Колыма - родина нашего страха / Kolyma - Birthplace of Our Fear
Не знаю, как у вас, но всю свою жизнь я слышу от родителей: ну будь осторожен, ну не привлекай к себе лишнее внимание, не высовывайся – это очень опасно; и вообще мы простые люди – от нас ничего не зависит.
Мои родители – прекрасные люди, я безумно их люблю. Но они говорят все это десятилетиями - даже в тех ситуациях, где очевидно нарушается здравый смысл, где творится несправедливость и где мы точно правы.
Я всегда думал: откуда у старшего поколения этот страх, это стремление мазать все серой краской? Почему они боятся, что даже за минимальную смелость обязательно прилетит наказание? Моя гипотеза: этот страх зародился еще в прошлом веке и через поколения добрался до нас. Одно из мест, где этот страх появлялся, - Колыма.
Для максимального погружения мы проехали всю трассу Колыма. 2000 км тяжеленной дороги. 9 дней пути. И лютый, просто неправдоподобный мороз.
Как люди жили здесь тогда, во время репрессий? Как люди жили после? Как живут люди сейчас?
Все это нам было интересно и важно узнать нам. Все, что узнали, мы рассказываем вам.
Некоторые герои выпуска:
Ростислав -
Артем Ковалев -
Роман Романов -
Иван Паникаров - номер карты сбербанка для поддержания работы музея в Ягодном
5469 3600 1298 2287
Антоха -
За одежду спасибо ребятам из компании Если бы не они, совсем не факт, что мы бы пережили эти морозы.
WWI Segments 220659-07 | Footage Farm
Footage Farm is a historical audio-visual library. The footage in this video constitutes an unedited historical document and has been uploaded for research purposes. Some viewers may find the archive material upsetting. Footage Farm does not condone the views expressed in this video.
[1910 - 1918 - WWI Era: Aerials; German Officers & Troops; France Fighting; Trans-Caucasia Winter]Suitcases & cameras loaded into Caproni Ca. 1 heavy bomber (?) aircraft, Ca 2318 below open cockpit. Biplane takes off; aerial views Verdun - towns, cities, rivers, roads. Slug, 2 sec.
05:22:07 Marshal Von Hindenburg w/ other officers walking down steps. Pose. Slug, 2 sec.
05:22:15 German troops & military equipment crossing Rhine River, includes horse drawn carts w/ Christmas trees. Troops in city, sign: Kaiser’s Kaffe on corner of street, civilian pedestrians; flags. Slug, 1 sec.
05:24:04 Flash intertitle: “On The Western Front. The flame projector...used by French troops in reprisal...” Soldier on snow-covered ground operating flame-thrower. Slug, 1 sec.
05:24:16 Flash intertitle: “Coucy, France. The American Aero Corps...” Biplanes on field. Painting of Red Indian chief in headdress on aircraft. French pilots. Pilots w/ dog, w/ tiger cubs & mascots. Slug, 2 sec.
05:25:06 Flash intertitle: “Dompierre, France. “...ammunition cars & huge cannons are being pushed...to sweep German lines.” Large railroad artillery w/ crew riding moved past. German soldiers under barbed wire, running w/ hands raised (staged?).
05:25:33 Huge cannon or mortar w/ camouflage lowers barrel. Camouflage painted barrel of railway gun lowered. Slug, 3 sec.
05:25:51 German Officers wearing Pickelhaube / spiked dress helmets - Kaiser ? French ? officers. Others in soft caps & groups of unidentified officers & well-dressed women talking, some w/ children. Slug, 1 sec.
05:26:33 French ? Soldiers pitching coins or playing game like quoits. Plane flies overhead, they rush to cover artillery / gun w/ camouflage / branches of trees. Barrel of gun has August painted on.
05:26:58 Soldiers firing vertical anti aircraft gun; man up telegraph pole. Soldier in soft cap on field telephone & communication notes taken by others.
05:28:07 Troops hammering in posts & attach barbed wire for defensive fences, snow on ground.
