Motherland of Scythians - Azerbaijan and Anatolia
In the “Legends on origins of Saks” Herodotus mentions that they migrated from Azerbaijan, and brings light to the ancient history of Scythians. In the 5th century Herodotus came to Scythia and gathered various stories about their origin. The versions of the stories that he gathered are divided into three categories:
Stories that he heard from Sakas
Stories that he heard from Greeks
Stories that both Greeks and Sagas confirmed
Herodotus considers the first two versions as legends, therefore, he claims that the third version is more trustworthy. In fact third version does not contain information about the origins of Sakas but about their migration to the coastland of Azag (Azov) Sea.
Herodotus states that “Nomadic Scythians were living in Asia. When they lost war with Massagets they crossed the river Arax (Araz) and settled near Cimmerians.” Herodotus IV. 11.
The information stated by Herodotus is short. But it is evident that he mentions the names of two rivers of Azerbaijan (Arax and Giziluzen) as Arax. Here Saka’s first and later migrations elapses. Sakas did not lose to Massagets nearby Araz river, but in Central Asia. Diodorus Siculus also stated that Sakas migrated from the banks of Arax river to the North. In both statements banks of Arax river portrayed as the initial land of Scythian (Sakas). Both Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus emphasized the fact of them being non-locals. Now let’s approach 2000 years old sources which confirms that the motherland of Central Asian Sakas to be the shores of Arax river. Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus in his book (1 book, (5)) states that Assyrian king Nin first time in history attacked neighbor states. The truth is, in ancient times Egyptian pharaoh Vezois and sagat king Tanay also had done the same. First of them marched till Pont (Black Seas), the latter marched till Egypt. II book. (3.1) Scythians took over the Asia three times. They never were neither defeated nor obeyed other tribes. (2) They made Persian King Darius flee with huge disgrace from Scythia. (3) They killed Cyrus with all his army. (4) In the same way they destroyed the head of the army Great Alexander Zopirion along with his army. (6) Powerful states like Parth and Bactria were established by them. XI book. (1.1) They divided whole world between Romans. The parthians which ruled Asia are descendants of Scythian refugees. (2) It is obvious from their name, as the word “pardi” means runners in Scythian language. АИОСК, 1990, 99; ИУ, 1984, 154-155. Diodorus Siculus who lived at the same time with Pompeius Trogus: (II. 43, 1) Now let’s take a look to the Scythians which settled in the land near Indians. Before they were living in a small region. They were minorities and were living in the coasts of Arax river. They were being looked down for being infamous. However, thanks to their distinguished leader with strategic abilities they conquered lands till the Caucasus mountains and steppes along the coasts of the Ocean and Mayotiy (Azag) lake and in the regions of Tanais river. АИОСК, 1990, 82. In Central Asia and Siberia Scythian monuments are relatively new. The materials regarding Scythian culture belongs to VII-VI centuries. It is clear that Central Asia Scythians migrated there through Mada, whereas, another part of Scythians migrated to North through South Caucasus and mostly Black Sea. Техов, 1980, 18. N.L.Chlenova claims that prototype of Scythian culture was burn in the north of Mesopotamia. Like Subar tribes, time period of migration of Sakas from South Caucasus to North is related with the migration of horsemen in middlle of 2000 c.c. НАА, 1980, 15, 87. Chinese sources also mentioned about Saka tribes, as they start to emerge in East from b.c VIII-VII. Recently, Chinese archeologists studied the ancient Saga tombs (monuments). Studies that ancient Sakas were living in the south-east side of Jungar valley (rut). Also, it was clear that the Saka graves in Urumchi Is the same with the monuments in Issik-Kul (Kyrgyzia). Pazirig and Arjan kurgans in Altay and Tuva, that date back to two-three centuries before, also belong to Scythians. Migration of Sakas that lived in Eastern Anatolia and Azerbaijan (Arax river) to North reflected in some hydronyms in the north of Black Sea such as Saga and Sagala. Additionally, the ancient name of Euphrates river – Prut was also given by Sagas who settled there from Central Asia. Herodotus mentions the river that flows from Scythian land and calls it Porata (Πορατα). IV. 48.This is an ancient name of Euphrates (Ferat). Modern Anatolian Turks preserved this name as Murad-su until our days.
