Fire destroys 18th-century wooden church in Russia
An 18th-century church widely seen as a marvel of Russia's wooden architecture has been destroyed by a fire.The blaze at the Dormition church in Kondopoga in Russia's northwestern region of Karelia broke out Friday after a group of tourists visited the building. The church, built in 1774 on the shores of Lake Onega, was broadly admired as one of the most remarkable examples of Northern Russia's wooden architecture. Local authorities have promised to build a replica.
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Let's DESCRIBE THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE ' (New upload 2018)
1. Some facts about Europe
2. Describe the continent of Europe
3. Introduce of Europe
4. Area of Europe
5. Population of Europe
6. Mountain, River and lake's in Europe
Some facts about Europ
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Oceanto the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia.
Europe is geographically a large peninsula of the western part of the Eurasian supercontinent, plus some islands like Iceland or the British Isles with the UK and Ireland. The European continent, despite it has no clear geographical or geological boundary in east, is by convention 'separated' from Asia by the Ural Mountains.
AREA OF EUROPE
Area: 10.18 million km² (3,930,000 sq mi), the area is shared by 50 countries.
population of Europe
Population: 740 million people live in Europe (in 2016, including more than 1 million refuges).
Russian Federation Is the Largest population country in Europe .
highest point of Europe
Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain on the European continent. Its summit is 18,510 feet (5,642 meters) above sea level. It is located in Russia.
Mont Blanc, France-Italy: 4,807m (15 771 ft.).
highest lake of Europe
Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia just outside the outskirts of Saint Petersburg. Area: 17,700 km². Max. depth: 230 m (750 ft). Outflow location: Neva River. Did you know: There are approximately 50,000 lakes and 3,500 rivers more than 6 miles (10 km) long in the Lake Ladoga basin.
Lake Onega is a lake in the north-west European part of Russia, located on the territory of Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast.
longest river of Europe
Volga (3,690 km (2,293 miles), the Volga River flows through central Russia and into theCaspian Sea.
Danube 2,850 km (1,770 miles), longest river in the European Union region flows through 10 countries.
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Tour in Stolby Nature Sanctuary, Russia - Can Travel
Tour in Stolby Nature Sanctuary, Russia
Stolby Nature Sanctuary is a Russian strict ecological reserve located 10 km south of the city of Krasnoyarsk, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan Mountains. The site is known for its dramatic complexes of rocks; 3.5% of the reserve is open to hikers seeking to visit and climb the rocks.
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Tour in Stolby Nature Sanctuary, Russia
Karelia
The Republic of Karelia (Russian: Респу́блика Каре́лия, Respublika Kareliya; Karelian: Karjalan Tazavalda; Finnish: Karjalan tasavalta; Veps: Karjalan Tazovaldkund) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in the northwest of Russia. Its capital is the city of Petrozavodsk
The republic is located in the northwestern part of Russia, taking intervening position between the basins of White and Baltic Seas. The White Sea has a shore line of 630 kilometers (390 mi).
Area: 172,400 km2 (66,600 sq mi)
Borders:
internal: Murmansk Oblast (N), Arkhangelsk Oblast (E/SE), Vologda Oblast (SE/S), Leningrad Oblast (S/SW)
international: Finland (SW/W/NW) (border line length: 723 km)
water: White Sea (an inlet of the Barents Sea) (N/NE/E), Lake Onega (SE), Lake Ladoga (SW)
Highest point: 576 m (1,890 ft), the Nuorunen peak.
The Republic of Karelia is situated in northwestern Russia and borders with Leningrad Region and Vologda Region on the south, with Murmansk Region on the north, and with Arkhangelsk Region on the east. The western border of Karelia coincides with the state border between the Russian Federation and Finland. On the north-east the republic's shores are washed by the White Sea. The administrative center is Petrozavodsk.
The region covers an area of 180,500 sq km. The territory is mostly represented by hilly plains with the picturesque scenery created by green taiga traversed by rivers and embellished with numerous mirrors of lakes. The magnificent landscape has preserved impressive traits created by the ice shelves and ancient mountains. About half of the area is covered with forests.
