Its Time for a New Leader
In his 30 minute funeral oratory at Fort Hare University in the Eastern Cape, for fallen comrade Makhenkesi Stofile, Sipho Pityana delivered some scathing blows to the leadership of the ANC and President Zuma.
We have extracted some in this condensed video:
0:00: Sends warning signal about the great movement getting back to it's former glory.
0:16: Clever Blacks comment
0:43: About the ANC in Crisis
02:39: OR Tambo and his 'questioning cadres'
03:20: Our setbacks are self inflicted, we have ceded the moral high ground to the opposition. Zuma shows disdain and contempt for our constitution. Which ANC makes statements that attacks Judges as counter revolutionaries? We attack and undermine Chapter 9 institutions. Who are these leaders who have no sense of history.
05:09: We kill in cold blood workers going on strike. We murdered Andries Tatane. We steal from the poor.
06:16: Unlike some Bra Stofile showed great respect for Public Office. No palaces worth in excess of R200 Million. Bra Stofile was accused of corruption and he didn't play avoidance games, he submitted himself to public scrutiny, no abuse of state institutions, not destabilising, he humbled himself and showed respect for the law and the people who put him in the position of responsibility. On the finding he took the matter on judicial review and cleared his name. That's what you do when you respect public office and are accountable. Accountability is an important matter. You don't plunge Parliament into chaos. You don't compromise the hope of the downtrodden. When you break your oath of office you are honourable no longer, you are untrustworthy.
10:45: The fight for leadership roles is not about giving, it is about proximity to resources for yourself, your family and your cronies.
10:55: The reality of the matter is that some leaders are at the eating trough. Do we have leaders of a revolution or do we have full time thieves and looters?
11:33: Under this leadership we have experienced a cataclysmic anti-climax. It's time for new leadership. I prepared this speech in anticipation of the President being here. The next battle cannot be led by a leader that has humiliated our organisation and undermined everything that we represent.
13:12: A person who takes responsibility must fall on their sword.
See the full video here:
NOTE: In his speech Pityana makes a comment about FW De Klerk's 'Rubicon Speech' - it was actually PW Botha who was responsible for that disastrous Rubicon Speech.
Stofile died on August 15. He was 71. He was South Africa’s ambassador to Germany.
Maury students rally to bring water to South African schools
Matthew Maury Elementary is nestled in the heart of Alexandria, Virginia, just outside Washington DC.
Our goal is to raise $3,200 for EZ Kabane High School:
EZ Kabane is a high school of more than 500 fun, active, and ambitious students operating out of an abandoned school building in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. On top of educating the students, the understaffed administration and teachers must deal with a crumbling infrastructure and the fact that the entire school has only one toilet with dysfunctional flushing capabilities and just one source of drinking water—an outdoor spigot. If we can help the community repair all flushing toilets, construct additional water taps, build a water tank, replace toilet seats and provide doors to bathroom stalls, the principal and teachers of EZ Kabane can concentrate on what they do best…educating children!
Congregation of Holy Cross | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Congregation of Holy Cross
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Congregation of Holy Cross or Congregatio a Sancta Cruce (C.S.C.) is a Catholic congregation of priests and brothers founded in 1837 by Blessed Basil Moreau, in Le Mans, France.
Father Moreau also founded the Marianites of Holy Cross, now divided into three independent congregations of sisters. The Congregations of women who trace their origins to Father Moreau are the Marianites of Holy Cross (Le Mans, France), the Sisters of the Holy Cross (Notre Dame, Indiana), and the Sisters of Holy Cross (Montreal, Quebec, Canada).
Azraa Rockman on Radio Algoa
Cowan House Arbor Day 2017
Returning some of the wide open space of Cowan House to it's ancestral indigenous tree roots, in celebration of Arbor Day.
Montreal Vacation Travel Guide | Expedia
Montreal – A stunning Canadian metropolis combining old-world architecture with modern dashes. Start planning a trip of your own after checking out the best sights here.
When ready, browse vacation packages to Montreal:
When Mark Twain visited #Montreal in the 19th century, he was so taken by its many churches that he nicknamed it “The City of 100 Bell Towers.” Marvel at the imposing stone façade of Christ Church Cathedral, or stand beneath the great arched ceiling of the beautiful Notre Dame Basilica.
