The Opium War - Lost in Compensation l HISTORY OF CHINA
The Opium War started as a dispute over trading rights between China and Great Britain. Regular trade between Europe and the Chinese had been ongoing for centuries. But China's trading restrictions frustrated the British who were eager to supply the Chinese people with the increasingly popular narcotic Opium. Circumventing the government's attempts to ban opium trade by smuggling and bribery, China declared the death sentence on Opium smuggling and refused to compensate British tradesmen for any losses. Furiously, the Brits sent out a fleet to demand compensation and end the Cohong trading monopoly. Fierce battles and attacks on the Chinese coast were followed. Find out all about the First Opium War from Indy in our new episode of Battlefields!
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Lovell, Julia: The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China
Wei, Yuan: Chinese Account of the Opium War
McPherson, Duncan: The First Opium War - The Chinese Expedition 1840-1842
Merwin, Samuel: Drugging a Nation - The Story of China and the Opium Curse
Bernard, William Dallas; Hall, Sir William Hutcheon: Narrative of the Voyages and Services of the Nemesis, from 1840 to 1843.
Isabel Hilton (The Guardian): The Opium War by Julia Lovell – review
Perdue, Peter C. (MIT): The First Opium War
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Presented by: Guy Kiddey
Script by: Dan Hungerford
Directed by: Daniel Czepelczauer
Director of Photography: Markus Kretzschmar
Music: Markus Kretzschmar
Sound Design: Bojan Novic
Editing: Markus Kretzschmar
A Mediakraft Networks original channel
Based on a concept by Florian Wittig and Daniel Czepelczauer
Executive Producers: Astrid Deinhard-Olsson, Spartacus Olsson
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Producer: Daniel Czepelczauer
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Contains material licensed from British Pathé
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[China] The Rape of Nanking (1937) - How the Japanese Massacred 300.000 Chinese in Nanjing
The Rape of Nanking (1937) is one of the most notorious episodes of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937 – 1945): 300.000 Chinese civilians and POW's were slaughtered by the Japanese troops. Find out more about the Nanking Massacre (Nanjing Massacre). Co-starring my brother Pascal.
History Hustle presents: [China] The Rape of Nanking (1937) - How the Japanese Massacred 300.000 Chinese in Nanjing.
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Recorded on the 28th of August 2016 in Nanjing, China.
Thanks to my brother Pascal for guest starring in this video.
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Dark Times & Division Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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THE BATTLE OF CHINA - WWII Epic Warfare Footage from Japanese Army Invasion of Chinese Territory
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First Opium War - Trade Deficits and the Macartney Embassy - Extra History - #1
The British Empire's grasp on the Americas was slipping right at the time when they needed those resources most. The massive amounts of tea they imported from China had created a huge trade deficit, but the Chinese were reluctant to let any Europeans trade outside of the Canton port strictly controlled by the Hong. So Britain sent a formal embassy led by Earl George Macartney.
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In 1792, Great Britain had just come out of an expensive war that cost them their control over many of their colonies in North America. Other wars had also cost them their access to the silver mines of South America, which had been helping fund so much of their trade with the Qing Dynasty of China. European traders all wanted greater access to China, but the Emperor was wary of letting outsiders too far into his country and kept them all penned up at the port of Canton, which was strictly regulated by the Hong business group. A flourishing blackmarket trade grew, but Britain wanted more. One trader, acting on his own initiative, grew bold enough to approach Beijing and attempt to get a hearing over his trade grievances, but the Chinese considered this a huge breach of protocal and an offense to the Emperor. Britain had to do something, however: they imported over 10 million pounds of tea each year, equal to 10% of the government's annual spending, and the fact that China did not have anywhere near as great an interest in British products meant that they were running an enormous trade deficit they could no longer sustain. The Crown appointed an official envoy, Earl George Macartney, with orders to end the Canton system, establish an embassy, and acquire rights to an island that would be under British control in the same way that the Porutuguese controlled Macao. The mission failed spectacularly. Although Macartney got permission to sail north and meet the Qianlong Emperor in his summer palace at Jehol, he refused to perform the traditional kowtow which was required upon meeting the Emperor. He presented gifts from the British court, but the Chinese interpreted these gifts as tribute, not trade enticements, and decided they had no need for nor interest in what he offered. Since he failed to get them to agree to any of his three requests, Britain wanted to find another way to address the trade imbalance with China. Soon, this would lead them to start bringing in opium.
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'Nanking' with Woody Harrelson - Full Movie | Snagfilms
A reminder of the heartbreaking toll war takes on the innocent, this award-winning documentary tells the story of the Japanese invasion of Nanking, China. The powerful doc includes a staged reading of the Westerners' letters and diaries by Woody Harrelson, Mariel Hemingway and Jurgen Prochnow.
