Orenburg City | Study MBBS In Russia | Study MBBS In Orenburg State Medical University
The city of Orenburg is located in southwest Russia, near the border with Kazakhstan. The Russian Empire had begun expanding its reign in Asia starting with constructing the fortress city- Orenburg, on its eastern border. In order to sort this, a settlement was marked in 1735 at the place where ‘Or’ and the ‘Ural’ rivers cross.
Economic sectors of the city are fuel, ferrous & non-ferrous, metal extractions, chemicals, oil chemical & food industries and Agriculture (crops growing & cattle breeding). The city has Orenburg History Museum has an antique cannon & regional exhibits. Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts showcasing traditional lace shawls & Russian paintings, Drama Theatres, St. Nicholas Cathedral; are some of the major attractions of the place.
The city has a dry humid continental climatic conditions with very long & hot summers and long & cold winters. Transition months are April and October. It has a major railway center ever since the Samara-Zlatoust & Orenburg Tashkent railroads were completed in 1876 and 1905. It also has its Orenburg Tsentralny Airport located about 25 km east of the city, on the Orsk destination. Public transports include Buses, Trolleybuses and Fixed-route taxis.
Popular food corners of Orenburg are Pirogi, Stolle, Russkiye Bliny, Chapai, Incontro and an Indian food restaurant- Tortoffi bez Sakhara, etc.
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Wave Education interview/Study in Orenburg/Russia +91-931705252591
Wave Education interview/Study in Orenburg/Russia +91-931705252591 - Students from Indian Studying in Russia Orenburg State... We interview one of our students....
The Divertissement Ensemble
The Divertissement Ensemble, a prize-winning orchestral group from Orenburg, Russia, will appear at the Palladium Theater in St. Petersburg at 2 p.m. and 7 p.m.
Founded by the Orenburg State Philharmonic Society in 1994, the ensemble is one of the most popular classical music groups in the Volga and Urals regions of Russia. The ensemble has given rich repertory performances in the most prestigious concert halls of Russia, including the M. Glinka Philharmonic Chamber Hall in St. Petersburg, the Moscow State Conservatory, the Moscow State Philharmonic Society and in the grand estates around St. Petersburg Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovsk. Members are participants and winners of different international competitions.
Divertissement Ensemble plays a variety of music, from ancient to modern and ultra-modern.
Novosibirsk vs Orenburg | 19 Feb 2017 | Russia Superleague Men Volleyball 2016/2017
2017 Russia Superleague Men Volleyball 2016/2017 : Novosibirsk vs Orenburg
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В.Путин.Прямая линия.24.12.01.Part 7
Live with President Vladimir Putin - Hot Line (excerpts)Part 7
December 24, 2001
Moscow, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, village of Kazache-Malevany (Krasnodar Region), Kaliningrad, Novosibirsk, Murmansk, Rostov-on-Don, St Petersburg
Прямая линия с Президентом России
24 декабря 2001 года
Москва, Владивосток, Екатеринбург, Казань, хутор Казаче-Малеваный (Краснодарский край), Калининград, Новосибирск, Мурманск, Ростов-на-Дону, Санкт-Петербург
At present the Government is grappling with two issues in this sphere. On the one hand, it is drafting additional legislation and on the other hand, economic validation is being provided. We are looking for sources of funding to create the necessary start-up capital for the insurance system. It is insufficiently developed today. Regarding schools. It is a separate topic which is even more important for the state. Insurance has no place here. We can use only direct financing. This is particularly true of the secondary school, more than of higher education. The school is in a difficult situation, just like the housing and utilities sector because it is in the hands of municipal authorities, which dont have sufficient budget revenues to maintain schools in proper conditions.Was it Sverdlovsk?
YEKATERINA ANDREYEVA: Yekaterinburg.
VLADIMIR PUTIN: I think the Yekaterinburg Region has the only school in Russia which is on strike. And yet Yekaterinburg is a high-revenue region, it is a net contributor to the federal budget. Why does it happen? Because there are certain problems in bringing support from the national and regional level to the municipal level, including support of schools.I think that problem can and must be solved. And I have prepared a decree, which I am going to sign before the end of the year. It is a very soft decree, but it recommends the heads of the Russian regions to introduce targeted subsidies for schools to maintain their facilities and material resources and the salaries of teachers. The federal budget will help the regions for its part.
PAVEL GAMOV (Orenburg): My name is Pavel Grigoryevich Gamov, I am a pensioner and I live in Orenburg. I have a question that worries me very much. How do you account for the fact that the courts pass long prison sentences for minor crimes while not using other means of punishment envisaged by the criminal law?