Water surface makes up for around 25% of the territory of the republic. There are more then 60,000 lakes and some 27,000 rivers in Karelia. Numerous lakes with stony, sometimes even rocky shores are among the major symbols of this taiga region. The major lakes are Ladoga, Onega, Segozero. Among rivers can be named the Vodla, the Suna, the Kem', the Vyg, etc.
Karelia has long but relatively mild winters and cool summers. Average temperatures range from -13 °С for January to 16 °С for July. Average annual precipitation is around 500 mm.
The republic enjoys favorable economical and geographical position thanks to its rich natural resources and to its closeness to the central industrial regions of Russia and Western Europe.
Energy Innovation in Biomass
Part of the 2015 Mansfield Conference, The Asia-Montana Energy Summit.
This interactive session explored the role, production, and trade of bioenergy, biofuels, and biochemical co-products from diverse biomass feedstocks ranging from A to W including Algae, Agriculture, Forest, Fungi, and Waste products.
Speakers:
Dr. Thomas Buchholz, Senior Scientist, Spatial Informatics Group
Dr. Brent Peyton, Professor of Chemical & Biological Engineering and Director of the Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University
Dr. Michael Wolcott, Co-Project Director, Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance; Professor, Washington State University
Moderator:
Julie Kies, Forest Products and Biomass Program Manager, Montana Department of Natural Resource and Conservation, as moderator
This video was made possible by partnership with Missoula Community Access Television,
Operation Barbarossa | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Barbarossa
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. The operation stemmed from Nazi Germany's ideological aims to conquer the western Soviet Union so that it could be repopulated by Germans, to use Slavs, especially Poles, as a slave-labour force for the Axis war effort, and to seize the oil reserves of the Caucasus and the agricultural resources of Soviet territories.In the two years leading up to the invasion, Germany and the Soviet Union signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes. Nevertheless, the German High Command began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940 (under the codename Operation Otto), which Adolf Hitler authorized on 18 December 1940. Over the course of the operation, about four million Axis powers personnel, the largest invasion force in the history of warfare, invaded the western Soviet Union along a 2,900-kilometer (1,800 mi) front. In addition to troops, the Wehrmacht employed some 600,000 motor vehicles, and between 600,000 and 700,000 horses for non-combat operations. The offensive marked an escalation of the war, both geographically and in the formation of the Allied coalition.
Operationally, German forces achieved major victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union, mainly in the Ukraine, and inflicted, as well as sustained, heavy casualties. Despite these Axis successes, the German offensive stalled in the Battle of Moscow and the subsequent Soviet winter counteroffensive pushed German troops back. The Red Army absorbed the Wehrmacht's strongest blows and forced the unprepared Germans into a war of attrition. The Wehrmacht never again mounted a simultaneous offensive along the entire Eastern front. The failure of the operation drove Hitler to demand further operations of increasingly limited scope inside the Soviet Union, such as Case Blue in 1942 and Operation Citadel in 1943 – all of which eventually failed.
The failure of Operation Barbarossa proved a turning point in the fortunes of the Third Reich. Most importantly, the operation opened up the Eastern Front, in which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in world history. The Eastern Front became the site of some of the largest battles, most horrific atrocities, and highest casualties for Soviet and Axis units alike, all of which influenced the course of both World War II and the subsequent history of the 20th century. The German armies captured 5,000,000 Red Army troops, who were denied the protection guaranteed by the Hague Conventions and the 1929 Geneva Convention. A majority of Red Army POWs never returned alive. The Nazis deliberately starved to death, or otherwise killed, 3.3 million prisoners, as well as a huge number of civilians through the Hunger Plan that aimed at largely replacing the Slavic population with German settlers. Einsatzgruppen death squads and gassing operations murdered over a million Soviet Jews as part of the Holocaust.
List of Indo-European languages | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
List of Indo-European languages
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Indo-European languages include some 449 (SIL estimate, 2018 edition) languages and dialects spoken by about or more than three billion and 500 million people (roughly half of the world population), including most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups of Europe, western and southern Asia, which belong to a single language family. Therefore, Indo-European is the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages in which is the 3rd or 5th biggest). 8 of the top 10 biggest languages by number of native speakers are Indo-European, and one language, English, is the De facto World Lingua Franca with an estimated over one billion second language speakers.
