Napoleon's Bath Tub
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Or in this case, when on Elba, use Napoleon's stone bath tub for the most obvious of pranks.
The Napoleonic Wars (PARTS 1-6)
The Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815) brought upheaval and destruction to Europe on an unprecedented scale. This is the story of the first half of those wars, when Napoleon Bonaparte, self-crowned Emperor of the French, ruled supreme on the battlefield and international stage - the greatest man of his age. But in the midst of victory, the seeds of his eventual downfall were sown.
This video is a compilation of the first six episodes of Epic History TV's Napoleonic Wars series.
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????Recommended books on the Napoleonic Wars, all of which were consulted in the creation of this series (as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases):
Primary sources:
????The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier by Jakob Walter
????Memoirs of an Aide de Camp of Napoleon by General Count Philippe de Ségur
????Chasseur Barres by Jean-Baptiste Barres
????Memoirs of General Count Rapp
????Imperial Glory: The Bulletins of Napoleon's Grande Armée 1805 - 1814 by J.David Markham
????Napoleon on Napoleon Somerset de Chair (ed.)
Secondary sources:
????Napoleon's Wars: An International History by Charles Esdaile
????Napoleon the Great by Andrew Roberts
????The Illustrated Napoleon by David G. Chandler
????On the Napoleonic Wars by David G. Chandler
????The Peninsular War: A New History by Charles Esdaile
????The Napoleonic Wars by Todd Fisher
????La Grande Armée by Georges Blond
????Tactics & The Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon by Rory Muir
????Weapons & Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars by Philip Haythornthwaite
From the Osprey Campaign series: (
????Austerlitz 1805 by Ian Castle
????Jena 1806 by David G. Chandler
????Corunna 1809 by Philip Haythornthwaite
????Talavera 1809 by René Chartrand
????Eggmühl 1809 by Ian Castle
????Aspern & Wagram 1809 by Ian Castle
????Salamanca 1812 by Ian Fletcher
Websites:
????
????
????
????????All music from Filmstro
Get 20% off an annual license with this exclusive code: EPICHISTORYTV_ANN
#EpicHistoryTV #NapoleonicWars #Napoleon
scandalosa chiusura della villa dei mulini
dopo due anni di costosi lavori di ristrutturazione a spese del contribuente, la villa dei mulini di Portoferraio, sede del governo di Napoleone Bonaparte,viene chiusa per riposo settimanale, il giorno dopo la sua riapertura al pubblico, lasciando a becco asciutto le migliaia di turisti che, nella domenica della settimana di
ferragosto, volevano visitare
Battle of Leipzig | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Battle of Leipzig
00:01:15 1 Background
00:04:23 2 Prelude
00:05:19 3 Opposing forces
00:07:19 4 Preparations
00:07:28 4.1 Napoleon's plans
00:08:44 4.2 Coalition's plans
00:12:06 5 Battle
00:12:14 5.1 16 October
00:12:34 5.1.1 Action at Dölitz
00:13:45 5.1.2 Action at Markkleeberg
00:14:47 5.1.3 Action at Wachau
00:15:18 5.1.4 Action at Liebertwolkwitz
00:17:09 5.1.5 Northern attack
00:17:48 5.1.6 Action at Möckern
00:18:58 5.1.7 Action at Lindenau
00:19:43 5.2 17 October
00:20:24 5.2.1 Troop arrivals
00:20:56 5.3 18 October
00:21:05 5.3.1 Napoleon's attempt to sue for armistice
00:22:24 5.3.2 Coalition armies encircle Napoleon
00:23:06 5.3.3 Actions at Wachau, Lössnig (Lößnig) and Dölitz
00:23:46 5.3.4 Action at Probstheida
00:26:16 5.3.5 Actions at Paunsdorf and Schönefeld
00:28:54 5.3.6 Swedes fully participate
00:29:22 5.3.7 Action at Lindenau
00:29:48 5.3.8 Pro-Napoleonic Germans defect to the Coalition
00:30:28 5.3.9 iGrande Armée/i starts to retreat
00:32:26 5.4 19 October
00:33:52 6 Conclusion
00:34:43 7 Casualties
00:36:19 8 Aftermath
00:38:06 9 Legacy
00:38:47 10 Citations
00:38:56 11 Bibliography
00:39:42 12 External links
00:41:04 13 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations (Russian: Битва народов, Bitva narodov; German: Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig; French: Bataille des Nations, Swedish: Slaget vid Leipzig) was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813, at Leipzig, Saxony. The coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden, led by Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the French army of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French. Napoleon's army also contained Polish and Italian troops, as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine. The battle was the culmination of the German campaign of 1813 and involved 600,000 soldiers, 2,200 artillery pieces, the expenditure of 200,000 rounds of artillery ammunition and 127,000 casualties, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I.