If you’re a foodie, you’re in luck, because the residents of Montreal adore a good meal, whether it’s poutine from a street-side bistro or fresh produce from the farmers market.
A #tour of Montreal will take you across cobblestone streets, through architecture that dates back to the 1600s, and to its wonderful its numerous green spaces. The city’s inhabitants take great pride in Montreal’s natural beauty, and hikes up Mont Royal or along the St. Lawrence River are frequent activities for locals. The riverfront and the mountain are full of striking photo opportunities.
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Boys - Eunice - Leavers Concert 2014
'Boys' from our orginal musical 'Eunice' performed at the Oakham School Leavers Concert 2014
Music and Lyrics by Ally Ambrose and Flora Squires
Cello: Lucy-Rose Graha
Piano: Charlotte Senescall
South Carolina in the American Civil War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
South Carolina in the American Civil War
00:01:32 1 Background
00:03:48 2 Secession
00:15:55 3 American Civil War
00:16:04 3.1 Fort Sumter
00:19:10 3.2 Fort Wagner
00:20:38 3.3 The war ends
00:23:07 4 Battles in South Carolina
00:23:17 5 Restoration to Union
00:24:12 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in December 1860, and was one of the founding member states of the Confederacy in February 1861. The bombardment of the beleaguered U.S. garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April 12, 1861 is generally recognized as the first military engagement of the war.
South Carolina was a source of troops for the Confederate army, and as the war progressed, also for the Union, as thousands of ex-slaves flocked to join the Union. The state also provided uniforms, textiles, food, and war material, as well as trained soldiers and leaders from The Citadel and other military schools. In contrast to most other Confederate states, South Carolina had a well-developed rail network linking all of its major cities without a break of gauge. Relatively free from Union occupation until the very end of the war, South Carolina hosted a number of prisoner of war camps. South Carolina also was the only Confederate state not to harbor pockets of anti-secessionist fervor strong enough to send large amounts of white men to fight for the Union, as every other state in the Confederacy did.
Among the leading generals from the Palmetto State were Wade Hampton III, one of the Confederacy's foremost cavalry commanders, Maxcy Gregg, killed in action at Fredericksburg, Joseph B. Kershaw, whose South Carolina infantry brigade saw some of the hardest fighting of the Army of Northern Virginia and James Longstreet, the senior Lieutenant General in the army, and Stephen D. Lee, the youngest Lieutenant General.
Oratory of Saint Philip Neri | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Oratory of Saint Philip Neri
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri is a pontifical society of apostolic life of Catholic priests and lay-brothers who live together in a community bound together by no formal vows but only with the bond of charity. They are commonly referred to as Oratorians (Oratorian Fathers). This Congregation of the Oratory should not be confused with the French Oratory, a distinct congregation, the Society of the Oratory of Jesus (Société de l'Oratoire de Jésus), founded by Pierre de Bérulle in 1611 in Paris.
Founded in Rome (then capital of the Papal States) in 1575 by St. Philip Neri, today it has spread around the world, with over 70 Oratories and some 500 priests. The post-nominal initials commonly used to identify members of the society are C.O. (Congregatio Oratorii). The abbreviation Cong. Orat. is also used.
Unlike a religious institute (the members of which take vows and are answerable to a central authority) or a monastery (the monks of which are likewise bound by vows in a community that may itself be autonomous and answerable directly to the Pope), the Oratorians are made up of members who commit themselves to membership in a particular, independent, self-governing local community (an Oratory, usually named for the place in which it is located: e.g., Birmingham Oratory, Oxford Oratory, Brooklyn Oratory) without actually taking vows, an unusual and innovative arrangement created by St. Philip. Normally an oratory must have a minimum of four members, two being ordained, in order to be founded. If a group of men seeks to establish an oratory, they may apply to do so, going through the proper diocesan channels; during the process of formation a member (or members) of a well-established oratory resides in the community to facilitate every aspect of the proposed foundation.
10 Things The British Get Wrong About Britain
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Mary Sarah Bilder delivers Georgetown Law’s 2019 Thomas F. Ryan Lecture
On March 6, 2019, Professor Mary Sarah Bilder of Boston College Law School explored the foundations for women’s political participation in the United States in Georgetown Law’s 2019 Thomas F. Ryan Lecture: “The Lady and George Washington: Female Genius in the Age of the Constitution.”
