Typographical printing machine Mercedes
The sound of the printing machine Mercedes in operation. It was manufactured by the Paul Glöckner company in Leipzig (Germany) in 1948. The sound of the machine was recorded in the Printing Museum in Cieszyn (Poland).
Muzeum Drukarstwa Printing Museum Muzeum Tiskarstvi
Muzeum Drukarstwa w Cieszynie
ul. Głęboka 50
43-400 Cieszyn
Poland
muzeumdrukarstwa.eu
Printing machine Grafopress
The sound of semi-automatic printing machine Grafopress in operation. It was manufactured by the Adast company in Czechoslovakia in the mid-twentieth century. The sound of the machine was recorded in the Printing Museum in Cieszyn (Poland).
Machine for performing control copies
The sound of the machine for performing control copies in operation. It was manufactured by the Prasa company in Katowice (Poland) in 1967. The sound of the machine was recorded in the Printing Museum in Cieszyn (Poland).
Printing machine, type Phoenix
The sound of the printing machine type Phoenix representing the Gally system in operation. It was manufactured by the Emil Kable company in Leipzig (Germany) at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The sound of the machine was recorded in the Printing Museum in Cieszyn (Poland).
Hradec nad Moravicí - Old Cars Gathering, Czech Republic [HD] (videoturysta)
[PL] Na zamku w Hradcu nad Moravicí odbywa się wiele wydarzeń kulturalno-społecznych. Kiedyś przez przypadek trafiliśmy na zlot starych pojazdów (samochodów i motocykli).
*** więcej informacji:
[EN] Hradec nad Moravicí is a host for the international old vehicles gathering that takes place annually in the nearby castle. You can there admire very interesting historical vehicles (cars and motorcycles).
*** more info:
Linotype N-14 – text setting
The sound of the setting of text on linotype N-14, manufactured in Leningrad (Soviet Union) in 1968. The sound of the machine was recorded in the Printing Museum in Cieszyn (Poland).
Linotype N-14 – matrices returning to the storing unit
The sound of matrices returning to the storing unit in linotype N-14, manufactured in Leningrad (Soviet Union) in 1968. The sound of the machine was recorded in the Printing Museum in Cieszyn (Poland).
Manual cardboard cutter machine, so called papszera
The sound of cutting paper sheets on manual cardboard cutter machine. The sound of the machine was recorded in the Printing Museum in Cieszyn (Poland). The manufacturer and year of manufacture of the recorded machine remain unknown.
Linotype N-14 – line casting
The sound of the casting of lines on linotype N-14, manufactured in Leningrad (Soviet Union) in 1968. The sound of the machine was recorded in the Printing Museum in Cieszyn (Poland).
Machine for sewing blocks with wire
The sound of sewing a paper block in the machine for sewing blocks with wire. It was manufactured by the Polygraph company in Leipzig (Germany) in the mid-twentieth century. The sound of the machine was recorded in the Printing Museum in Cieszyn (Poland).
Ljubljana Biennial of Graphic Arts
Ljubljana Biennial of Graphic Arts. The world's biggest and one of the most renowned events of the kind. 28th edition of the biennial held in Autumn 2009 features exhibition The Matrix: An Unstable Reality and a large number of events at various venues across the city.
Axis powers of World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:54 1 Origins and creation
00:03:29 1.1 Initial proposals of a German–Italian alliance
00:08:43 1.2 Danube alliance, dispute over Austria
00:15:38 1.3 Development of German–Italian–Japanese alliance
00:18:52 2 Ideology
00:19:24 3 Economic resources
00:21:48 4 Founding members of the Axis
00:21:58 4.1 Germany
00:22:06 4.1.1 War justifications
00:37:12 4.1.2 History
00:42:34 4.1.3 Colonies and dependencies
00:47:52 4.2 Italy
00:48:00 4.2.1 War justifications
00:51:19 4.2.2 History
01:09:43 4.2.3 Colonies and dependencies
01:09:51 4.2.3.1 In Europe
01:13:13 4.2.3.2 In Africa and Asia
01:14:02 4.3 Japan
01:14:10 4.3.1 War justifications
01:16:26 4.3.2 History
01:21:09 4.3.3 Colonies and dependencies
01:22:11 5 Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact
01:22:59 5.1 Bulgaria
01:26:17 5.2 Hungary
01:30:15 5.3 Romania
01:36:28 5.4 Yugoslavia (two day membership)
01:38:00 6 Co-belligerent state combatants
01:38:23 6.1 Finland
01:42:48 6.2 Free City of Danzig
01:43:24 6.3 Iraq
01:45:47 6.4 Thailand
01:49:20 7 Client states
01:49:29 7.1 German
01:50:45 7.1.1 Albania (under German control)
01:52:33 7.1.2 Serbia (Nedic Regime Puppet Government under German control)
01:55:28 7.1.3 Italy (Italian Social Republic)
01:56:20 7.1.4 Slovakia (Tiso regime)
01:58:19 7.2 Italian
01:58:36 7.2.1 Monaco
01:59:30 7.3 Joint German-Italian client states
01:59:40 7.3.1 Croatia (Independent State of Croatia)
02:04:32 7.3.2 Greece (Hellenic State)
02:06:10 7.4 Japanese
02:06:33 7.4.1 Burma (Ba Maw regime)
02:07:06 7.4.2 Cambodia
02:08:40 7.4.3 China (Reorganized National Government of China)
02:11:33 7.4.4 India (Provisional Government of Free India)
02:13:08 7.4.5 Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang)
02:14:52 7.4.6 Laos
02:16:35 7.4.7 Manchuria (Manchukuo)
02:18:14 7.4.8 Philippines (Second Republic)
02:19:12 7.4.9 Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam)
02:19:59 8 Controversial cases
02:20:22 8.1 Denmark
02:22:52 8.2 Soviet Union