Each subfamily or linguistic branch in this list contains many subgroups and individual languages.
Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. The relation of Indo-European branches, how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language is a matter of further research and not yet well known.
There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family, they are not yet classified in a branch and could be members of their own branch.
The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition, are mostly living languages, however, if all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 (adding living and extinct). In the case of this list all the known Indo-European languages, living and extinct, are counted.
A distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple because there is, in many cases, several dialect continuums, transitional dialects and languages and also because there is no consensual standard to what amount of vocabulary and grammar differences there is a language or there is a dialect (mutual intelligibility can be a standard but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility). Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a big land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects.
The ancestral population and language, Proto-Indo-Europeans that spoke Proto-Indo-European, estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP), at some time in the past, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP) expanded through migration and cultural influence. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, acculturation and language change of peoples in many regions of western and southern Eurasia.
This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family.
At the end of the second millennium BC Indo-European speakers were many millions and lived in a vast geographical area in most of western and southern Eurasia (including western Central Asia).
In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further.
In geographical area, Indo-European languages remained spoken in big land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor was lost to another language family (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (that changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement.
However, in the second half of the second millennium AD, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to ...
Water on Mars | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:31 1 Historical background
00:09:11 2 Evidence from rocks and minerals
00:09:53 2.1 Water in weathering products (aqueous minerals)
00:12:45 2.2 Hydrothermal alteration
00:14:28 2.3 Weathering rates
00:15:24 2.4 Martian meteorites
00:16:55 3 Geomorphic evidence
00:17:04 3.1 Lakes and river valleys
00:22:22 3.2 Lake deltas
00:22:59 3.3 Groundwater
00:25:40 3.4 Mars ocean hypothesis
00:29:50 4 Present water
00:32:10 4.1 Polar ice caps
00:35:04 4.1.1 Subglacial liquid water
00:37:27 4.2 Ground ice
00:43:51 4.3 Glaciers
00:47:55 5 Development of Mars' water inventory
00:48:15 5.1 Early Noachian era (4.6 Ga to 4.1 Ga)
00:49:44 5.2 Middle to late Noachean era (4.1 Ga to 3.8 Ga)
00:51:09 5.3 Hesperian to Amazonian era (present) (~3.8 Ga to present)
00:52:47 5.3.1 Ice ages
00:54:57 6 Evidence for recent flows
00:58:09 7 Habitability assessments
01:00:02 8 Findings by probes
01:00:11 8.1 Mariner 9
01:00:51 8.2 Viking program
01:02:07 8.3 Mars Global Surveyor
01:03:07 8.4 Mars Pathfinder
01:04:26 8.5 Mars Odyssey
01:06:53 8.6 iPhoenix/i
01:10:37 8.7 Mars Exploration Rovers
01:12:57 8.8 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
01:16:50 8.9 iCuriosity/i rover
01:20:48 8.10 iMars Express/i
01:21:31 9 Interactive map
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Speaking Rate: 0.8815914774484075
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice, though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere. What was thought to be low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil, also called recurrent slope lineae, may be grains of flowing sand and dust slipping downhill to make dark streaks. The only place where water ice is visible at the surface is at the north polar ice cap. Abundant water ice is also present beneath the permanent carbon dioxide ice cap at the Martian south pole and in the shallow subsurface at more temperate conditions. More than 21 million km3 of ice have been detected at or near the surface of Mars, enough to cover the whole planet to a depth of 35 meters (115 ft). Even more ice is likely to be locked away in the deep subsurface.Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today, but limited to traces of dissolved moisture from the atmosphere and thin films, which are challenging environments for known life. No large standing bodies of liquid water exist on the planet's surface, because the atmospheric pressure there averages just 600 pascals (0.087 psi), a figure slightly below the vapor pressure of water at its melting point; under average Martian conditions, pure water on the Martian surface would freeze or, if heated to above the melting point, would sublime to vapor. Before about 3.8 billion years ago, Mars may have had a denser atmosphere and higher surface temperatures, allowing vast amounts of liquid water on the surface, possibly including a large ocean that may have covered one-third of the planet. Water has also apparently flowed across the surface for short periods at various intervals more recently in Mars' history. On December 9, 2013, NASA reported that, based on evidence from the Curiosity rover studying Aeolis Palus, Gale Crater contained an ancient freshwater lake that could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life.Many lines of evidence indicate that water ice is abundant on Mars and it has played a significant role in the planet's geologic history. The present-day inventory of water on Mars can be estimated from spacecraft imagery, remote sensing techniques (spectroscopic measurements, radar, etc.), and surface investigations from landers and rovers. Geologic evidence of past water includes enormous outflow channels carved by floods, ancient river valley networks, deltas, and lakebeds; and the detection of rocks and minerals on the surface that could only have formed in liquid water. Numerous geomo ...