Frederick Douglass | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Frederick Douglass
00:02:03 1 Life as a slave
00:06:46 2 From slavery to freedom
00:10:10 3 Abolitionist and preacher
00:13:40 3.1 Autobiography
00:14:53 3.2 Travels to Ireland and Great Britain
00:17:59 3.3 Return to the United States
00:20:07 3.4 Women's rights
00:23:43 3.5 Douglass refines his ideology
00:26:12 3.5.1 Photography
00:26:54 4 Religious views
00:32:38 5 Civil War years
00:32:48 5.1 Before the Civil War
00:33:15 5.2 Fight for emancipation and suffrage
00:35:37 5.3 After Lincoln's death
00:37:21 6 Reconstruction era
00:41:39 7 Family life
00:43:18 8 Final years in Washington, D.C.
00:47:23 9 Death
00:48:30 10 Legacy and honors
00:54:13 11 In arts and literature
00:57:04 12 Works
00:57:13 12.1 Writings
00:58:06 12.2 Speeches
00:58:36 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey; c. February 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings. In his time, he was described by abolitionists as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. Northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave.Douglass wrote several autobiographies. He described his experiences as a slave in his 1845 autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, which became a bestseller, and was influential in promoting the cause of abolition, as was his second book, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855). After the Civil War, Douglass remained an active campaigner against slavery and wrote his last autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. First published in 1881 and revised in 1892, three years before his death, it covered events during and after the Civil War. Douglass also actively supported women's suffrage, and held several public offices. Without his approval, Douglass became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States as the running mate and Vice Presidential nominee of Victoria Woodhull, on the Equal Rights Party ticket.Douglass was a firm believer in the equality of all peoples, whether black, female, Native American, or recent immigrant. He was also a believer in dialogue and in making alliances across racial and ideological divides, and in the liberal values of the U.S. Constitution. When radical abolitionists, under the motto No Union With Slaveholders, criticized Douglass' willingness to dialogue with slave owners, he famously replied: I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong.
Rilla of Ingleside Audiobook by Lucy Maud Montgomery | Audiobook with Subtitles
Rilla of Ingleside by Lucy Maud Montgomery Audiobook read by Karen Savage. Genre(s): Children's Fiction.
Written in 1921, this is the final book in L. M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables series. Set during World War I, it shows the courage and endurance of the sisters, mothers and wives (and brothers and fathers) left to tend the home front. The main focus of the book is on Anne and Gilbert’s youngest daughter, Rilla. (Summary by Karen Savage)
Genre(s): Children's Fiction
Chapters:
0:18 | Chapter 1 – Glen Notes and Other Matters
19:08 | Chapter 2 – Dew of Morning
29:04 | Chapter 3 – Moonlit Mirth
50:17 | Chapter 4 – The Piper Pipes
1:10:41 | Chapter 5 – The Sound of a Going
1:33:46 | Chapter 6 – Susan, Rilla, and Dog Monday Make a Resolution
1:46:37 | Chapter 7 – A War-baby and a Soup Tureen
2:02:19 | Chapter 8 – Rilla Decides
2:15:48 | Chapter 9 – Doc Has a Misadventure
2:25:37 | Chapter 10 – The Troubles of Rilla
2:44:23 | Chapter 11 – Dark and Bright
3:02:10 | Chapter 12 – In the Days of Langemark
3:13:44 | Chapter 13 – A Slice of Humble Pie
3:29:18 | Chapter 14 – The Valley of Decision
3:43:31 | Chapter 15 – Until the Daybreak
3:56:05 | Chapter 16 – Realism and Romance
4:16:54 | Chapter 17 – The Weeks Wear By
4:40:35 | Chapter 18 – A War-Wedding
5:01:52 | Chapter 19 – They Shall Not Pass
5:17:35 | Chapter 20 – Norman Douglas Speaks Out in Meeting
5:28:52 | Chapter 21 – Love Affairs Are Horrible
5:39:05 | Chapter 22 – Little Dog Monday Knows
5:52:11 | Chapter 23 – And So, Goodnight
6:03:16 | Chapter 24 – Mary Is Just in Time
6:21:03 | Chapter 25 – Shirley Goes
6:35:17 | Chapter 26 – Susan Has a Proposal of Marriage
6:54:18 | Chapter 27 – Waiting
7:19:56 | Chapter 28 – Black Sunday; Ch 29 – Wounded and Missing; Ch 30 – The Turning of the Tide
7:44:50 | Chapter 31 – Mrs Matilda Pitman
8:03:31 | Chapter 32 – News From Jem
8:16:35 | Chapter 33 – Victory!; Ch 34 – Mr Hyde Goes to His Own Place and Susan Takes a Honeymoon
8:28:01 | Chapter 35 – Rilla-my-Rilla
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Dunkirk Special James Holland on the background, significance & legacy of Operation Dynamo
This week, with Christopher Nolan's Dunkirk on general cinema release, Hayley interviews historian and author James Holland (Chalke Valley History Festival), about this near-disastrous war-time event for Britain. James explores the political climate in Britain at the time, and the factors that led to Germany's unstoppable offensive that pushed the British Expeditionary Force to the brink of total defeat.
