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Mesoamerica | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:04:32 1 Etymology and definition
00:07:31 2 Geography
00:08:42 2.1 Cultural sub-areas
00:09:45 2.2 Topography
00:12:30 2.3 Bodies of water
00:14:25 2.4 Biodiversity
00:15:09 3 Chronology and culture
00:16:26 3.1 Paleo-Indian
00:17:00 3.2 Archaic
00:17:46 3.3 Preclassic/Formative
00:20:43 3.3.1 Preclassic gallery
00:20:52 3.4 Classic
00:21:01 3.4.1 Early Classic
00:23:09 3.4.1.1 Early Classic gallery
00:23:17 3.4.2 Late Classic
00:24:31 3.4.2.1 Late Classic gallery
00:24:39 3.4.3 Terminal Classic
00:26:44 3.4.3.1 Terminal Classic gallery
00:26:52 3.5 Postclassic
00:30:38 3.5.1 Postclassic gallery
00:30:47 3.6 Chronology in chart form
00:30:57 4 General characteristics
00:31:07 4.1 Subsistence
00:33:53 4.2 Political organization
00:35:09 4.3 Economy
00:36:24 5 Common characteristics of Mesoamerican culture
00:36:36 5.1 Architecture
00:36:45 5.2 Calendrical systems
00:39:05 5.3 Writing systems
00:42:01 5.4 Arithmetic
00:43:11 5.5 Food, medicine, and science
00:44:10 5.6 Mythology and worldview
00:46:07 5.6.1 Sacrifice
00:47:04 5.6.1.1 Autosacrifice
00:48:25 5.6.1.2 Human sacrifice
00:49:56 5.6.2 Ballgame
00:51:18 5.6.3 Astronomy
00:52:36 5.6.4 Symbolism of space and time
00:55:31 5.7 Political and religious art
00:56:55 5.8 Music
00:57:04 6 See also



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area in North America. It extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within this region pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is one of six areas in the world where ancient civilization arose independently, and the second in the Americas along with Norte Chico (Caral-Supe) in present-day Peru, in the northern coastal region.
As a cultural area, Mesoamerica is defined by a mosaic of cultural traits developed and shared by its indigenous cultures. Beginning as early as 7000 BCE, the domestication of cacao, maize, beans, tomato, avocado, vanilla, squash and chili, as well as the turkey and dog, caused a transition from paleo-Indian hunter-gatherer tribal grouping to the organization of sedentary agricultural villages. In the subsequent Formative period, agriculture and cultural traits such as a complex mythological and religious tradition, a vigesimal numeric system, a complex calendric system, a tradition of ball playing, and a distinct architectural style, were diffused through the area. Also in this period, villages began to become socially stratified and develop into chiefdoms with the development of large ceremonial centers, interconnected by a network of trade routes for the exchange of luxury goods, such as obsidian, jade, cacao, cinnabar, Spondylus shells, hematite, and ceramics. While Mesoamerican civilization did know of the wheel and basic metallurgy, neither of these technologies became culturally important.Among the earliest complex civilizations was the Olmec culture, which inhabited the Gulf Coast of Mexico and extended inland and southwards across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Frequent contact and cultural interchange between the early Olmec and other cultures in Chiapas, Guatemala and Oaxaca laid the basis for the Mesoamerican cultural area. All this was facilitated by considerable regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica, especially along the Pacific coast.

This formative period saw the spread of distinct religious and symbolic traditions, as well as artistic and architectural complexes. In the subsequent Preclassic period, complex urban polities began to develop among the Maya, with the rise of centers such as El Mirador, Calakmul and Tikal, and the Zapotec at Monte Albán. During this period, the ...

Central America | Wikipedia audio article

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Central America

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Central America (Spanish: América Central, pronounced [aˌmeɾika senˈtɾal], Centroamérica [sentɾoaˈmeɾika]) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America has been estimated to be 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate).Central America is a part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from northern Guatemala through to central Panama. Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc, there is a great deal of seismic activity in the region. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur frequently; these natural disasters have resulted in the loss of many lives and much property.
In the Pre-Columbian era, Central America was inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica to the north and west and the Isthmo-Colombian peoples to the south and east. Soon after Italian explorer Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas, the Spanish began to colonize the Americas. From 1609 until 1821, most of the territory within Central America—except for the lands that would become Belize and Panama—was governed by the Viceroyalty of New Spain from Mexico City as the Captaincy General of Guatemala. After New Spain achieved independence from Spain in 1821, some of its provinces were annexed to the First Mexican Empire, but soon seceded from Mexico to form the Federal Republic of Central America, which lasted from 1823 to 1838. The seven states finally became independent autonomous states: beginning with Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Guatemala (1838); followed by El Salvador (1841); then Panama (1903); and finally Belize (1981). Even today, people in Central America sometimes refer to their nations as if they were provinces of a Central American state. For example, it is not unusual to write C.A. after the country names in formal and informal contexts and the automobile licence plates of many of the countries in the region show the legend Centroamerica in addition to the country name.