8.1 Poland's war losses
01:53:51 8.2 Beginnings of communist government
01:57:01 8.3 Allied determinations
02:00:38 8.4 Persecution of opposition
02:05:04 8.5 Soviet-controlled Polish state
02:09:17 9 See also
02:09:45 10 Notes
02:09:54 11 Citations
02:10:04 12 Bibliography
02:10:13 13 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9161323973695913
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to the end of World War II. Following the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September. The campaigns ended in early October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland. After the Axis attack on the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, all of Poland was occupied by Germany. Under the two occupations, Polish citizens suffered enormous human and material losses. According to the Institute of National Remembrance estimates, about 5.6 million Polish citizens died as a result of the German occupation and about 150,000 died as a result of the Soviet occupation. The Jews were singled out by the Germans for a quick and total annihilation and about 90% of Polish Jews (close to three million people) were murdered as part of the Holocaust. Jews, Poles, Romani people and prisoners of many other ethnicities were killed en masse at Nazi extermination camps, such as Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibór. Ethnic Poles were subjected to both Nazi German and Soviet persecution. The Germans killed an estimated two million ethnic Poles. They had future plans to turn the remaining majority of Poles into slave labor and annihilate those perceived as “undesirable” as part of the wider Generalplan Ost. Ethnic cleansing and massacres of Poles and to a lesser extent Ukrainians were perpetrated in western Ukraine (prewar Polish Kresy) from 1943. The Poles were murdered by Ukrainian nationalists.
In September 1939, the Polish government officials sought refuge in Romania, but their subsequent internment there prevented the intended continuation abroad as the government of Poland. General Władysław Sikorski, a former prime minister, arrived in France, where a replacement Polish Government-in-Exile was soon formed. After the fall of France, the government was evacuated to Britain. The Polish armed forces had been reconstituted an ...