1-5 Scythian Ice Maiden - Indo-Europeans in the Altai
The Scythians or Scyths (Greek: Σκύθης, Σκύθοι) were an Ancient Iranian people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. By Late Antiquity the closely-related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in this area. Much of the surviving information about the Scythians comes from the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 440 BC) in his Histories and Ovid in his poem of exile Epistulae ex Ponto, and archaeologically from the exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
The name Scythian has also been used to refer to various peoples seen as similar to the Scythians, or who lived anywhere in a vast area covering present-day Central Asia, Russia, and Ukraine—known until medieval times as Scythia. The name of the Scythians has also been used in reference to the Goths.
Bulgaria
Rick Steves' Europe Travel Guide | Check your local public television station for this Rick Steves’ Europe episode or watch it on Bulgaria, so mysterious to most Americans, has a vivid identity as a crossroads of the Balkans. We'll trace the country's complex history, from ancient Thracian tombs to medieval Orthodox Christian monasteries to Soviet monuments. And we'll enjoy an intimate taste of contemporary culture: the yellow brick road of Sofia; the gregarious craftspeople of the medieval capital, Veliko Tarnovo; and the thriving pedestrian zones of cosmopolitan Plovdiv.
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#17. 100 Чудес России. Казанский кремль и мечеть Кул-Шариф
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Казанский кремль — историческое сердце Казани, сочетающее в своем облике православные и исламские, русские и татарские мотивы. Казанский кремль расположен на мысу высокой терассы левого берега Волги и левого берега Казанки. Казанский кремль представляет комплекс архитектурных, исторических и археологических памятников, раскрывающих его многовековую историю. Казанский Кремль представляет собой частично отреставрированную средневековую крепость. Общая площадь Кремля составляет 150 тысяч квадратных метров. Наружный периметр стен около 1800 метров. В XVI-XVII веках было 13 башен. К настоящему времени сохранились лишь восемь. Стены и башни Кремля помнят булгарских воинов, ханов Золотой орды, русских завоевателей и зодчих. Глубоко под землей сокрыты тайны Казанского Кремля — остатки древних крепостей, мечетей и мавзолеев. В историческом центре города ведутся археологические раскопки, работы по реконструкции. При этом архитекторы придерживаются идеи восстановления утраченного, стараясь сохранить неповторимый колорит древнего города.
Территория кремля представляет неправильный многоугольник, повторяющий очертания кремлевского холма, вытянутый с севера, от реки Казанки, на юг к площади 1 мая (быв. Ивановской, по близлежащему Предтеченскому монастырю) и зданию Гостиного двора (ныне музей РТ). Общая площадь кремля составляет 1500 квадратных метров, окружность 1800 м. Южная стена Кремля с 5-ю башнями выходит на Площадь Тысячелетия, вид на Кремль с этой площади является самой распространенной «визитной карточкой» города.
Мечеть Кул-Шариф — одна из главных мусульманских мечетей республики Татарстан и Казани (2005 г.); расположена на территории Казанского кремля. Названа в честь ее последнего имама сеида Кул-Шарифа, одного из предводителей обороны Казани. Строительство храма было начато в 1996 году как воссоздание легендарной многоминаретной мечети столицы Казанского ханства, центра религиозного просвещения и развития наук Среднего Поволжья XVI столетия. Мечеть была разрушена в октябре 1552 года во время штурма Казани войсками Ивана Грозного.
Geography Now! Bulgaria
Ahhh I didn't even get to talk about the Bagpipes in this one, so much stuff left out. Oh well, Here's BULGARIA!!