VLADIMIR PUTIN: Pavel Grigoryevich, you have touched a sore spot, you put your finger on it. The problem is there: it is a distortion of the governments crime control policy. The policy is set forth in the Criminal Code and we should see how to change it.Nothing like it happens in other democratic countries. Minor crimes of course can be punished in ways that do not involve imprisonment. At the same time court rulings regarding people who have committed serious crimes must be enforced. And the state must be consistent. The government has been given this task and we will tackle it.
YEKATERINA ANDREYEVA (reads out a question online): Petrov, an entrepreneur in Moscow, and Andrei Cherkashin, a journalist: are you aware that there is a popular new phrase, the cover market and that representatives of the law enforcement bodies are in the top spot in this criminal rating? What is the national government going to do to conquer the most powerful mafia in the land?
VLADIMIR PUTIN: I am aware of the problem, and there are no easy solutions. I am sure there are many questions on this topic, which is very close to the topic of corruption. In general, corruption and abuse of power, especially in the law enforcement sphere, is not unique to Russia. It is a scourge of many countries. But in Russia it has acquired a certain scale that the government cannot ignore.In order to solve this problem the situation in society as a whole must be changed, in economics and in the education sphere. But meaningful administrative decisions are also needed.One way to tackle this problem is to strengthen the law enforcement agencies and reform the courts. This is the aim of the package of laws on the reform of the judiciary which seeks to strengthen the courts, to make them more independent, on the one hand, and more accountable to society and the government, on the other hand. As you know, the Criminal Procedural Code is due to come into force next year, and under its provisions no citizen can be interrogated even when detained, not arrested, but simply detained, in the absence of a lawyer. So, if beginning from July 1 next year somebody detains you in the street, he has no right to interrogate you in the absence of your lawyer if you demand that a lawyer be present.
Russian dancers perform Tatarstan dance
Tatarstan dancers performing at Surajkund Mela in Faridabad, Haryana, India.
The Republic of Tatarstan is a federal subject of Russia located in the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kazan. The republic borders with Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, and with the Mari El, Udmurt, and Chuvash Republics, as well as with the Republic of Bashkortostan. The unofficial Tatarstan motto is: Bez Buldırabız! (We can!). As of the 2010 Census the population of Tatarstan was 3,786,488.
The state has strong ties with its eastern neighbour the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Source : Wikipedia
This footage is part of the professionally-shot broadcast stock footage archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., the largest collection of HD imagery from South Asia. The collection comprises of 100, 000+ hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on HDCAM / SR 1080i High Definition, Alexa, SR, XDCAM and 4K. Write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! We are happy to be commissioned to film for you or else provide you with broadcast crewing and production solutions across South Asia. We pride ourselves in bringing the best of India and South Asia to the world...
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A Tragedy Of Errors - Shakespeare Festival 2019 (Ashoka University)
Through the narrative of this performance, we paint the dichotomy between Sycorax and Prospero (from The Tempest) as an extension of Shakespeare’s torn psyche. By placing Shakespeare in a politically charged context, we look at him as an individual split between adhering to the propaganda of the state or as anti-establishment anarchist. This tempestuous siren that takes over his mind and his writing is visually depicted through the performance where one train of thought tries to pull the bard away from the other. The voices within him are dichotomised as black and white which refer to him with Oscuro and Blanco respectively, names representative of two ends of the spectrum of his psyche. Here we portray the Black as the voice of the oppressed, the colonised, the pagan and the white as the oppressor, superior and the self-righteous Christian which through the course of the narrative, is subverted. This extension opens a central question, given that this torn psyche and the racial tropes are evident throughout all his plays – how do we want to remember Shakespeare?
CREDITS
Scripting
Kartikeya Pradhan; edited by Rochan Mathur and Jagriti Sharma
Dance Choreography
Anisha Maria Koshy and Jagriti Sharma
Music Editing
Jishnu Mohan
Production
Jishnu Mohan, Kartikeya Pradhan and Rochan Mathur
Background music
Experience by Ludovico Einaudi
Give Me Some Sunshine | Palliative Care| #DECASTRINGS |Perm,Russia
Vocals :- Ankit Tiwari,Vikrant Sharma,Bhaskar Das and Vikrant Bawa
On guitar :- Aryan Kaushik and Sarim Engti
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‘Pray for Palmyra’ concert conducted by Gergiev goes ahead in Palmyra - REFEED
The concert “Pray for Palmyra. Music revives ancient remains” by Russian conductor Valeri Gergiev is scheduled to go ahead in Palmyra, Syria on Thursday, May 5. It will open with a welcome address by the conductor. Russian President Vladimir Putin will also make an appearance via video link. Consecutive translation from Russian to English and Arabic will be provided for both.