In May 1940, Germany advanced into France, trapping Allied troops on the beaches of Dunkirk. Under air and ground cover from British and French forces, troops were slowly and methodically evacuated from the beach using every naval and civilian vessel that could be found. At the end of this heroic mission, 330,000 French, British, Belgian and Dutch soldiers were safely evacuated.
The Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940, during World War II. The operation was decided upon when large numbers of British, French, and Belgian troops were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the Battle of France. In a speech to the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the events in France a colossal military disaster, saying the whole root and core and brain of the British Army had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured.[4] In his We shall fight on the beaches speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a miracle of deliverance.[5]
After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, France and the British Empire declared war on Germany and imposed an economic blockade. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was sent to aid in the defence of France. After the inactive period of the Phoney War (October 1939 – April 1940), Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940, then Belgium, the Netherlands, and France on 10 May 1940. Three of their Panzer corps attacked through the Ardennes and rapidly drove northwest to the English Channel. By 21 May, the German forces had trapped the BEF, the remains of the Belgian forces, and three French armies in an area along the northern coast of France. Commander of the BEF, General Viscount Gort, immediately saw evacuation across the Channel was the best course of action and began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest location with good port facilities. On 22 May 1940, a halt order was issued by the German High Command, with Adolf Hitler's approval. The burden of preventing the evacuation was left to the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) who faced opposition from the British Royal Air Force (RAF), until the order was rescinded on 26 May. This gave the trapped Allied forces time to construct defensive works and pull back large numbers of troops toward Dunkirk, to fight the Battle of Dunkirk.
On the first day of the evacuation, only 7,669 men were evacuated, but by the end of the eighth day, 338,226 soldiers had been rescued by a hastily assembled fleet of over 800 boats. Many of the troops were able to embark from the harbour's protective mole onto 39 British destroyers of the Royal Navy and civilian merchant ships, while others had to wade out from the beaches, waiting for hours in the shoulder-deep water. Some were ferried from the beaches to the larger ships by what came to be known as the little ships of Dunkirk, a flotilla of hundreds of merchant marine boats, fishing boats, pleasure craft, yachts, and lifeboats called into service from Britain for the emergency. The BEF lost 68,000 soldiers during the French campaign and had to abandon nearly all of its tanks, vehicles, and other equipment.
In his speech to the House of Commons on 4 June, Churchill reminded the country that we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations.
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History of France | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of France
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age. What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul. Roman writers noted the presence of three main ethno-linguistic groups in the area: the Gauls, the Aquitani, and the Belgae. The Gauls, the largest and best attested group, were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language.
Over the course of the 1st millennium BC the Greeks, Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands. The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC, and Roman forces under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58–51 BC. Afterwards a Gallo-Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman Empire.
In the later stages of the Roman Empire, Gaul was subject to barbarian raids and migration, most importantly by the Germanic Franks. The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century, setting the stage for Frankish dominance in the region for hundreds of years. Frankish power reached its fullest extent under Charlemagne. The medieval Kingdom of France emerged from the western part of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire, known as West Francia, and achieved increasing prominence under the rule of the House of Capet, founded by Hugh Capet in 987.