Rape of Nanking
This video is about Rape of Nanking
Rape in Nanking Words from WWII Japanese Soldiers
120 items donated to Nanjing Massacre Museum
The Nanjing Massacre Museum has received a donation of 120 pieces of World War II memorabilia, including pictures of Japan's surrender ceremony and silk-made combat maps used by U.S. troops.
This year marks the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II.
Nanjing: History in the Making.
That night, China showed us its true face, its heart, and what it is truly made of. - Stephanie
WW2 Japanese war crimes - Japanese Invasion of China 1937-1944 (World war II two -Asian Holocaust)
The total number of military and non-military casualties, both dead and wounded, at 35 million.[Most Western historians believed that the total number of casualties was at least 20 million.
The official PRC statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: NRA 3.2 million; Communist 500,000.
The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported that the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1,797,000 wounded, 1,320,000 killed, and 120,000 missing) and 5,787,352 civilians casualties putting the total number of casualties at 9,025,352. The Nationalists fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes.
An academic study published in the United States estimates military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.
According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million civilians died during the kill all, loot all, burn all operation (Three Alls Policy, or sanko sakusen) implemented in May 1942 in north China by general Yasuji Okamura and authorized on December 3, 1941 by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575.
The property loss suffered by the Chinese was valued at 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the gross domestic product of Japan at that time (US$7.7 billion).
In addition, the war created 95 million refugees.
Japanese war crimes
Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.
R. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000. Detailed by country: China 3,695,000; Indochina 457,000; Korea 378,000; Indonesia 375,000; Malaya-Singapore 283,000; Philippines 119,000, Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000.
Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000 Detailed by country: China 400,000; French Indochina 30,000; Philippines 27,300; Netherlands 25,000; France 14,000; Britain 13,000; British Colonies 11,000; US 10,700; Australia 8,000.
Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000. Detailed by country: China 12,392,000; Indochina 1,500,000; Korea 500,000; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000; Malaya and Singapore 100,000; Philippines 500,000; Burma 170,000; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians; Timor 60,000; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000.
Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584. Detailed by country: China 270,000; Netherlands 8,500; Britain 12,433; Canada 273; Philippines 20,000; Australia 7,412; New Zealand 31; and the United States 12,935.
Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.
There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease
Nanjing
Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng; Wade–Giles: Nan-ching) is the capital of Jiangsu province in Eastern China. It has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China for several periods. Its present name means Southern Capital and was widely romanized as Nankin and Nanking until the pinyin language reform, after which Nanjing was gradually adopted as the standard spelling of the city's name in most languages that use the Roman alphabet.
Located in the lower Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta economic zone, Nanjing has long been one of China's most important cities. Having been the capital city of six different dynasties since 3 A.D., it is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It was the capital of Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period, and the capital of the Republic of China prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has long been a national centre of education, research, transport networks and tourism. The city will host the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.
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Memories of the Nanjing Massacre Survivors 06
Tang Shunshan 84
There was a pregnant woman at the front
She looked like she would soon give birth, she had a big belly
A Japanese soldier wanted to rape her
Just steps away from me.......
1927 NANKING INCIDENT (NANJING )- CHINESE ATTACKS 蒋介石の襲撃
You may not know Chinese army attacked foreigners a lot by 1945.
March 24 1927 Jiang Jieshi army 's 2nd and 6th unit went into Nanking castle and occupied.
The area had foreign consulates and residents.
The attack in the area was started by the Chinese army.
The Jiang Jisehi' s chinese army went into the safe area and started to rob, vandalize
one Japanese sailor was staying at hotel , three British and One American and One Italian and One French and One Dane were killed and other two people missing.
Japanese at that time was banned to use weapons, so they were nothing against this Chinese attack.
Nishihara was guarding at the gate and Chinese was yelling Beat him Beat him.
and sticked Nishinara using bayonets . His face and head were beaten by those Chinese.
Some of Chinese tried to open safe box and could not do it then upset about
sticked Kimura and Nemoto ( Japanese ) using bayonets.
Goto was guarding a ship , was shot to death by those Chinese.
By the way , this incident was using Jiang Jieshi army against foreigners and finally ousts Jiang Jieshi the plan made by Communist Chinese group to be seen by some people.
Behind the plan , the soviet union was meeting with 李富春 2nd and 林祖涵 6th unit of jian Jieshi army the two men manipulated the plan.
March 25 1937,15:40 American army and British army both started to shoot against the Nanking after Jiang Sieshi army went into the area, the War ships in the cost area Shimonoseki 下関.