Karelia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Karelia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Karelia (Karelian, Finnish, and Estonian: Karjala; Russian: Карелия, Karelija, historically Корела, Korjela; Swedish: Karelen), the land of the Karelian people, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden. It is currently divided among the northwestern Russian Federation (the federal subjects of the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast) and Finland (the regions of South Karelia and North Karelia).
Karelia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Karelia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Karelia (Karelian, Finnish, and Estonian: Karjala; Russian: Карелия, Karelija, historically Корела, Korjela; Swedish: Karelen), the land of the Karelian people, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden. It is currently divided among the northwestern Russian Federation (the federal subjects of the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast) and Finland (the regions of South Karelia and North Karelia).
Karelia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:32 1 Use of name
00:01:29 2 Geography
00:03:23 2.1 Inhabited localities
00:05:00 3 History
00:09:21 4 Politics
00:10:24 5 Demographics
00:12:10 6 Culture
00:12:19 7 Tourism
00:12:55 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9316484687996301
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Karelia (Karelian, Finnish, and Estonian: Karjala; Russian: Карелия, Karelija, historically Корела, Korjela; Swedish: Karelen), the land of the Karelian people, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden. It is currently divided among the northwestern Russian Federation (the federal subjects of the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast) and Finland (the regions of South Karelia and North Karelia).
Karelia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Karelia
00:00:29 1 Use of name
00:01:21 2 Geography
00:03:04 2.1 Inhabited localities
00:04:33 3 History
00:08:27 4 Politics
00:09:24 5 Demographics
00:10:37 6 Culture
00:10:45 7 Tourism
00:11:18 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Karelia (Karelian, Finnish, and Estonian: Karjala; Russian: Карелия, Karelija, historically Корела, Korjela; Swedish: Karelen), the land of the Karelian people, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden. It is currently divided among the northwestern Russian Federation (the federal subjects of the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast) and Finland (the regions of South Karelia and North Karelia).
Lake | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:32 1 Etymology, meaning, and usage of lake
00:05:45 2 Distribution of lakes
00:08:42 3 Origin of lakes
00:09:57 3.1 Tectonic lakes
00:11:41 3.2 Volcanic lakes
00:13:01 3.3 Glacial lakes
00:14:37 3.4 Fluvial lakes
00:15:00 3.4.1 Oxbow lakes
00:15:50 3.4.2 Fluviatile dams
00:16:06 3.4.3 Lateral lakes
00:16:23 3.5 Solution lakes
00:17:49 3.6 Landslide lakes
00:18:29 3.7 Aeolian lakes
00:19:19 3.8 Shoreline lakes
00:20:00 3.9 Organic lakes
00:20:41 3.9.1 Peat lakes
00:21:15 3.10 Anthropogenic lakes
00:21:46 3.11 Meteorite (extraterrestrial impact/ crater) lakes
00:22:44 4 Other different types of lakes
00:23:18 4.1 Types of lakes according to thermal stratification
00:28:01 4.2 Types of lake according to seasonal variation of lake level and volume
00:29:28 4.3 Types of lake according to water chemistry
00:31:22 4.4 Lakes composed of other liquids
00:31:58 5 Paleolakes
00:34:55 6 Characteristics
00:40:49 7 Limnology
00:43:31 8 How lakes disappear
00:47:43 9 Extraterrestrial lakes
00:49:58 10 Notable lakes on Earth
00:57:34 10.1 Largest by continent
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7539874659677097
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.
Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them.
Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use, for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply, or for aesthetic, recreational purposes, or other activities.
Novgorod Republic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Novgorod Republic
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Novgorod Republic or Novgorodian Rus' (Russian: Новгоро́дская респу́блика, tr. Novgorodskaya respublika, IPA: [nəvgɐˈrotskəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə]; Новгородскаѧ землѧ / Novgorodskaję zemlę, Novgorod land) was a medieval East Slavic state from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the northern Ural Mountains, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of modern Russia. Citizens referred to their city-state as His Majesty (or Sovereign) Lord Novgorod the Great (Gosudař Gospodin Velikij Novgorod), or more often as Lord Novgorod the Great (Gospodin Velikij Novgorod). The Republic prospered as the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League.
Continuation War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Continuation War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Continuation War was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany, as co-belligerents, against the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1941 to 1944, during World War II. In Russian historiography, the war is called the Soviet–Finnish Front of the Great Patriotic War. Germany regarded its operations in the region as part of its overall war efforts on the Eastern Front and provided Finland with critical material support and military assistance.
The Continuation War began 15 months after the end of the Winter War, also fought between Finland and the USSR. There have been a number of reasons proposed for the Finnish decision to invade, with regaining territory lost during the Winter War being regarded as the most common. Other justifications for the conflict included President Ryti's vision of a Greater Finland and Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim's desire to liberate Karelia. Plans for the attack were developed jointly between the Wehrmacht and a small faction of Finnish political and military leaders with the rest of the government remaining ignorant. Despite the co-operation in this conflict, Finland never formally signed the Tripartite Pact that had established the Axis powers and justified its alliance with Germany as self-defense.
In June 1941, with the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Finnish Defence Forces launched their offensive following Soviet airstrikes. By September 1941, Finland occupied East Karelia and reversed its post–Winter War concessions to the Soviet Union along the Karelian Isthmus and in Ladoga Karelia. The Finnish Army halted its offensive past the old border, around 30–32 km (19–20 mi) from the centre of Leningrad and participated in besieging the city by cutting its northern supply routes and digging in until 1944. In Lapland, joint German–Finnish forces failed to capture Murmansk or cut the Kirov (Murmansk) Railway, a transit route for lend-lease equipment to the USSR. The conflict stabilised with only minor skirmishes until the tide of the war turned against the Germans and the Soviet Union's strategic Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in June 1944. The attack drove the Finns from most of the territories they had gained during the war, but the Finnish Army managed to halt the offensive in August 1944.
Hostilities between Finland and the USSR ended with a ceasefire, which was called on 5 September, and formalised by the signing of the Moscow Armistice on 19 September. One of the conditions of this agreement was the expulsion, or disarming, of any German troops in Finnish territory, which led to the Lapland War between the former co-belligerents. World War II was concluded formally for Finland and the minor Axis powers with the signing of the Paris Peace Treaties in 1947. The treaties resulted in the restoration of borders per the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty, the ceding of the municipality of Petsamo (Russian: Pechengsky raion) and the leasing of Porkkala Peninsula to the USSR. Furthermore, Finland was required to pay $300 million in war reparations to the USSR.
63,200 Finns and 23,200 Germans died or went missing during the war in addition to 158,000 and 60,400 wounded, respectively. Estimates of dead or missing Soviets range from 250,000 to 305,000 while 575,000 have been estimated to have been wounded or fallen sick.
Karelia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:29 1 Use of name
00:01:23 2 Geography
00:03:09 2.1 Inhabited localities
00:04:41 3 History
00:08:41 4 Politics
00:09:39 5 Demographics
00:11:17 6 Culture
00:11:26 7 Tourism
00:12:00 8 See also
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SUMMARY
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Karelia (Karelian, Finnish, and Estonian: Karjala; Russian: Карелия, Karelija, historically Корела, Korjela; Swedish: Karelen), the land of the Karelian people, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden. It is currently divided among the northwestern Russian Federation (the federal subjects of the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast) and Finland (the regions of South Karelia and North Karelia).