The date of the concert coincides with the handover for burial of the remains of special forces officer Aleksander Prokhorenko, dubbed the ‘Russian Rambo,’ who died after ordering an airstrike on his own position after he was surrounded by IS fighters. His remains will depart Moscow for his home village of Gorodky, Orenburg Region, where they will be buried in a ceremony with military honours.
In April, Palmyra was recaptured by the Syrian Army from the self-proclaimed Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL). Russian air strikes provided support to the Syrian armed forces in their re-taking of the town.
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Российская империя. Серия 4. Екатерина II. Часть 1
Российская империя. Проект Леонида Парфёнова
Екатерина II. Часть 1
Происхождение принцессы Софьи-Фредерики-Августины, будущей Екатерины Великой, её приезд в Россию.
Свержение с престола мужа — императора Петра III.
Превращение дворянства в привилегированное сословие.
История Салтычихи.
Русско-турецкие войны, присоединение Крыма к России, штурм Измаила.
Насаждение картошки в России.
Екатерина — воспитательница внуков.
Фавориты императрицы.
Пугачёвский бунт.
Russia May Be Supplying The Taliban
Moscow may be helping supply Taliban militants. According to reuters, The top U.S. general in Europe said on Thursday that he had seen Russian influence on Afghan Taliban insurgents growing. He did not elaborate on what kinds of supplies might be headed to the Taliban or how direct Russia's role might be. Russian officials have denied they provide aid to the insurgents. They say their limited contacts are aimed at bringing the Taliban to the negotiating table. According to U.S. estimates, government forces control less than 60 percent of Afghanistan. Almost half the country is either contested territory or under control of the insurgents.
This video was produced by YT Wochit News using
Страна Советов. Забытые Вожди (Анастас Микоян). Документально - исторический фильм Star Media
Все фильмы проекта Страна Советов. Забытые Вожди
Проект расскажет о ключевых фигурах в руководстве Советского Союза - военачальниках, государственных и партийных деятелях. Именно они построили самую мощную державу в мире и были главными идеологами огромной страны. Они поднимали из руин экономику и промышленность, но закрывали монастыри и взрывали храмы. Они победили фашизм, но участвовали в масштабных репрессиях в собственной стране.
Сценарии фильмов разработаны на основе исторических документов, рассекреченных материалов и личных дел героев цикла. Проведена огромная работа по поиску и проверке информации. К созданию проекта были привлечены лучшие российские историки, учёные и консультанты с мировым именем.
В основе визуального решения фильма - игровая историческая реконструкция (то есть сцены, снятые с участием актёров, и воссоздающие дух эпохи); 3D графика, а также кадры кинохроники. Специально для цикла разработано уникальное графическое оформление, которое позволит интересно преподнести справочный материал.
«Страна Советов. Забытые вожди» - это попытка беспристрастно и трезво взглянуть на историю нашей страны, рассказать о человеческих судьбах и эпохе, воспитавшей неординарных людей.
Анастас Микоян – единственный из советских государственных лидеров, кто начал государственную службу еще при Ленине, а закончил в брежневскую эпоху.
В 30-е годы он создавал в СССР пищевую промышленность. Во время Великой Отечественной войны организовывал бесперебойное снабжение Красной Армии. А в 1962 году помог урегулировать Карибский кризис – крупнейшую ядерную угрозу за всю историю человечества – и был назван одним из величайших дипломатов ХХ века.
Производство: компания Star Media, студия Babich Design
Продюсеры: Валерий Бабич, Влад Ряшин
Год выпуска: 2019
Жанр: документально-исторический фильм
Авторы сценария: Александр Колпакиди, Василий Шевцов
Режиссер-постановщик: Павел Сергацков
Оператор-постановщик: Александр Кипер
Художник-постановщик: Александр Гиляревский
Художник по костюмам: Наталия Белякова
Художник по гриму: Кристина Битюцкая
В ролях: Сергей Потапов (II), Сергей Рубашкин, Игорь Неведров, Искандер Павлов, Сергей Кудряшов (II), Андрей Щеткин, Дмитрий Сапронов, Константин Юрченко, Михаил Борисов (III), Вадим Утенков, Олег Требелев, Сергей Загребнев, Виталий Филипповых, Сергей Тишин, Артём Борзовский, Лисавета Сахнова
Исторические консультанты: Юрий Рубцов, Алексей Волынец, Аркадий Борисёнок, Армен Гаспарян, Александр Зданович, Алексей Филитов, Анатолий Чурилин
Онлайн-кинотеатр StarMedia на YouTube
Смотреть онлайн фильмы и сериалы бесплатно в хорошем качестве.