A succession crisis following the death of the last direct Capetian monarch in 1328 led to the series of conflicts known as the Hundred Years' War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet. The war formally began in 1337 following Philip VI's attempt to seize the Duchy of Aquitaine from its hereditary holder, Edward III of England, the Plantagenet claimant to the French throne. Despite early Plantagenet victories, including the capture and ransom of John II of France, fortunes turned in favor of the Valois later in the war. Among the notable figures of the war was Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl who led French forces against the English, establishing herself as a national heroine. The war ended with a Valois victory in 1453.
Victory in the Hundred Years' War had the effect of strengthening French nationalism and vastly increasing the power and reach of the French monarchy. During the period known as the Ancien Régime, France transformed into a centralized absolute monarchy. During the next centuries, France experienced the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation. At the height of the French Wars of Religion, France became embroiled in another succession crisis, as the last Valois king, Henry III, fought against rival factions the House of Bourbon and the House of Guise. Henry, King of Navarre, scion of the Bourbon family, would be victorious in the conflict and establish the French Bourbon dynasty. A burgeoning worldwide colonial empire was established in the 16th century. French political power reached a zenith under the rule of Louis XIV, The Sun King, builder of Versailles Palace.
In the late 18th century the monarchy and associated institutions were overthrown in the French Revolution. The country was governed for a period as a Republic, until the French Empire was declared by Napoleon Bonaparte. Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, France went through several further regime changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870.
France was one of the Triple Entente powers in World War I, fighting alongside the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers.
France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled di ...
The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan by Winston S. Churchill
When the self-proclaimed Mahdi (“Guided One”) gathered Islamic forces and kicked the Anglo-Egyptians out of the Sudan, he unleashed a backlash. With the image of the heroic General Charles Gordon dying at Khartoum, the British public was ready to support a war to reclaim the lost territories. And when the political time was right, a British-Egyptian-Sudanese expedition led by the redoubtable Herbert Kitchener set out to do just that.
The river involved was the Nile. For millennia, its annual flood has made habitable a slender strip, though hundreds of miles of deserts, between its tributaries and its delta. Through this desolate region, man and beast struggled to supply the bare essentials of life. Though this same region, the expedition had to find and defeat an enemy several times larger than itself.
The young Churchill was hot to gain war experience to aid his career, and so he wangled a transfer to the 21st Lancers and participated in the last successful cavalry charge the world ever saw, in the climactic battle of Omdurman. He also had a position as war correspondent for the Morning Post, and on his return to England he used his notes to compose this book.
Chapter 01. The Rebellion of the Mahdi - 00:00
Chapter 02. The Fate of the Envoy - 1:24:09
Chapter 03. The Dervish Empire - 2:45:41
Chapter 04. The Years of Preparation - 3:33:13
Chapter 05. The Beginning of the War - 4:15:26
Chapter 06. Firket - 5:00:59
Chapter 07. The Recovery of the Dongola Province - 5:21:57
Chapter 08. The Desert Railway - 6:15:20
Chapter 09. Abu Hamed - 7:04:52
Chapter 10. Berber - 7:46:23
Chapter 11. Reconaissance - 8:22:42
Chapter 12. The Battle of the Atbara - 8:52:56
Chapter 13. The Grand Advance - 9:21:50
Chapter 14. The Operations of the First of September - 9:50:47
Chapter 15. The Battle of Omdurman - 10:17:57
Chapter 16. The Fall of the City - 11:34:01
Chapter 17. The Fashoda Incident - 11:55:29
Chapter 18. On the Blue Nile - 12:28:57
Chapter 19. The End of the Khalifa - 13:12:58
Appendix - 13:54:27
Malta | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Malta
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Malta (, (listen); Maltese: [ˈmɐltɐ]), officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. It lies 80 km (50 mi) south of Italy, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia, and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya. Malta is one of the world's smallest and most densely populated countries, at over 316 km2 (122 sq mi) with a population of about 475,000. Its capital is Valletta, which is the smallest national capital in the European Union by area at 0.8 km.2 Its largest town is Birkirkara, while its chief economic centre is Sliema. The official languages are Maltese and English, with Maltese officially recognised as the national language and the only Semitic language in the European Union.