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Khazars | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Khazars
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Khazars (, ; Persian: خزر, Azerbaijani: Xəzərlər; Turkish: Hazarlar; Bashkir: Хазарлар; Tatar: Хәзәрләр, Xäzärlär; Hebrew: כוזרים, Kuzarim;, Xazar; Ukrainian: Хоза́ри, Chozáry; Russian: Хаза́ры, Hazáry; Hungarian: Kazárok; Xazar; Greek: Χάζαροι, Cházaroi; Latin: Gazari/Gasani) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people with a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes that in the late 6th century CE established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia. The Khazars created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Khaganate. Astride a major artery of commerce between Eastern Europe and Southwestern Asia, Khazaria became one of the foremost trading emporia of the medieval world, commanding the western marches of the Silk Road and playing a key commercial role as a crossroad between China, the Middle East and Kievan Rus'. For some three centuries (c. 650–965) the Khazars dominated the vast area extending from the Volga-Don steppes to the eastern Crimea and the northern Caucasus.Khazaria long served as a buffer state between the Byzantine Empire and both the nomads of the northern steppes and the Umayyad Caliphate, after serving as Byzantium's proxy against the Sasanian Persian empire. The alliance was dropped around 900. Byzantium began to encourage the Alans to attack Khazaria and weaken its hold on Crimea and the Caucasus, while seeking to obtain an entente with the rising Rus' power to the north, which it aspired to convert to Christianity. Between 965 and 969, the Kievan Rus' ruler Sviatoslav I of Kiev conquered the capital Atil and destroyed the Khazar state.
Determining the origins and nature of the Khazars is closely bound with theories of their languages, but it is a matter of intricate difficulty since no indigenous records in the Khazar language survive, and the state was polyglot and polyethnic. The native religion of the Khazars is thought to have been Tengrism, like that of the North Caucasian Huns and other Turkic peoples. The polyethnic populace of the Khazar Khaganate appears to have been a multiconfessional mosaic of pagan, Tengrist, Jewish, Christian and Muslim worshippers. The ruling elite of the Khazars was said by Judah Halevi and Abraham ibn Daud to have converted to Rabbinic Judaism in the 8th century, but the scope of the conversion within the Khazar Khanate remains uncertain.
Proposals of Khazar origins have been made regarding the Bukharan Jews, the Muslim Kumyks, Kazakhs, the Cossacks of the Don region, the Turkic-speaking Krymchaks and their Crimean neighbours the Karaites to the Moldavian Csángós, the Mountain Jews, Subbotniks and others. In the late 19th century, a theory emerged that the core of today's Ashkenazi Jews descended from a hypothetical Khazarian Jewish diaspora who had migrated westward from modern Russia and Ukraine into modern France and Germany. This theory still finds occasional support, but most scholars view it with scepticism. The theory is sometimes associated with antisemitism and anti-Zionism.
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Risto Nikovski - The Macedonian Identity is the real reason behind the nameissue
Macedonians belong to the older Mediterranean substratum...Macedonians are not related with geographically close Greeks, who do not belong to the older Mediterranenan substratum...
The Spiritual Heritage of Bulgaria / Духовното наследство на България
For English see below.
Филмът „Духовното наследство на България“ е проект на Международната школа на Златния Розенкройц (Lectorium Rosicrucianum). Той е носител на послание към света – послание, идващо едновременно от миналото и от бъдещето. Филмът разказва историята за мощните духовни импулси, които са били излъчени от Балканите през вековете. Ние, като автори на филма, се надявамечрез него по-широка публика да успее да се докосне до тази история на Универсалното учение. Защо? Защото това е не само история, а и едно голямо обещание за бъдещето...
Филмът не претендира за историческа и фактологическа прецизност, тъй като древни исторически събития винаги могат да бъдат обект на дискусия. Той по-скоро представя една гледна точка за златната следа, която Гносисът е оставил в българските земи през вековете. Изключително благодарни сме на участниците във филма, които подкрепиха този проект със своите познания и вдъхновение!
Повече информация за конферентния център, за който се говори във филма, можете да намерите тук:
Международната школа на Златния Розенкройц в България предоставя възможност на всеки, който желае, да прожектира този филм, при следните условия: 1) да го излъчва в пълнота, без добавки, съкращения или поправки; 2) да го излъчва единствено и само с некомерсиална цел и 3) да упомене пред зрителите, пред които го прожектира, че филмът е създаден от Международната школа на Златния Розенкройц в България.