Лучшие русские фильмы и сериалы, лучшие мелодрамы, военные фильмы, новинки кино, фильмы с русскими и английскими субтитрами — смотреть онлайн бесплатно в хорошем качестве в онлайн кинотеатре StarMedia на YouTube. Приятного просмотра!
Star Media в социальных сетях:
#StarMedia
Putin: Opening of the Fifth St Petersburg International Cultural Forum
(December 2, 2016 ) Putin: Opening of the Fifth St Petersburg International Cultural Forum
Ukraine accuses Russia of 'state terrorism' after former MP shot in Kyiv
A former Russian MP has been killed in the centre of the Ukrainian capital.
Denis Voronenkov, a key witness in a treason case against former leader Viktor Yanukovich was shot dead outside a hotel in Kyiv.
The assailant, who was armed with a pistol, later died in hospital after being shot by Voronenkov's bodyguard. His identity has not been disclosed.
Ukraine's President Petro Poroshenko said the killing is an 'act of state terrorism' by Russia. Voronenkov had spoken out against Moscow's annex…
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Catherine the Great | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:39 1 Early life
00:10:30 2 Reign of Peter III and the icoup d'état/i of July 1762
00:14:34 3 Reign (1762–96)
00:14:45 3.1 Coronation (1762)
00:16:13 3.2 Foreign affairs
00:17:39 3.2.1 Russo-Turkish Wars
00:19:52 3.2.2 Russo-Persian War
00:21:56 3.2.3 Relations with Western Europe
00:23:36 3.2.4 Partitions of Poland
00:25:22 3.2.5 Relations with Japan
00:26:21 3.3 Economics and finance
00:28:16 3.4 Arts and culture
00:35:08 3.5 Education
00:42:35 3.6 Religious affairs
00:43:52 3.6.1 Islam
00:46:09 3.6.2 Judaism
00:48:16 3.6.3 Russian Orthodoxy
00:50:40 3.7 Personal life
00:52:51 3.7.1 Poniatowski
00:55:43 3.7.2 Orlov
00:57:25 3.7.3 Potemkin
00:59:20 3.8 Serfs
00:59:42 3.8.1 Rights and conditions
01:03:46 3.8.2 Attitudes towards Catherine
01:06:27 4 Final months and death
01:10:51 5 Children
01:11:00 6 Romanov dynastic issues
01:11:11 6.1 Pretenders and potential pretenders to the throne
01:13:01 6.1.1 Rise of pretenders
01:17:03 6.1.2 Pretenders and royal marks
01:19:36 6.2 Succession to the throne
01:20:22 7 Titles and styles
01:21:13 8 In popular culture
01:22:22 9 Ancestry
01:22:31 10 List of prominent Catherinians
01:23:29 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9799328397112379
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; 2 May [O.S. 21 April] 1729 – 17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader. She came to power following a coup d'état that she organised—resulting in her husband, Peter III, being overthrown. Under her reign, Russia was revitalised; it grew larger and stronger and was recognised as one of the great powers of Europe.
In her accession to power and her rule of the empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably count Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, the Crimean Khanate was crushed following victories over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo–Turkish wars, and Russia colonised the territories of Novorossiya along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, king Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. In the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America.
Catherine reformed the administration of Russian guberniyas, and many new cities and towns were founded on her orders. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernise Russia along Western European lines. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and private landowners led to increased levels of reliance on serfs. This was one of the chief reasons behind several rebellions, including the large-scale Pugachev's Rebellion of cossacks and peasants.
Catherine decided to have herself inoculated against smallpox by a Scottish doctor, Thomas Dimsdale. While this was considered a controversial method at the time, she succeeded. Her son Pavel was later inoculated as well. Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire stating: My objective was, through my example, to save from death the multitude of my subjects who, not knowing the value of this technique, and frightened of it, were left in danger. By 1800, approximately 2 million inoculations were administer ...
NEH ODH Lightning Rounds 2016
NEH Office of Digital Humanities 2016 Project Directors Meeting, September 16, 2016. Lightning round presentations by project directors of National Endowment for the Humanities grant-supported digital humanities projects.