05:28:31 Soldiers at outdoor / field service w/ priest, winter mountains. Slug, 1 sec.
05:29:01 British soldiers looking at remains of huge gun w/ exploded barrel, soldier clambering on elevating mechanism. Soldier comparing width of barrel w/ his chest, looks down barrel at another soldier. Slug, 3 sec.
05:29:45 Flash intertitles: “How the Russian Troops are Turning the Turkish Flank - Cherkas infantry...are sent to fight the Turks on the snow bound wastes of Trans-Caucasia.” Pan large group of troops in snowy surroundings encampment.
05:30:16 Troops move out, officers on horseback followed by troops on foot walking on muddy mountain road. Good shot line of troops against snowy mountain background.
05:30:55 MS Prisoners of war / POWs turn & walk past building wall, r. l.; marched on snowy road l. to r.
05:31:42 Wounded put into bullock carts which move out in convoy.
05:32:27 Flash intertitle: “Transportation...solved by the use of Bactrian camels which withstand the intense cold...” Camels, wagons & soldiers on snowy village street. Good shot camels on road w/ snow covered mountain in background.
WW1; 1910s; Military Inventions; War;
For broadcast quality material of this reel or for more information about our Public Domain collection, contact us at info@footagefarm.co.uk
Upside Down Pangborn
He was larger than life. A fearless, barnstorming aviator who flew into history by piloting the first non-stop flight across the Pacific. He was a hero at a time when heroes mattered and legends were still being written. Clyde Pangborn was swallowed up by time and nearly forgotten by history. Until now. Meet the man who entered the pantheon of aviators by doing want no one had ever done.
Naval Fortress: Fort Reef [World of Warships]
With a long history of protecting the bay leading to Saint Petersburg, Kotlin Island has served as the site of several fortresses.
Want more info? Check out the World of Warships website!
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Flight 007 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:35 1 Details of the flight
00:02:45 1.1 Passengers and crew
00:05:21 1.2 Flight deviation from assigned route
00:13:47 1.3 Shootdown
00:20:17 1.3.1 Soviet pilot's recollection of shootdown
00:23:08 1.3.2 Soviet command hierarchy of shootdown
00:25:40 1.3.3 Post-attack flight
00:30:47 1.3.4 Soviet command response to post-detonation flight
00:31:46 1.3.5 Missile damage to plane
00:32:04 1.3.5.1 Hydraulics
00:34:12 1.3.5.2 Left wing
00:35:31 1.3.5.3 Engines
00:35:47 1.3.5.4 Tail section
00:36:30 1.3.5.5 Fuselage
00:37:12 2 Aircraft
00:37:59 3 Search and rescue
00:38:52 3.1 Soviet search and rescue mission to Moneron Island
00:40:54 3.2 Search for KAL 007 in international waters
00:48:29 4 Human remains and artifacts
00:48:39 4.1 Surface finds
00:51:20 4.2 Hokkaido finds
00:53:16 4.3 Russian diver reports
00:56:57 5 Political events
00:57:06 5.1 Initial Soviet denial
00:58:46 5.2 U.S. reaction and further developments
01:04:24 6 Investigations
01:04:33 6.1 NTSB
01:06:00 6.2 Initial ICAO investigation (1983)
01:10:11 6.3 U.S. Air Force radar data
01:11:14 6.4 Interim developments
01:14:58 6.4.1 Soviet memoranda
01:17:06 6.5 Revised ICAO report (1993)
01:21:10 6.6 Passenger pain and suffering
01:22:59 7 Alternative hypotheses
01:23:49 8 Aftermath
01:30:38 9 Popular culture
01:34:58 10 Maps
01:35:07 11 See also
01:36:03 12 Footnotes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.7732182755476761
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, Alaska. On 1 September 1983, the South Korean airliner serving the flight was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor. The Boeing 747 airliner was en route from Anchorage to Seoul, but deviated from its original planned route and flew through Soviet prohibited airspace about the time of a U.S. aerial reconnaissance mission. The Soviet Air Forces treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding U.S. spy plane, and proceeded to destroy it with air-to-air missiles, after firing warning shots which were likely not seen by the KAL pilots. The Korean airliner eventually crashed in the sea near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including Larry McDonald, a United States Representative from Georgia. The Soviets found the wreckage under the sea on September 15, and found the flight recorders in October, but this information was kept secret until 1993.