Malta has been inhabited since approximately 5900 BC. Its location in the centre of the Mediterranean has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base, with a succession of powers having contested and ruled the islands, including the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Greeks, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, Sicilians, Spanish, Knights of St. John, French, and British. Most of these foreign influences have left some sort of mark on the country's ancient culture.
Malta became a British colony in 1815, serving as a critical way station for ships and the headquarters for the British Mediterranean Fleet. It played an important role in the Allied war effort during the Second World War, and was subsequently awarded the George Cross for its bravery in the face of an Axis siege, and the George Cross appears on Malta's national flag. The British Parliament passed the Malta Independence Act in 1964, giving Malta independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Malta, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state and queen. The country became a republic in 1974. It has been a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations since independence, and joined the European Union in 2004; it became part of the eurozone monetary union in 2008.
Malta has a long Christian legacy and its Archdiocese is claimed to be an apostolic see because Paul the Apostle was shipwrecked on Melita, according to Acts of the Apostles, which is now widely taken to be Malta. Catholicism is the official religion in Malta. Article 40 of the Constitution states that all persons in Malta shall have full freedom of conscience and enjoy the free exercise of their respective mode of religious worship.Malta is a popular tourist destination with its warm climate, numerous recreational areas, and architectural and historical monuments, including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni, Valletta, and seven megalithic temples which are some of the oldest free-standing structures in the world.
James A. Garfield | Wikipedia audio article
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James A. Garfield
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his death by assassination six and a half months later. Garfield had served nine terms in the House of Representatives, and had been elected to the Senate before his candidacy for the White House, though he declined the Senate seat once elected president. He was the first sitting member of Congress to be elected to the presidency, and remains the only sitting House member to gain the White House.Garfield was raised by his widowed mother in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, in his youth. Beginning at age 17, he attended several Ohio schools, then studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, graduating in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican. He married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate (1859–1861). Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, and Chickamauga. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio's 19th District. Throughout Garfield's extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored a moderate approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen.
At the 1880 Republican National Convention, Senator-elect Garfield attended as campaign manager for Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, and gave the presidential nomination speech for him. When neither Sherman nor his rivals – Ulysses S. Grant and James G. Blaine – could get enough votes to secure the nomination, delegates chose Garfield as a compromise on the 36th ballot. In the 1880 presidential election, Garfield conducted a low-key front porch campaign, and narrowly defeated Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock.
Garfield's accomplishments as president included a resurgence of presidential authority against senatorial courtesy in executive appointments, energizing American naval power, and purging corruption in the Post Office, all during his extremely short time in office. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judicial appointments, including a U.S. Supreme Court justice. He enhanced the powers of the presidency when he defied the powerful New York senator Roscoe Conkling by appointing William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York, starting a fracas that ended with Robertson's confirmation and Conkling's resignation from the Senate. Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, eventually passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act.
On July 2, 1881, he was shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington D.C. by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker. The wound was not immediately fatal for Garfield, but his doctors' uncleaned and unprotected hands are said to have led to infection that caused his death on September 19. Guiteau was convicted of the murder and was executed in June 1882; he tried to name his crime as simple assault by blaming the doctors for Garfield's death. With his term cut short by his death after only 200 days, and much of it spent in ill health trying to recover from the attack, Garfield is little-remembered other than for his assassination. Historians often forgo listing him in rankings of U.S. presidents due to the short length of his presidency.