Nuclear warfare | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nuclear warfare
00:02:57 1 Types of nuclear warfare
00:07:45 2 History
00:07:53 2.1 1940s
00:08:02 2.1.1 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
00:13:11 2.1.2 Immediately after the Japan bombings
00:17:41 2.2 1950s
00:26:17 2.3 1960s
00:30:13 2.4 1970s
00:33:54 2.5 1980s
00:40:15 2.6 Post-Cold War
00:48:01 2.7 Sub-strategic use
00:52:15 3 Nuclear terrorism
00:53:54 4 Survival
01:00:30 5 In fiction
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nuclear warfare (sometimes atomic warfare or thermonuclear warfare) is a military conflict or political strategy in which nuclear weaponry is used to inflict damage on the enemy. Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction; in contrast to conventional warfare, nuclear warfare can produce destruction in a much shorter time and can have a long-lasting radiological warfare result. A major nuclear exchange would have long-term effects, primarily from the fallout released, and could also lead to a nuclear winter that could last for decades, centuries, or even millennia after the initial attack. Some analysts dismiss the nuclear winter hypothesis, and calculate that even with nuclear weapon stockpiles at Cold War highs, although there would be billions of casualties, billions more rural people would nevertheless survive. However, others have argued that secondary effects of a nuclear holocaust, such as nuclear famine and societal collapse, would cause almost every human on Earth to starve to death.So far, two nuclear weapons have been used in the course of warfare, both by the United States near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, a uranium gun-type device (code name Little Boy) was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium implosion-type device (code name Fat Man) was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These two bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 120,000 people.
After World War II, nuclear weapons were also developed by the Soviet Union (1949), the United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), and the People's Republic of China (1964), which contributed to the state of conflict and extreme tension that became known as the Cold War. In 1974, India, and in 1998, Pakistan, two countries that were openly hostile toward each other, developed nuclear weapons. Israel (1960s) and North Korea (2006) are also thought to have developed stocks of nuclear weapons, though it is not known how many. The Israeli government has never admitted or denied to having nuclear weapons, although it is known to have constructed the reactor and reprocessing plant necessary for building nuclear weapons. South Africa also manufactured several complete nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but subsequently became the first country to voluntarily destroy their domestically made weapons stocks and abandon further production (1990s). Nuclear weapons have been detonated on over 2,000 occasions for testing purposes and demonstrations.After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the resultant end of the Cold War, the threat of a major nuclear war between the two nuclear superpowers was generally thought to have declined. Since then, concern over nuclear weapons has shifted to the prevention of localized nuclear conflicts resulting from nuclear proliferation, and the threat of nuclear terrorism.
Cossacks | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:43 1 Etymology
00:05:26 2 Early history
00:10:17 2.1 Zaporozhian Cossacks
00:17:38 2.2 Registered Cossacks
00:20:55 2.3 Black Sea, Azov and Danubian Sich Cossacks
00:23:36 3 Russian Cossacks
00:27:18 3.1 Don Cossacks
00:29:38 3.2 Kuban Cossacks
00:30:20 3.3 Terek Cossacks
00:31:01 3.4 Yaik Cossacks
00:32:06 3.5 Razin and Pugachev Rebellions
00:42:28 3.6 In the Russian Empire
00:45:34 3.6.1 Cossacks in World War I and February Revolution
00:46:52 3.7 Civil War, Decossackization and Holodomor of 1932–33
00:50:30 3.8 Second World War
00:55:59 3.9 Modern times
00:57:50 4 Culture and organization
01:00:15 4.1 Settlements
01:01:51 4.2 Family life
01:03:29 4.3 Popular image
01:07:55 4.4 Ranks
01:10:11 4.5 Uniforms
01:13:08 5 Modern-day Cossack identity
01:14:46 6 Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation
01:15:17 7 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.9822080920999468
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic–speaking people who became known as members of democratic, self-governing, semi-military communities, predominantly located in Eastern and Southern Ukraine and in Southern Russia, within the borders of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Ukraine and Russia.The origins of the Cossacks are disputed, though the 1710 Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk attests to a combination of East Slavic and Khazar origin. The emergence of Cossacks is dated to the 14th or 15th centuries, when two connected groups emerged, the Zaporozhian Sich of the Dnieper and the Don Cossack Host.The Zaporizhian Sich were a vassal people of Poland–Lithuania during feudal times. Under increasing pressure from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the mid-17th century the Sich declared an independent Cossack Hetmanate, initiated by a rebellion under Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Afterwards, the Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654) brought most of the Cossack state under Russian rule.