The film ‘’The Spiritual Heritage of Bulgaria” is a project of the International School of the Golden Rosycross (Lectorium Rosicrucianum). This film conveys a message to the world. It is a message of the past and of the future. It tells the story of the powerful spiritual impulses that were emanated from the Balkans over the centuries. We, the producers, hope that through this film a larger public becomes acquainted with this story of the Universal Teaching. Why? Because it is not only history, but also holds a powerful promise for the future…
The film does not claim historical and factual precision, as ancient historical events can always be the subject of discussion. It rather expresses a point of view about the golden trail the Gnosis has left behind in the Bulgarian lands throughout the centuries. We are extremely grateful to the participants in the movie who supported this project with their knowledge and inspiration! The following link provides more information about the Conference center mentioned in the movie:
The International School of Golden Rosycross in Bulgaria gives anyone the possibility to project this film, under the following conditions: 1) to broadcast it in its full length, with no supplements, reductions or corrections; 2) to broadcast it solely for non-commercial purposes; and 3) to mention to the audience of the movie, that it is created by the International School of Golden Rosycross in Bulgaria.
Materials used by
ANCIENT THRACE – A DOOR TO IMMORTALITY
Producet by:
THE INSTITUTE OF BALKAN STUDIES WITH PROFESSOR AEXANDER FOL CENTRE OF TRACOLOGY – BULGARIEN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
HDAIR LTD
Director:
MARIN KARAVEOFF
BULGARIEN - DURCH DEN WILDEN BALKAN
Producer:
BRITTA KIESEWATTER, NDR NATURFILM
SABINE HOLZER, ORF UNIVERSUM
Buch und regie:
ERNST SASSE
ORPHEUS
Produsers:
TCVETELINA DIMITROVA
DEYAN NEDELCHEV
Author and director:
STILIYAN IVANOV
THE THRACIANS
Produsers:
TCVETELINA DIMITROVA
DEYAN NEDELCHEV
KIRIL SVILENOV
Author and director:
STILIYAN IVANOV
Labyrinth (2012)-
Series Directed by
Christopher Smith
Producer:Ridley Scott
Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey -
The Voyage Continues (2014)
Produced by:
Dan Brockett
Jill Hoppenheim
Eli Loghavi
Used music from:
Twin Kingdoms
AUTHORS
Script-writer, Director and Choreographer: Neshka Robeva
Music by: Georgi Andreev
Code Name Vivaldi - The Piano Guys
Beethoven's 5 Secrets - The Piano Guys
Preobrazhenie
Otkrovenie
Aramii
Music by: Isihia
Thracian Impressions - Stanley Stanchev
Yordan Kamdzhalov - Genesis Orchestra -
Tchaikovsky Nr 5 - Munich (clip)
Suite in Old Style - Prelude- Fanfare From The Balconies -
I. Through Mirrored Corridors
Suite in Old Style - II. The Rose Garden, By Moonlight
Suite in Old Style - III. Riddle Of The Barrel-Organ Player -
Postlude- Hunting And Finale
Music by: Dobrinka Tabakova
Mélodie Cathare
Mélodie Bogomile
Panevritmia -
Parviat den na proletta
Kvadrat
Podvijnost
Pentagram
Stapka po stapka
Die Goldene Blüte (The Golden Bloom)
by Hans-André Stamm
Bulgaria 8K HDR 60P (FUHD) With Excellent Image Quality
Bulgaria 8K HDR 60P (FUHD) With Excellent Image Quality
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Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, the country in the Balkans. North West Serbia and Macedonia, the Black Sea in the east, north Romania, is surrounded by southern Greece in southeastern Turkey. It is the 16th largest country in Europe with a surface area of 110 thousand 994 square kilometers.
We were invited to Bulgaria by Our Home is Bulgaria to explore the country for the first time this year and it was an amazing experience to travel through this space with so much history and diverse landscapes. Some of the places we feature here are the Seven Rila Lakes, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak, Belogradchik Fortress, Devetashka cave, and Mount Buzludzha.
Bulgaria's territory was inhabited by the Thracians (famed for their gold-making, fierce warriors, and the gladiator Spartacus) for thousands of years before being conquered by the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine (East Roman) Empire. The first official data of Bulgaria is in the late 7th century (681 A.D.), when Slavic and Bulgar tribes entered the Byzantine provinces of Thrace, Moesia, and Macedonia and together formed the Bulgarian Empire.