Presidency of James A. Garfield | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Presidency of James A. Garfield
00:03:51 1 Childhood and early life
00:06:30 2 Education, marriage and early career
00:11:21 3 Civil War
00:12:55 3.1 Buell's command
00:16:34 3.2 Chief of staff for Rosecrans
00:19:24 4 Congressional career
00:19:33 4.1 Election in 1862; Civil War years
00:24:56 4.2 Reconstruction
00:28:04 4.3 Tariffs and finance
00:30:31 4.4 Crédit Mobilier scandal; Salary Grab
00:35:09 4.5 Minority leader; Hayes administration
00:39:25 4.6 Legal career and other activities
00:41:30 5 Presidential election of 1880
00:41:40 5.1 Republican nomination
00:44:24 5.2 Campaign against Hancock
00:46:30 6 Presidency, 1881
00:46:40 6.1 Cabinet and inauguration
00:49:57 6.2 Reforms
00:51:48 6.3 Civil rights and education
00:53:25 6.4 Foreign policy and naval reform
00:55:38 6.5 Administration and cabinet
00:55:48 7 Assassination
00:55:57 7.1 Guiteau and shooting
00:59:43 7.2 Treatment and death
01:06:15 8 Funeral, memorials and commemorations
01:09:32 9 Legacy and historical view
01:13:06 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his death by assassination six and a half months later. Garfield had served nine terms in the House of Representatives, and had been elected to the Senate before his candidacy for the White House, though he declined the Senate seat once elected president. He was the first sitting member of Congress to be elected to the presidency, and remains the only sitting House member to gain the White House.Garfield was raised by his widowed mother in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, in his youth. Beginning at age 17, he attended several Ohio schools, then studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, graduating in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican. He married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate (1859–1861). Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, and Chickamauga. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio's 19th District. Throughout Garfield's extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored a moderate approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen.
At the 1880 Republican National Convention, Senator-elect Garfield attended as campaign manager for Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, and gave the presidential nomination speech for him. When neither Sherman nor his rivals – Ulysses S. Grant and James G. Blaine – could get enough votes to secure the nomination, delegates chose Garfield as a compromise on the 36th ballot. In the 1880 presidential election, Garfield conducted a low-key front porch campaign, and narrowly defeated Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock.
Garfield's accomplishments as president included a resurgence of presidential authority against senatorial courtesy in executive appointments, energizing American naval power, and purging corruption in the Post Office, all during his extremely short time in office. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judicial appointments, including a U.S. Supreme Court justice. He enhanced the powers of the presidency when he defied the powerful New York senator Roscoe Conkling by appointing William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York, starting a fracas that ended with Robertson's confirmation and Conkling's resignation from the Senate. Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, e ...
History of France | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of France
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age. What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul. Roman writers noted the presence of three main ethno-linguistic groups in the area: the Gauls, the Aquitani, and the Belgae. The Gauls, the largest and best attested group, were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language.
Over the course of the 1st millennium BC the Greeks, Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands. The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC, and Roman forces under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58–51 BC. Afterwards a Gallo-Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman Empire.
In the later stages of the Roman Empire, Gaul was subject to barbarian raids and migration, most importantly by the Germanic Franks. The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century, setting the stage for Frankish dominance in the region for hundreds of years. Frankish power reached its fullest extent under Charlemagne. The medieval Kingdom of France emerged from the western part of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire, known as West Francia, and achieved increasing prominence under the rule of the House of Capet, founded by Hugh Capet in 987.
A succession crisis following the death of the last direct Capetian monarch in 1328 led to the series of conflicts known as the Hundred Years' War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet. The war formally began in 1337 following Philip VI's attempt to seize the Duchy of Aquitaine from its hereditary holder, Edward III of England, the Plantagenet claimant to the French throne. Despite early Plantagenet victories, including the capture and ransom of John II of France, fortunes turned in favor of the Valois later in the war. Among the notable figures of the war was Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl who led French forces against the English, establishing herself as a national heroine. The war ended with a Valois victory in 1453.
Victory in the Hundred Years' War had the effect of strengthening French nationalism and vastly increasing the power and reach of the French monarchy. During the period known as the Ancien Régime, France transformed into a centralized absolute monarchy. During the next centuries, France experienced the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation. At the height of the French Wars of Religion, France became embroiled in another succession crisis, as the last Valois king, Henry III, fought against rival factions the House of Bourbon and the House of Guise. Henry, King of Navarre, scion of the Bourbon family, would be victorious in the conflict and establish the French Bourbon dynasty. A burgeoning worldwide colonial empire was established in the 16th century. French political power reached a zenith under the rule of Louis XIV, The Sun King, builder of Versailles Palace.
In the late 18th century the monarchy and associated institutions were overthrown in the French Revolution. The country was governed for a period as a Republic, until the French Empire was declared by Napoleon Bonaparte. Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, France went through several further regime changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870.
France was one of the Triple Entente powers in World War I, fighting alongside the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers.
France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled di ...