The Sich with its lands became an autonomous region under the Russian-Polish protectorate.The Don Cossack Host, which had been established by the 16th century, allied with the Tsardom of Russia. Together they began a systematic conquest and colonisation of lands in order to secure the borders on the Volga, the whole of Siberia (see Yermak Timofeyevich) and the Yaik (Ural) and the Terek rivers. Cossack communities had developed along the latter two rivers well before the arrival of the Don Cossacks.By the 18th century Cossack hosts in the Russian Empire occupied effective buffer zones on its borders. The expansionist ambitions of the Empire relied on ensuring the loyalty of Cossacks, which caused tension given their traditional exercise of freedom, democracy, self-rule, and independence. Cossacks such as Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin, Ivan Mazepa and Yemelyan Pugachev led major anti-imperial wars and revolutions in the Empire in order to abolish slavery and odious bureaucracy and to maintain independence. The empire responded with ruthless executions and tortures, the destruction of the western part of the Don Cossack Host during the Bulavin Rebellion in 1707–08, the destruction of Baturyn after Mazepa's rebellion in 1708, and the formal dissolution of the Lower Dnieper Zaporozhian Host in 1775, after Pugachev's Rebellion.By the end of the 18th century Cossack nations had been transformed into a special military estate (Sosloviye), a military class. Similar to the knights of medieval Europe in feudal times or the tribal Roman auxiliaries, the Cossacks came to military service having to obtain charger horses, arms and supplies at their own expense. The government provided only firearms and suppl ...
Orlando, Florida | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:38 1 Etymology
00:07:35 1.1 Orlando Reeves
00:11:11 1.2 Orlando (iAs You Like It/i)
00:12:54 2 History
00:13:03 2.1 Pre-European history
00:13:45 2.2 Incorporation
00:15:51 2.3 Post-Industrial Revolution
00:18:53 2.4 Tourism in history
00:20:31 2.5 21st century
00:21:17 2.5.1 2016 mass shooting
00:22:29 3 Geography and cityscape
00:23:55 3.1 Skyscrapers
00:24:40 3.1.1 Downtown Orlando
00:26:04 3.1.2 Outside Downtown Orlando
00:26:48 3.2 Climate
00:31:48 4 Demographics
00:34:41 4.1 Languages
00:35:53 4.2 Metropolitan statistical area
00:37:42 5 Economy
00:37:51 5.1 Industry
00:41:08 5.2 Film, television, and entertainment
00:42:27 5.3 Healthcare
00:43:14 5.4 Housing and employment
00:44:51 5.5 Tourism
00:47:24 5.5.1 Golf
00:47:41 6 Culture
00:47:50 6.1 Entertainment and performing arts
00:51:36 6.2 Local culture
00:53:04 6.3 Shopping malls
00:54:34 6.4 In popular culture
00:56:23 7 Sports
00:59:45 8 Government
00:59:54 8.1 Municipal government
01:00:21 8.2 Police brutality lawsuit settlements
01:00:54 9 Education
01:01:29 9.1 Area institutions of higher education
01:01:39 9.1.1 State universities
01:01:49 9.1.2 State colleges
01:01:58 9.1.3 Private universities, colleges, and others
01:02:08 9.1.4 Supplementary schools
01:02:17 10 Media
01:04:41 10.1 Television
01:05:13 10.2 Radio
01:05:46 10.3 Newspapers
01:06:11 11 Transport
01:07:15 11.1 Airports
01:08:29 11.2 Roads
01:11:46 11.2.1 Major highways
01:13:40 11.3 Rail
01:15:49 11.3.1 Commuter rail
01:17:14 11.3.2 High-speed rail
01:17:42 11.4 Bus
01:18:17 11.5 Taxi
01:18:41 11.6 Airport shuttles
01:18:51 12 Notable people
01:19:38 13 Sister cities
01:20:24 13.1 Foreign consulates
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.937211505797799
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Orlando () is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 2,509,831, according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017. These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States, and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 280,257, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida, and the state's largest inland city.
The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola. Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2018 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 75 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport (MCO or OIA) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world.As one of the world's most visited tourist destinations, Orlando's famous attractions form the backbone of its tourism industry. The two most significant of these attractions are Walt Disney World, opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971, and located approximately 21 miles (34 km) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake; and the Universal Orlando Resort, opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida. With the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Orlando Eye. The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States.
Like other major cities in the Sun Belt, Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as o ...