In succeeding centuries, the Bulgarian and Byzantine Empires dominated South-East Europe, but by the end of the 14th century, the region was overrun by the Ottoman Turks. Bulgaria was subjugated by the Ottoman Empire for five centuries. Bulgaria regained its independence in 1878 largely due to the intervention of the Russian Empire, who clipped the wings of the declining Ottoman Empire in Bulgaria and elsewhere. It installed a minor German prince (the nephew of the Russian tsar) as a ruler of the newly independent country. The country's iconic heroes are all freedom fighters against the Ottomans: whether Rakovsky (Раковски), who mixed revolution and literature, Vassil Levski (Васил Левски) - the Apostle of Freedom, or Hristo Botev (Христо Ботев), poet and fighter.
After a series of bloody and brutal Balkan Wars in which Bulgaria failed to annex Vardar Macedonia (which had a population that it considered to be ethnic Bulgarian), Bulgaria had the further misfortune to be an ally to the losing side in both World Wars. In the second half of World War II, it was occupied by the Soviet Union and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination was brought to a swift, but (for many people) illusory end in 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall. Although Bulgaria went on to hold its first multi-party election since World War II, essentially socialist policies were pursued until hyperinflation and economic meltdown drove the old guard out of power in 1997. Today, reforms and democratization allowed Bulgaria to become a member of both NATO and the European Union.
During Communist times, the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast was a favorite destination for travellers behind the Iron Curtain, hence the name Red Riviera. Now, increasing numbers of western Europeans travel throughout the country, and many have bought vacation houses near the Black Sea or in picturesque villages. During the 2008 global financial crisis, Bulgaria marked a decline in its economy of 5.5% in 2009, but quickly restored positive growth levels, in contrast to other Balkan countries. That said, the Bulgarians have the distinction of boasting the strongest and most stable currency in Eastern Europe.
День 4. Из Болгара в прекрасную провинцию Татарстана. Чистополь. Побег из города
Читать о путешествии:
Видеопроект:
Съемочная группа «Реального времени во главе с ведущими Оксаной Мамонтовой (блогером из Уфы)
и Айратом Багаутдиновым (исследователем, экскурсоводом и автором проекта «Москва глазами инженера»)
отправилась в автомобильное путешествие по Татарстану в поисках достопримечательностей, вкусной еды и вдохновляющего общения.
Результат поездки – 1600 км за спиной, 133 потраченных литра бензина и тонны впечатлений,
которые нашли отражение в фильме.
Герои проехали 18 населенных пунктов, потратили немногим более 22 тысяч рублей на ночевку и около 4,5 тысячи рублей на бензин.
Они находили малоизвестных подвижников в провинции, которые болеют своим делом
и горят желанием рассказать о том, как живут в своих городах и селах.
Так, герои разузнали, кто автор туристического чуда в Тетюшах, каким образом из «полутора музеев» в Елабуге появилось 15 экспозиций,
как простые ребята в Альметьевске создают неформальную культуру,
каким образом Кукморский валяльный комбинат сохраняет уникальную Шуховскую башню и многое другое.
Герои жили в обычных отелях и на базах отдыха, как если бы они были обычными путешественниками
и бронировали вслепую отели на booking.com.
И ели в обычных кафе, которые встречались им по дороге. Результат – их честная отповедь инфраструктуре и сервису.
Оксана давала оценку эмоциональной насыщенности путешествия,
Айрат – историко-культурной.
Герои посетили Раифу, Иннополис, Свияжск, Печищи, Верхний Услон, Теньки, Камское Устье,
Долгую Поляну, Тетюши, Болгар, Чистополь, Альметьевск, Карабаш, Бугульму, Сарманово, Елабугу, Мамадыш и Кукмор.
Еженедельно на сайте Реальноевремя.рф будет выходить серия, посвященная одному из 8 дней экспедиции,
путевые заметки с более детальным описанием путешествия, секретами видеосъемки и бэкстейджем.
День 4. Из Болгара в прекрасную провинцию Татарстана.
#Побегизгорода #Маршрутвыходногодня
#Болгар #Чистополь
#автопутешествие #врежимереальноговремени - #кругосветка по #Татарстан'у
#реальноевремя #8дней
#туризм #путешествия #приключения
#Волга #Кама #Вятка
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Economy in US and Europé is tumbeling and war on the horizon and predictions from Baba Vanga.AVI
Lets see what happens in the coming months, maybee it's time to change our living???
HOLY FATHER says VIVA LA MACEDONIA
Macedonians belong to the older Mediterranean substratum...Macedonians are not related with geographically close Greeks, who do not belong to the older Mediterranenan substratum...