Salmon | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:05 1 Species
00:03:08 2 Distribution
00:06:20 3 Life cycle
00:10:56 4 Ecology
00:11:05 4.1 Bears and salmon
00:12:06 4.2 Beavers and salmon
00:14:06 4.3 Lampreys and salmon
00:15:06 4.4 Parasites
00:18:41 4.5 Effect of pile driving
00:19:07 5 Wild fisheries
00:19:16 5.1 Commercial
00:20:03 5.2 Recreational
00:20:57 6 Farmed salmon
00:26:01 7 Management
00:28:18 8 As food
00:32:54 9 History
00:36:20 10 Mythology
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SUMMARY
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Salmon is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. Other fish in the same family include trout, char, grayling and whitefish. Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic (genus Salmo) and Pacific Ocean (genus Oncorhynchus). Many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America. Salmon are intensively farmed in many parts of the world.
Typically, salmon are anadromous: they hatch in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. However, populations of several species are restricted to fresh water through their lives. Folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they hatched to spawn. Tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a returning salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems; the percent of straying depends on the species of salmon. Homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory. Salmon date back to the Neogene.
Auburn Coach Wife Kristi Malzahn Agrees with Match & eHarmony: Men are Jerks
My advice is this: Settle! That's right. Don't worry about passion or intense connection. Don't nix a guy based on his annoying habit of yelling Bravo! in movie theaters. Overlook his halitosis or abysmal sense of aesthetics. Because if you want to have the infrastructure in place to have a family, settling is the way to go. Based on my observations, in fact, settling will probably make you happier in the long run, since many of those who marry with great expectations become more disillusioned with each passing year. (It's hard to maintain that level of zing when the conversation morphs into discussions about who's changing the diapers or balancing the checkbook.)
Obviously, I wasn't always an advocate of settling. In fact, it took not settling to make me realize that settling is the better option, and even though settling is a rampant phenomenon, talking about it in a positive light makes people profoundly uncomfortable. Whenever I make the case for settling, people look at me with creased brows of disapproval or frowns of disappointment, the way a child might look at an older sibling who just informed her that Jerry's Kids aren't going to walk, even if you send them money. It's not only politically incorrect to get behind settling, it's downright un-American. Our culture tells us to keep our eyes on the prize (while our mothers, who know better, tell us not to be so picky), and the theme of holding out for true love (whatever that is—look at the divorce rate) permeates our collective mentality.
Even situation comedies, starting in the 1970s with The Mary Tyler Moore Show and going all the way to Friends, feature endearing single women in the dating trenches, and there's supposed to be something romantic and even heroic about their search for true love. Of course, the crucial difference is that, whereas the earlier series begins after Mary has been jilted by her fiancé, the more modern-day Friends opens as Rachel Green leaves her nice-guy orthodontist fiancé at the altar simply because she isn't feeling it. But either way, in episode after episode, as both women continue to be unlucky in love, settling starts to look pretty darn appealing. Mary is supposed to be contentedly independent and fulfilled by her newsroom family, but in fact her life seems lonely. Are we to assume that at the end of the series, Mary, by then in her late 30s, found her soul mate after the lights in the newsroom went out and her work family was disbanded? If her experience was anything like mine or that of my single friends, it's unlikely.
And while Rachel and her supposed soul mate, Ross, finally get together (for the umpteenth time) in the finale of Friends, do we feel confident that she'll be happier with Ross than she would have been had she settled down with Barry, the orthodontist, 10 years earlier? She and Ross have passion but have never had long-term stability, and the fireworks she experiences with him but not with Barry might actually turn out to be a liability, given how many times their relationship has already gone up in flames. It's equally questionable whether Sex and the City's Carrie Bradshaw, who cheated on her kindhearted and generous boyfriend, Aidan, only to end up with the more exciting but self-absorbed Mr. Big, will be better off in the framework of marriage and family. (Some time after the breakup, when Carrie ran into Aidan on the street, he was carrying his infant in a Baby Björn. Can anyone imagine Mr. Big walking around with a Björn?)