In an hour 200 bullets were shot by both sailors and many chinese Jiang Sieshi's soldiers died.
Japanese army did not join to the shooting.
However other 90 soldiers to let them stay near the castles in case.
Inside of castle area's people include consulates people were evacuated before American and British shooting.
March 29 1927, Jiang Jieshi escaped into Shanghai through 九江市 he stated to make it safe and punish soldiers who robbed and vandalized.
Five countries British, America, France , Italy and Japan demanded him to punish those soldiers and apology by Jiang Jieshi's letter, also promise of foreigners' life and properties also compensations against damages.
However 陳友仁( Chinese ) stated Unfair deal and rejected.
April 6 1927 張作霖(Chinese ) arrested 74 people include 23 russians.
One letter was showing The robbing and killing and vandalism are ordered due to let foreigners confuse, and let Japanese imperial army stay away from there because they are able to to reach the place soon. Do not attack Japanese a lot. Officially states Anti-British.
April 9 1927 Soviet Union officially cut the communication with China.
4.12 coup d'etat was held by Jiang Jieshi.
90 people were all killed as communist members.
May 26 British cut the connection with Soviet Union.
A new government was formed in Nanking area and
April 1928 USA
August 1928 British
October France and Italy
April 1929 Japan
all made a treaty to have peace again and Nanjing incident was finished.
Shanghai International Settlement
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The Shanghai International Settlement originated from the 1863 merger of the British and American enclaves in Shanghai, parts of the Qing Empire held extraterritorially under the terms of a series of Unequal Treaties.The settlements were established following the defeat of the Qing army by the British in the First Opium War .Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, the five treaty ports including Shanghai were opened to foreign merchants, overturning the monopoly then held by the southern port of Guangzhou under the Canton System.The British also established a base on Hong Kong under an extensive lease.
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Convention of Peking
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The Convention or First Convention of Peking, sometimes now known as the Convention of Beijing, is an agreement comprising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing Empire and the United Kingdom, France, and Russia in 1860.In China, they are regarded as among the unequal treaties.
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Tianjin Massacre
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The Tientsin Massacre , one of the most important missionary incidents of the late Qing dynasty, involved attacks on French Catholic priests and nuns, violent belligerence from French diplomats, and armed foreign intervention in Tianjin in 1870.The incident marked an end to comparative cooperation between foreign powers and the Tongzhi court, and adversely affected the ongoing renegotiation of the Treaties of Tientsin, first signed in 1858.
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China remembers victims of Nanjing Massacre
The China-JapanTreaty of Peace and Friendship of 1978 should be commemorated and followed well, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said Monday.
Treaty of Whampoa
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The Treaty of Whampoa was an unequal commercial treaty between France and China, which was signed by Théodore de Lagrené and Qiying on October 24, 1844.
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Convention of Tientsin
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The Tientsin Convention , also known as the Tianjin Convention, was an agreement signed between the Meiji period Empire of Japan and Qing Dynasty Empire of China in Tientsin, China on 18 April 1885.It was also called the Li-Itō Convention.Following the Kapsin Coup in Korea in 1884, tensions had been escalating between China and Japan over external influence over the Korean peninsula and royal family.During this coup, the Japanese supported a coup attempt aimed at reforming and modernizing Korea.
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NANKING
Date: ca. 1947 - 1980
Creators: Department of Defense. Department of the Navy. Naval Photographic Center. 9/18/1947- ? (Most Recent)
From: Series: Moving Images Relating to Military Activities, ca. 1947 1941 - 1980 2004
Record Group 428: General Records of the Department of the Navy, 1941 - 2004
localIdentifier: 428-NPC-17640
naId: 80723
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China in 1860.wmv
China in 1860. This presentation provides a brief overview of the history underlying the novel Yang Shen (yang-shen.info), giving the reader the historical context of China's Ch'ing (Qing) dynasty, the Opium Wars, Treaty Ports, and the Taiping Rebellion, A painless introduction to complex times that will enhance a reader's enjoyment of the novel.
Continuing the epic adventure tradition of Shōgun and Taipan, Yang Shen is a novel about the exploits of a 19th century American soldier-of-fortune who returns to China to topple the Manchu and make himself a prince, even emperor of the Chinese empire.
Yang Shen tells a story of the encounter, sometimes the clash, of Americans and Chinese. When America's civil war began, China's civil war approached its horrific end. Late imperial
China suffered severely from domestic disorder and foreign without. Into the midst of China's maelstrom came an American adventurer leading a ragtag army in defense of empire -- a man from the West grateful Chinese made into a god, a yang shen.
More than a historical adventure, Yang Shen recreates times people in America, China, and England who lived through cataclysmic events that echo still.