History of Roman and Byzantine domes | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Roman and Byzantine domes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The History of Roman and Byzantine domes traces the architecture of domes throughout the ancient Roman Empire and its medieval continuation, today called the Byzantine Empire. Domes were important architectural elements in both periods and had widespread influence on contemporary and later styles, from Russian and Ottoman architecture to the Italian Renaissance and modern revivals. The domes were customarily hemispherical, although octagonal and segmented shapes are also known, and they developed in form, use, and structure over the centuries. Early examples rested directly on the rotunda walls of round rooms and featured a central oculus for ventilation and light. Pendentives became common in the Byzantine period, provided support for domes over square spaces.
Early wooden domes are known only from a literary source, but the use of wooden formwork, concrete, and unskilled labor enabled domes of monumental size in the late Republic and early Imperial period, such as the so-called Temple of Mercury bath hall at Baiae. Nero introduced the dome into Roman palace architecture in the 1st century and such rooms served as state banqueting halls, audience rooms, or throne rooms. The Pantheon's dome, the largest and most famous example, was built of concrete in the 2nd century and may have served as an audience hall for Hadrian. Imperial mausolea, such as the Mausoleum of Diocletian, were domed beginning in the 3rd century. Some smaller domes were built with a technique of using ceramic tubes in place of a wooden centering for concrete, or as a permanent structure embedded in the concrete, but light brick became the preferred building material over the course of the 4th and 5th centuries. Brick ribs allowed for a thinner structure and facilitated the use of windows in the supporting walls, replacing the need for an oculus as a light source.
Christian baptisteries and shrines were domed in the 4th century, such as the Lateran Baptistery and the likely wooden dome over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Constantine's octagonal palace church in Antioch may have been the precedent for similar buildings for centuries afterward. The first domed basilica may have been built in the 5th century, with a church in southern Turkey being the earliest proposed example, but the 6th century architecture of Justinian made domed church architecture standard throughout the Roman east. His Hagia Sophia and Church of the Holy Apostles inspired copies in later centuries.
Cruciform churches with domes at their crossings, such as the churches of Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki and St. Nicholas at Myra, were typical of 7th and 8th century architecture and bracing a dome with barrel vaults on four sides became the standard structural system. Domes over windowed drums of cylindrical or polygonal shape were standard after the 9th century. In the empire's later period, smaller churches were built with smaller diameter domes, normally less than 6 meters (20 ft) after the 10th century. Exceptions include the 11th century domed-octagons of Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni, and the 12th century Chora Church, among others. The cross-in-square plan, with a single dome at the crossing or five domes in a quincunx pattern, as at the Church of St. Panteleimon, was the most popular type from the 10th century until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Genghis Khan | Wikipedia audio article
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Genghis Khan
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin, c. 1162 – August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan, he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarazmian and Western Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor. Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates. Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. By his request, his body was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.Beyond his military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also practiced meritocracy and encouraged religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, and unified the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia.Genghis Khan was known for the brutality of his campaigns, and is considered by many to have been a genocidal ruler. However, he is also credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This brought relatively easy communication and trade between Northeast Asia, Muslim Southwest Asia, and Christian Europe, expanding the cultural horizons of all three areas.
Bulgaria | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bulgaria
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Bulgaria ( ( listen); Bulgarian: България, tr. Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Република България, tr. Republika Bǎlgariya, IPA: [rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. The capital and largest city is Sofia; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 16th-largest country.
One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6,500 BC. In Antiquity (6th–3rd century BC), the region became a battleground for Thracians, Persians, Celts and Ancient Macedonians until it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 45 AD. The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century. The Bulgars then founded the first unified Bulgarian state in 681 AD which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script. The First Bulgarian Empire lasted until the early 11th century when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it. A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II (1218–1241). After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State. Many ethnic Bulgarian populations were left outside its borders, which led to several conflicts with its neighbours and an alliance with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 Bulgaria became a one-party socialist state and part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the Revolutions of 1989 and allowed multi-party elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market-based economy.