Decisively defeated for the first time in battle, Napoleon was compelled to return to France while the Coalition kept up their momentum, dissolving the Confederation of the Rhine and invading France early the next year. Napoleon was forced to abdicate and was exiled to Elba in May 1814.
The Ascent of Money Episode 2: Bonds of War (2009)
Niall Ferguson on John Law and his Louisiana territory Ponzi scheme; bond markets support warfare in Europe; globalization accelerates with the economic invasion of the Far East.
French invasion of Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
French invasion of Russia
00:04:08 1 Causes
00:06:43 2 Logistics
00:08:48 2.1 Organization
00:09:33 2.2 Ammunition
00:10:27 2.3 Provisions
00:11:44 2.4 Combat service and support and medicine
00:12:19 2.5 Transportation
00:13:26 2.6 Deficiencies
00:16:39 3 Opposing forces
00:16:48 3.1 Grande Armée
00:19:25 3.2 Russian Imperial Army
00:22:15 4 Invasion
00:22:23 4.1 Crossing the Niemen
00:23:48 4.2 March on Vilnius
00:31:12 4.3 March on Moscow
00:32:36 5 The Battle of Borodino
00:34:50 5.1 Retreat and rebuilding
00:35:58 6 Capture of Moscow
00:39:06 7 Retreat and losses
00:44:13 8 Weather as a factor
00:48:21 9 Historical assessment
00:48:31 9.1 Alternative names
00:49:50 9.2 Historiography
00:56:29 9.3 Aftermath
00:59:40 9.4 Historical echoes
00:59:48 9.4.1 Swedish invasion
01:01:25 9.4.2 German invasion
01:03:41 9.5 Cultural impact
01:04:16 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The French invasion of Russia, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Russian: Отечественная война 1812 года, translit. Otečestvennaja Vojna 1812 goda) and in France as the Russian Campaign (French: Campagne de Russie), began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army. Napoleon hoped to compel Tsar Alexander I of Russia to cease trading with British merchants through proxies in an effort to pressure the United Kingdom to sue for peace. The official political aim of the campaign was to liberate Poland from the threat of Russia. Napoleon named the campaign the Second Polish War to gain favor with the Poles and provide a political pretext for his actions.At the start of the invasion, the Grande Armée numbered 680,000 soldiers (including 300,000 soldiers from France). It was the largest army ever known to have been assembled in the history of warfare up to that point. Through a series of long marches Napoleon pushed the army rapidly through Western Russia in an attempt to engage and destroy the Russian army, winning a number of minor engagements and a major battle at Smolensk in August. Napoleon hoped the battle would win the war for him, but the Russian army slipped away and continued the retreat, leaving Smolensk to burn. As the Russian army fell back, scorched-earth tactics were employed, resulting in villages, towns and crops being destroyed and forcing the French to rely on a supply system that was incapable of feeding their large army in the field. On 7 September, the French caught up with the Russian army which had dug itself in on hillsides before a small town called Borodino, seventy miles west of Moscow. The battle that followed was the bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars, with 72,000 casualties, and a narrow French victory. The Russian army withdrew the following day, leaving the French again without the decisive victory Napoleon sought. A week later, Napoleon entered Moscow, which the Russians had abandoned and burned.The loss of Moscow did not compel Alexander I to enter into negotiations, and Napoleon stayed on in Moscow for a month, waiting for a peace offer that never came. On 19 October, Napoleon and his army left Moscow and marched southwest toward Kaluga, where Field Marshall Mikhail Kutuzov was encamped with the Russian army. After an inconclusive battle at Maloyaroslavets, Napoleon began to retreat back to the Polish border. In the following weeks, the Grande Armée suffered from the onset of the Russian Winter. Lack of food and fodder for the horses, hypothermia from the bitter cold and persistent attacks upon isolated troops from Russian peasants and Cossacks led to great losses in men, and a breakdown of discipline and cohesion in the army. More fighting at Vyazma and Krasnoi resulted in further losses for the French. When the remnants of Napoleon's main army crossed the Berezina River in late November, only 27,000 soldiers remained; the Grande Armée had lost some 380,000 men dead ...