02:27:25 8.3 Spain
02:30:51 8.4 Vichy France
02:38:02 9 German, Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation
02:38:14 9.1 German-Japanese Axis-cooperation
02:38:25 9.2 Germany's and Italy's declaration of war against the United States
02:41:28 10 See also
02:42:20 11 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9743517129971768
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis (also acronymized as Roberto), were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, ...
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ABOUT THE PROJECT
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Axis Powers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Axis Powers
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war.
Axis powers | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Axis powers
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte; Italian: Potenze dell'Asse; Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity.
The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The Rome–Berlin Axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so-called Pact of Steel, with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.
At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between Germany and Italy. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war.
Aftermath of the First World War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:58 1 Blockade of Germany
00:04:05 2 Treaty of Versailles
00:05:07 3 Influenza epidemic
00:07:00 4 Ethnic minorities
00:08:46 5 Political upheavals
00:08:56 5.1 New nations break free
00:09:59 5.2 Revolutions
00:10:30 5.3 Germany
00:13:41 5.4 Russian Empire
00:15:12 5.5 Austria-Hungary
00:21:31 5.6 Ottoman Empire
00:24:26 5.7 Great Britain
00:28:04 5.8 United States
00:29:09 5.9 France
00:31:44 5.10 Italy
00:35:30 5.11 China
00:37:06 5.12 Japan
00:38:46 6 Territorial gains and losses
00:38:57 6.1 Nations that gained or regained territory or independence after World War I
00:41:44 6.2 Nations that lost territory or independence after World War I
00:42:56 7 Social trauma
00:47:33 8 Remains of ammunition
00:48:28 9 Memorials
00:48:37 9.1 War memorials
00:50:22 9.2 Tombs of unknown soldiers
00:51:24 10 See also
00:51:45 11 Notes
00:51:54 12 Further reading
00:53:40 13 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8945652330311814
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Aftermath of World War I saw drastic political, cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia (Europe and Asia), Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved. Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.
World War I also had the effect of bringing political transformation to most of the principal parties involved in the conflict, transforming them into electoral democracies by bringing near-universal suffrage for the first time in history, as in Germany (1919 German federal election), Great Britain (1918 United Kingdom general election), and Turkey (1923 Turkish general election).
Third Reich | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:51 1 Name
00:07:45 2 Background
00:11:39 3 History
00:11:48 3.1 Nazi seizure of power
00:15:33 3.2 Nazification of Germany
00:19:00 3.3 Consolidation of power
00:22:43 3.4 Military build-up
00:26:46 3.4.1 Austria and Czechoslovakia
00:30:20 3.4.2 Poland
00:32:01 3.5 World War II
00:32:11 3.5.1 Foreign policy
00:33:46 3.5.2 Outbreak of war
00:36:05 3.5.3 Conquest of Europe
00:39:12 3.5.4 Invasion of the Soviet Union
00:42:38 3.5.5 Turning point and collapse
00:48:18 3.5.6 German casualties
00:50:33 4 Geography
00:50:43 4.1 Territorial changes
00:52:25 4.2 Occupied territories
00:54:20 4.3 Post-war changes
00:56:06 5 Politics
00:56:16 5.1 Ideology
00:58:49 5.2 Government
01:01:58 5.3 Law
01:05:36 6 Military and paramilitary
01:05:47 6.1 Wehrmacht
01:08:53 6.2 The SA and SS
01:13:13 7 Economy
01:13:23 7.1 Reich economics
01:20:37 7.2 Wartime economy and forced labour
01:24:29 7.3 Financial exploitation of conquered territories
01:29:33 8 Racial policy and eugenics
01:29:45 8.1 Racism and antisemitism
01:30:32 8.2 Persecution of Jews
01:34:04 8.3 Persecution of Roma
01:36:28 8.4 Other persecuted groups
01:38:02 8.5 Generalplan Ost
01:41:28 8.6 The Holocaust and Final Solution
01:43:30 8.7 Oppression of ethnic Poles
01:44:49 8.8 Mistreatment of Soviet POWs
01:45:57 9 Society
01:46:07 9.1 Education
01:50:23 9.2 Role of women and family
01:57:23 9.3 Health
01:59:29 9.4 Environmentalism
02:01:02 9.5 Oppression of churches
02:08:00 9.6 Resistance to the regime
02:12:13 10 Culture
02:14:35 10.1 Censorship
02:17:25 10.2 Architecture and art
02:19:56 10.3 Film
02:21:53 11 Legacy
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7233340502751859
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nazi Germany is the common English name for Germany between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party (NSDAP) controlled the country through a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich (German Reich) until 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany is also known as the Third Reich (Drittes Reich), meaning Third Realm or Third Empire, the first two being the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and the German Empire (1871–1918). The Nazi regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.
Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, on 30 January 1933. The NSDAP then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency. A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer (leader) of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitler's person and his word became the highest law. The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler's favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy. Using deficit spending, the regime undertook extensive public works, including the construction of Autobahnen (motorways). The return to economic stability boosted the regime's popularity.
Racism, especially antisemitism, was a central ideological feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the master race, the purest branch of the Aryan race. Discrimination and persecution against Jews and Romani people began in earnest after the seizure of power. The first concentration camps were established in March 1933. Jews and others deemed undesirable ...
Aftermath of World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:52 1 Blockade of Germany
00:03:47 2 Treaty of Versailles
00:04:43 3 Influenza epidemic
00:06:30 4 Ethnic minorities
00:08:09 5 Political upheavals
00:08:19 5.1 New nations break free
00:09:18 5.2 Revolutions
00:09:47 5.3 Germany
00:12:40 5.4 Russian Empire
00:14:05 5.5 Austria-Hungary
00:19:49 5.6 Ottoman Empire
00:22:30 5.7 Great Britain
00:25:53 5.8 United States
00:26:53 5.9 France
00:29:16 5.10 Italy
00:32:44 5.11 China
00:34:12 5.12 Japan
00:35:45 6 Territorial gains and losses
00:35:55 6.1 Nations that gained or regained territory or independence after World War I
00:38:18 6.2 Nations that lost territory or independence after World War I
00:39:21 7 Social trauma
00:43:39 8 Remains of ammunition
00:44:30 9 Memorials
00:44:39 9.1 War memorials
00:46:14 9.2 Tombs of unknown soldiers
00:47:11 10 See also
00:47:32 11 Notes
00:47:40 12 Further reading
00:49:19 13 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9938150424779439
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The aftermath of World War I saw drastic political, cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia (Europe and Asia), Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved. Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.
World War I also had the effect of bringing political transformation to most of the principal parties involved in the conflict, transforming them into electoral democracies by bringing near-universal suffrage for the first time in history, as in Germany (German federal election, 1919), Great Britain (United Kingdom general election, 1918), and Turkey (Turkish general election, 1923).
Aftermaths of World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:49 1 Blockade of Germany
00:03:31 2 Treaty of Versailles
00:04:25 3 Influenza epidemic
00:06:04 4 Ethnic minorities
00:07:38 5 Political upheavals
00:07:47 5.1 New nations break free
00:08:42 5.2 Revolutions
00:09:10 5.3 Germany
00:11:54 5.4 Russian Empire
00:13:13 5.5 Austria-Hungary
00:18:37 5.6 Ottoman Empire
00:21:07 5.7 Great Britain
00:24:14 5.8 United States
00:25:11 5.9 France
00:27:24 5.10 Italy
00:30:38 5.11 China
00:32:01 5.12 Japan
00:33:28 6 Territorial gains and losses
00:33:39 6.1 Nations that gained or regained territory or independence after World War I
00:36:07 6.2 Nations that lost territory or independence after World War I
00:37:10 7 Social trauma
00:41:07 8 Remains of ammunition
00:41:55 9 Memorials
00:42:04 9.1 War memorials
00:43:38 9.2 Tombs of unknown soldiers
00:44:34 10 See also
00:44:54 11 Notes
00:45:03 12 Further reading
00:46:36 13 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8874727682697104
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Aftermath of World War I saw drastic political, cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia (Europe and Asia), Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved. Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.
World War I also had the effect of bringing political transformation to most of the principal parties involved in the conflict, transforming them into electoral democracies by bringing near-universal suffrage for the first time in history, as in Germany (1919 German federal election), Great Britain (1918 United Kingdom general election), and Turkey (1923 Turkish general election).