Since adopting a democratic constitution in 1991, the sovereign state has been a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. The urbanized population of seven million lives mainly in Sofia and the 27 provincial capital cities, but faces significant demographic decline. Bulgaria is a member of the European Union, NATO, and the Council of Europe; it is a founding state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and has taken a seat at the UN Security Council three times. Its market economy is part of the European Single Market and mostly relies on services, followed by industry—especially machine building and mining—and agriculture. Widespread corruption in Bulgaria is a major socio-economic issue.
Bulgaria | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bulgaria
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Bulgaria ( ( listen); Bulgarian: България, tr. Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Република България, tr. Republika Bǎlgariya, IPA: [rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. The capital and largest city is Sofia; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 16th-largest country.
One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6,500 BC. In Antiquity (6th–3rd century BC), the region became a battleground for Thracians, Persians, Celts and Ancient Macedonians until it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 45 AD. The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century. The Bulgars then founded the first unified Bulgarian state in 681 AD which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script. The First Bulgarian Empire lasted until the early 11th century when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it. A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II (1218–1241). After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State. Many ethnic Bulgarian populations were left outside its borders, which led to several conflicts with its neighbours and an alliance with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 Bulgaria became a one-party socialist state and part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the Revolutions of 1989 and allowed multi-party elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market-based economy.
Since adopting a democratic constitution in 1991, the sovereign state has been a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. The urbanized population of seven million lives mainly in Sofia and the 27 provincial capital cities, but faces significant demographic decline. Bulgaria is a member of the European Union, NATO, and the Council of Europe; it is a founding state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and has taken a seat at the UN Security Council three times. Its market economy is part of the European Single Market and mostly relies on services, followed by industry—especially machine building and mining—and agriculture. Widespread corruption in Bulgaria is a major socio-economic issue.
Principality of Moravia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:59 1 Name
00:05:08 1.1 Great Moravia
00:07:43 1.2 Etymology
00:08:39 2 Territory
00:11:46 2.1 Traditional view
00:14:42 2.2 Further theories
00:16:42 3 History
00:16:51 3.1 Origins (before c. 800)
00:21:38 3.2 Development of Moravia (c. 800–846)
00:28:16 3.3 Fights for independence (846–870)
00:35:21 3.4 Svätopluk's reign (870–894)
00:44:36 3.5 Decline and fall (894–before 907)
00:49:45 4 State and society
00:49:55 4.1 Sources
00:51:06 4.2 Settlement structure
00:57:41 4.3 Monarchs
00:58:51 4.4 Administration
01:01:33 4.5 Warfare
01:05:28 4.6 Aristocracy
01:06:42 4.7 Population
01:09:31 5 Economy
01:12:44 6 Culture
01:12:53 6.1 Sacral architecture
01:16:50 6.2 Religion
01:20:15 6.3 Literature
01:23:44 6.4 Arts
01:24:43 7 Legacy
01:30:09 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8148752063977633
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Great Moravia (Latin: Regnum Marahensium; Greek: Μεγάλη Μοραβία, Megálī Moravía; Czech: Velká Morava [ˈvɛlkaː ˈmorava]; Slovak: Veľká Morava [ˈʋɛʎkaː ˈmɔraʋa]; Polish: Wielkie Morawy), the Great Moravian Empire, or simply Moravia, was the first major state that was predominantly West Slavic to emerge in the area of Central Europe, chiefly on what is now the territory of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland (including Silesia), and Hungary. The only formation preceding it in these territories was Samo's Empire known from between 631 and 658 AD. Great Moravia was thus the first joint state of the Slavonic tribes that became later known as Czechs and Slovaks and that later formed Czechoslovakia.
Its core territory is the region now called Moravia in the eastern part of the Czech Republic alongside the Morava River, which gave its name to the kingdom. The kingdom saw the rise of the first ever Slavic literary culture in the Old Church Slavonic language as well as the expansion of Christianity after the arrival of St. Cyril and St. Methodius in 863 and the creation of the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet dedicated to a Slavonic language, which had significant impact on most Slavic languages and stood at the beginning of the modern Cyrillic alphabet.
Moravia reached its largest territorial extent under the king Svätopluk I, (Svatopluk in Czech), who ruled from 870 to 894. Although the borders of his empire cannot be exactly determined, he controlled the core territories of Moravia as well as other neighbouring regions, including Bohemia, most of Slovakia and parts of Slovenia, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine, for some periods of his reign. Separatism and internal conflicts emerging after Svätopluk's death contributed to the fall of Great Moravia, which was overrun by the Hungarians who then included the territory of the now Slovakia in their domains. The exact date of Moravia's collapse is unknown, but it occurred between 902 and 907.