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom between 1801 and 1927, reflecting the fact that until 1922, all of Ireland was a part of the state. The state came into being on 1 January 1801 under the terms of the Acts of Union 1800, by which the formerly separate kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were united. In 1922, twenty-six of thirty-two counties of Ireland seceded to form the Irish Free State, later the Republic of Ireland. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 amended the name of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to reflect the change in the country's boundaries, and the Act is conventionally considered to mark the point when the name of the state changed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The period began with the newly formed United Kingdom defeating France in the Napoleonic Wars. As a direct result of this, the British Empire became the foremost world power for the next century. Great Britain and the north-east of Ireland industrialised rapidly, whereas the rest of Ireland did not, deepening economic and social disparities between them. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland, and increased calls for Irish land reform and the devolution of executive power. After the Great War, the rise of Irish nationalism and republicanism eventually culminated in the Irish War of Independence, and in 1922, the partition of Ireland between the newly founded Irish Free State and the north-east, which opted to remain part of the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland.
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History of Europe | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Europe
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present. During the Neolithic era and the time of the Indo-European migrations Europe saw migrations from east and southeast and the following important cultural and material exchange. The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city-states of ancient Greece. Later, the Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. The fall of the Roman Empire in AD 476 traditionally marks the start of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation set up Protestant churches primarily in Germany, Scandinavia and England. After 1800, the Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain and Western Europe. The main powers set up colonies in most of the Americas and Africa, and parts of Asia. In the 20th century, World War I and World War II resulted in massive numbers of deaths. The Cold War dominated European geo-politics from 1947 to 1989. Unification into a European Union moved forward after 1950, with some setbacks. Today, most countries west of Russia belong to the NATO military alliance, along with the United States and Canada.
Leipzig | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Leipzig
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Leipzig (; German: [ˈlaɪptsɪç]) is the most populous city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. With a population of 591,686 inhabitants as of 30 June 2018, (1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone) it is Germany's tenth most populous city. Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) southwest of Berlin at the confluence of the White Elster, Pleiße and Parthe rivers at the southern end of the North German Plain.
Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire. The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii, two important medieval trade routes. Leipzig was once one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing. Leipzig became a major urban centre within the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) after the Second World War, but its cultural and economic importance declined.Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church. Since the reunification of Germany, Leipzig has undergone significant change with the restoration of some historical buildings, the demolition of others, and the development of a modern transport infrastructure. Leipzig today is an economic centre, the most livable city in Germany, according to the GfK marketing research institution and has the second-best future prospects of all cities in Germany, according to HWWI and Berenberg Bank. Leipzig Zoo is one of the most modern zoos in Europe and ranks first in Germany and second in Europe according to Anthony Sheridan. Since the opening of the Leipzig City Tunnel in 2013, Leipzig forms the centrepiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland public transit system. Leipzig is currently listed as a Gamma World City, Germany's Boomtown and as the European City of the Year 2019.Oper Leipzig has become one of the most prominent opera houses in Germany. It was founded in 1693, making it the third oldest opera venue in Europe after La Fenice (Venice, Italy) and the Hamburg State Opera (Hamburg, Germany). Leipzig is also home to the University of Music and Theatre Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy. It was during a stay in this city that Friedrich Schiller wrote his poem Ode to Joy. The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, established in 1743, is one of the oldest symphony orchestras in the world.