Moravia experienced significant cultural development under King Rastislav, with the arrival in 863 of the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius. After his request for missionaries had been refused in Rome, Rastislav asked the Byzantine emperor to send a teacher (učitelja) to introduce literacy and a legal system (pravьda) to Great Moravia. The request was granted. The missionary brothers Cyril and Methodius introduced a system of writing (the Glagolitic alphabet) and Slavonic liturgy, the latter eventually formally approved by Pope Adrian II. The Glagolitic script was probably invented by Cyril himself and the language he used for his translations of holy scripts and his original literary creation was based on the Slavic dialect he and his brother Methodius knew from their native Thessaloniki. The language, termed Old Church Slavonic, was the direct ancestral language for Bulgarian, and therefore also referred to as Old Bulgarian. Old Church Slavonic, ...
Bulgaria | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bulgaria
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bulgaria ( (listen); Bulgarian: България, tr. Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Република България, tr. Republika Bǎlgariya, IPA: [rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. The capital and largest city is Sofia; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 16th-largest country.
One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6,500 BC. In Antiquity (6th–3rd century BC), the region became a battleground for Thracians, Persians, Celts and Ancient Macedonians until it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 45 AD. The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century. The Bulgars then founded the first unified Bulgarian state in 681 AD which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script. The First Bulgarian Empire lasted until the early 11th century when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it. A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II (1218–1241). After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State. Many ethnic Bulgarian populations were left outside its borders, which led to several conflicts with its neighbours and an alliance with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 Bulgaria became a one-party socialist state and part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the Revolutions of 1989 and allowed multi-party elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market-based economy.
Since adopting a democratic constitution in 1991, the sovereign state has been a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. The urbanized population of seven million lives mainly in Sofia and the 27 provincial capital cities, but faces significant demographic decline. Bulgaria is a member of the European Union, NATO, and the Council of Europe; it is a founding state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and has taken a seat at the UN Security Council three times. Its market economy is part of the European Single Market and mostly relies on services, followed by industry—especially machine building and mining—and agriculture. Widespread corruption is a major socio-economic issue.
Bulgaria | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:18 1 Etymology
00:04:18 2 History
00:04:27 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity
00:06:57 2.2 First Bulgarian Empire
00:08:55 2.3 Second Bulgarian Empire
00:10:59 2.4 Ottoman rule
00:13:50 2.5 Third Bulgarian state
00:19:37 3 Geography
00:22:33 3.1 Biodiversity and environment
00:25:23 4 Politics
00:28:50 4.1 Legal system
00:30:13 4.2 Administrative divisions
00:31:17 4.3 Foreign relations and security
00:33:59 5 Economy
00:39:30 5.1 Sectors
00:41:24 5.2 Science and technology
00:43:56 5.3 Infrastructure
00:45:56 6 Demographics
00:51:42 7 Culture
00:57:47 7.1 Sports
00:59:36 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bulgaria ( (listen); Bulgarian: България, tr. Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Република България, tr. Republika Bǎlgariya, IPA: [rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. The capital and largest city is Sofia; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 16th-largest country.
One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6,500 BC. In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians, Persians, Celts and ancient Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45. The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century. The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681, which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script. This state lasted until the early 11th century, when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it. A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire, which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II (1218–1241). After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State. Many ethnic Bulgarian populations were left outside its borders, which led to several conflicts with its neighbours and an alliance with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 Bulgaria became a one-party socialist state and part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the revolutions of 1989 and allowed multi-party elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market-based economy.
Since adopting a democratic constitution in 1991, the sovereign state has been a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. The population of seven million lives mainly in Sofia and the capital cities of the 27 provinces, and the country has suffered significant demographic decline since the late 1980s.
Bulgaria is a member of the European Union, NATO, and the Council of Europe; it is a founding state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and has taken a seat on the UN Security Council three times. Its market economy is part of the European Single Market and mostly relies on services, followed by industry—especially machine building and mining—and agriculture. Widespread corruption is a major socioeconomic issue.