Grenoble | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Grenoble
00:01:52 1 History
00:02:05 1.1 Antiquity
00:03:08 1.2 Middle Ages
00:05:46 1.3 Renaissance
00:07:38 1.4 From Louis XIV to the French Revolution
00:09:23 1.5 19th century
00:12:14 1.6 20th century
00:16:32 2 Geography
00:17:37 2.1 Climate
00:18:49 3 Population
00:18:58 4 Urbanism and architecture
00:20:01 5 Main sights
00:20:10 5.1 La Bastille
00:21:56 5.2 Palace of the Parliament of Dauphiné
00:22:47 5.3 Museum of Grenoble
00:24:05 5.4 Archaeological museums
00:25:23 6 Education and science
00:25:32 6.1 Secondary level
00:26:32 6.2 Higher education
00:28:16 6.2.1 Science and engineering
00:31:37 6.3 Knowledge and innovation community
00:31:57 7 Economy
00:32:41 7.1 Industry
00:33:03 7.2 Companies
00:34:18 7.3 Media
00:34:35 8 Sport
00:35:41 9 Transport
00:37:56 10 Culture
00:39:23 11 People from Grenoble
00:39:32 12 International relations
00:39:58 12.1 Twin towns and sister cities
00:40:09 13 Gallery
00:40:18 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Grenoble (; French pronunciation: [ɡʁənɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère and is an important European scientific centre. The city advertises itself as the Capital of the Alps, due to its size and its proximity to the mountains.
Grenoble's history goes back over 2,000 years, to a time when it was a small Gallic village. It gained somewhat in stature by becoming the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century, but Grenoble remained for most of its history a modest parliamentary and garrison city on the borders of the kingdom of France.
Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble through several periods of economic expansion over the last three centuries. This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries, continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, and ended with a post-World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city has grown to be one of Europe's most important research, technology, and innovation centers, with each fifth inhabitant working directly in these domains.The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble was 160,215 at the 2013 census, while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble or agglomération grenobloise) was 664,832. The residents of the city are called Grenoblois.
The many suburb communes that make up the rest of the metropolitan area include three with populations exceeding 20,000: Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine.
Leipzig | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:49 1 History
00:02:57 1.1 Name
00:04:22 1.2 Origins
00:06:10 1.3 19th century
00:08:05 1.4 20th century
00:15:25 1.5 21st century
00:16:15 2 Geography
00:16:24 2.1 Location
00:17:38 2.2 Subdivision
00:18:01 2.3 Neighbouring communities
00:18:10 2.4 Climate
00:19:09 3 Demographics
00:21:45 4 Culture, sights and cityscape
00:21:55 4.1 Architecture
00:23:39 4.2 Tallest buildings and structures
00:24:14 4.3 Museums and arts
00:26:32 4.4 Main sights
00:28:54 4.5 Churches
00:30:07 4.6 Parks and lakes
00:31:07 4.7 Music
00:35:18 4.8 Annual events
00:36:12 4.9 Sports
00:36:32 4.9.1 Football
00:38:13 4.9.2 Ice hockey
00:38:30 4.9.3 Handball
00:39:39 4.9.4 Other sports
00:40:55 4.10 Food and drink
00:41:35 5 Education
00:41:44 5.1 University
00:43:31 5.2 Visual arts and theatre
00:44:16 5.3 University of Applied Science
00:45:10 5.4 Leipzig Graduate School
00:45:35 5.5 Others
00:46:43 6 Economy
00:49:09 7 Media
00:50:54 8 Quality of life
00:51:58 9 Transport
00:52:27 9.1 Rail
00:55:28 9.2 Suburban train
00:57:12 9.3 Tramway and Buses
00:58:20 9.4 Bicycle
00:59:23 9.5 Road
01:00:51 9.6 Long-distance buses
01:01:41 9.7 Air
01:02:55 9.8 Water
01:04:13 10 Quotations
01:05:14 11 International relations
01:05:25 12 Notable residents
01:05:35 12.1 17th century
01:06:12 12.2 18th century
01:06:50 12.3 19th century
01:06:59 12.3.1 1801–1850
01:08:09 12.3.2 1851–1900
01:09:48 12.4 20th century
01:09:57 12.4.1 1901–1950
01:11:19 12.4.2 1951–present
01:12:11 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9172498659366575
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Leipzig (, also US: , German: [ˈlaɪptsɪç]) is the most populous city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. With a population of 581,980 inhabitants as of 2017 (1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone), it is Germany's tenth most populous city. Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) southwest of Berlin at the confluence of the White Elster, Pleiße and Parthe rivers at the southern end of the North German Plain.
Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire. The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii, two important medieval trade routes. Leipzig was once one of the major European centers of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing. Leipzig became a major urban center within the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) after the Second World War, but its cultural and economic importance declined.Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church. Since the reunification of Germany, Leipzig has undergone significant change with the restoration of some historical buildings, the demolition of others, and the development of a modern transport infrastructure. Leipzig today is an economic centre, the most livable city in Germany, according to the GfK marketing research institution and has the second-best future prospects of all cities in Germany, according to HWWI and Berenberg Bank. Leipzig Zoo is one of the most modern zoos in Europe and ranks first in Germany and second in Europe according to Anthony Sheridan. Since the opening of the Leipzig City Tunnel in 2013, Leipzig forms the centrepiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland public transit system. Leipzig is currently listed as a Gamma World City, Germany's Boomtown and as the European City of the Year 2019.Leipzig has long been a major center for music, both classical as well as modern dark alternative music or darkwave genres. The Oper Leipzig is one of the most prominent opera houses in Germany. It was founded in 1693, making it the third oldest opera venue in Europe after La Fenice (Venice, Italy) and the Hamburg State Opera (Hamburg, ...
Grenoble | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:02 1 History
00:02:16 1.1 Antiquity
00:03:24 1.2 Middle Ages
00:06:19 1.3 Renaissance
00:08:21 1.4 From Louis XIV to the French Revolution
00:10:07 1.5 19th century
00:13:14 1.6 20th century
00:17:53 2 Geography
00:19:03 2.1 Climate
00:20:47 3 Population
00:20:56 4 Urbanism and architecture
00:22:04 5 Main sights
00:22:14 5.1 La Bastille
00:24:08 5.2 Palace of the Parliament of Dauphiné
00:25:04 5.3 Museum of Grenoble
00:26:27 5.4 Archaeological museums
00:27:52 6 Education and science
00:28:02 6.1 Secondary level
00:29:07 6.2 Higher education
00:30:59 6.2.1 Science and engineering
00:34:30 6.3 Knowledge and innovation community
00:34:51 7 Economy
00:35:39 7.1 Industry
00:36:02 7.2 Companies
00:37:24 7.3 Media
00:37:42 8 Sport
00:38:53 9 Transport
00:41:21 10 Culture
00:42:53 11 People from Grenoble
00:43:03 12 International relations
00:43:31 12.1 Twin towns and sister cities
00:43:43 13 Gallery
00:43:53 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9687545830849845
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Grenoble (; French pronunciation: [ɡʁənɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère and is an important European scientific centre. The city advertises itself as the Capital of the Alps, due to its size and its proximity to the mountains.
Grenoble's history goes back over 2,000 years, to a time when it was a small Gallic village. It gained somewhat in stature by becoming the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century, but Grenoble remained for most of its history a modest parliamentary and garrison city on the borders of the kingdom of France.
Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble through several periods of economic expansion over the last three centuries. This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries, continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, and ended with a post-World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city has grown to be one of Europe's most important research, technology, and innovation centers, with each fifth inhabitant working directly in these domains.The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble was 158,180 at the 2016 census, while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble or agglomération grenobloise) was 687,985. The residents of the city are called Grenoblois.
The many suburb communes that make up the rest of the metropolitan area include three with populations exceeding 20,000: Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine.
Provence | Wikipedia audio article
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Provence
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Provence (, US: ; French: [pʁɔvɑ̃s]; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm, pronounced [pʀuˈvɛnsɔ]) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône River to the west to the Italian border to the east, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It largely corresponds with the modern administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, and includes the départements of Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and parts of Alpes-Maritimes and Vaucluse. The largest city of the region is Marseille.
The Romans made the region the first Roman province beyond the Alps and called it Provincia Romana, which evolved into the present name. Until 1481 it was ruled by the Counts of Provence from their capital in Aix-en-Provence, then became a province of the Kings of France. While it has been part of France for more than five hundred years, it still retains a distinct cultural and linguistic identity, particularly in the interior of the region.
Provencal cuisine | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Provencal cuisine
00:01:02 1 Gallery of Provence
00:01:12 2 History
00:01:21 2.1 Prehistoric Provence
00:04:32 2.2 Ligures and Celts in Provence
00:07:23 2.3 Greeks in Provence
00:10:15 2.4 Roman Provence (2nd century BC to 5th century AD)
00:13:02 2.5 Arrival of Christianity (3rd–6th centuries)
00:14:14 2.6 Germanic invasions, Merovingians and Carolingians (5th–9th centuries)
00:15:58 2.7 The Counts of Provence (9th–13th centuries)
00:20:05 2.8 The Popes in Avignon (14th century)
00:22:02 2.9 Good King René, the last ruler of Provence
00:23:24 2.10 1486 to 1789
00:26:46 2.11 During the French Revolution
00:29:47 2.12 Under Napoleon
00:30:26 2.13 19th century
00:32:54 2.14 20th century
00:36:42 3 Extent and geography
00:37:09 3.1 Borders
00:38:15 3.2 Rivers
00:40:30 3.3 The Camargue
00:41:23 3.4 Mountains
00:44:59 3.5 The Calanques
00:46:19 3.6 Landscapes
00:46:59 4 Climate
00:47:40 4.1 Bouches-du-Rhône
00:48:25 4.2 The Var
00:49:24 4.3 Alpes-Maritimes
00:51:04 4.4 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
00:53:53 4.5 The Vaucluse
00:54:50 5 Language and literature
00:54:59 5.1 Scientists, scholars and prophets
00:56:01 5.2 Occitan literature
00:57:01 5.3 Writers and poets in the Occitan language
00:58:23 5.4 French authors
00:59:55 5.5 Emigrés, exiles, and expatriates
01:01:37 6 Music
01:02:28 7 Painters
01:09:39 8 Film
01:11:00 9 Parks and gardens in Provence
01:11:10 10 Cuisine
01:16:19 11 Wines
01:23:11 12 Pastis
01:23:54 13 Pétanque or boules
01:25:59 14 Genetics
01:26:55 15 See also
01:27:03 16 Sources and references
01:27:13 17 Bibliography
01:27:22 18 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Provence (, US: ; French: [pʁɔvɑ̃s]; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm, pronounced [pʀuˈvɛnsɔ]) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône River to the west to the Italian border to the east, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It largely corresponds with the modern administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, and includes the départements of Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and parts of Alpes-Maritimes and Vaucluse. The largest city of the region is Marseille.
The Romans made the region the first Roman province beyond the Alps and called it Provincia Romana, which evolved into the present name. Until 1481 it was ruled by the Counts of Provence from their capital in Aix-en-Provence, then became a province of the Kings of France. While it has been part of France for more than five hundred years, it still retains a distinct cultural and linguistic identity, particularly in the interior of the region.
19th century
The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, First and Second French, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, the Russian Empire, the United States, the German Empire, the Second French Colonial Empire and the Empire of Japan.
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