The Soviet Union initially denied knowledge of the incident, but later admitted shooting down the aircraft, claiming that it was on a MASINT spy mission. The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union said it was a deliberate provocation by the United States to probe the Soviet Union's military preparedness, or even to provoke a war. The White House accused the Soviet Union of obstructing search and rescue operations. The Soviet Armed Forces suppressed evidence sought by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) investigation, such as the flight recorders, which were released eight years later, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.The incident was one of the most tense moments of the Cold War and resulted in an escalation of anti-Soviet sentiment, particularly in the United States.
As a result of the incident, the United States altered tracking procedures for aircraft departing from Alaska. The interface of the autopilot used on airliners was redesigned to make it more ergonomic. In addition, the incident was one of the most important events that prompted the Reagan administration to allow worldwide access to the United States Global Positioning System (GPS).
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:01 1 Details of the flight
00:03:11 1.1 Passengers and crew
00:06:20 1.2 Flight deviation from assigned route
00:16:26 1.3 Shootdown
00:24:10 1.3.1 Soviet pilot's recollection of shootdown
00:27:27 1.3.2 Soviet command hierarchy of shootdown
00:30:25 1.3.3 Post-attack flight
00:36:32 1.3.4 Soviet command response to post-detonation flight
00:37:41 1.3.5 Missile damage to plane
00:38:01 1.3.5.1 Hydraulics
00:40:34 1.3.5.2 Left wing
00:42:07 1.3.5.3 Engines
00:42:25 1.3.5.4 Tail section
00:43:15 1.3.5.5 Fuselage
00:44:04 2 Aircraft
00:44:57 3 Search and rescue
00:45:59 3.1 Soviet search and rescue mission to Moneron Island
00:48:24 3.2 Search for KAL 007 in international waters
00:57:32 4 Human remains and artifacts
00:57:43 4.1 Surface finds
01:00:53 4.2 Hokkaido finds
01:03:13 4.3 Russian diver reports
01:07:31 5 Political events
01:07:41 5.1 Initial Soviet denial
01:09:40 5.2 U.S. reaction and further developments
01:16:23 6 Investigations
01:16:33 6.1 NTSB
01:18:17 6.2 Initial ICAO investigation (1983)
01:23:14 6.3 U.S. Air Force radar data
01:24:28 6.4 Interim developments
01:28:53 6.4.1 Soviet memoranda
01:31:27 6.5 Revised ICAO report (1993)
01:36:17 6.6 Passenger pain and suffering
01:38:25 7 Alternative hypotheses
01:39:23 8 Aftermath
01:47:28 9 Popular culture
01:52:20 10 Maps
01:52:30 11 See also
01:53:35 12 Footnotes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.756891843580135
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, Alaska. On 1 September 1983, the South Korean airliner serving the flight was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor. The Boeing 747 airliner was en route from Anchorage to Seoul, but deviated from its original planned route and flew through Soviet prohibited airspace about the time of a U.S. aerial reconnaissance mission. The Soviet Air Forces treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding U.S. spy plane, and proceeded to destroy it with air-to-air missiles, after firing warning shots which were likely not seen by the KAL pilots. The Korean airliner eventually crashed in the sea near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including Larry McDonald, a United States Representative from Georgia. The Soviets found the wreckage under the sea on September 15, and found the flight recorders in October, but this information was kept secret until 1993.
The Soviet Union initially denied knowledge of the incident, but later admitted shooting down the aircraft, claiming that it was on a MASINT spy mission. The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union said it was a deliberate provocation by the United States to probe the Soviet Union's military preparedness, or even to provoke a war. The White House accused the Soviet Union of obstructing search and rescue operations. The Soviet Armed Forces suppressed evidence sought by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) investigation, such as the flight recorders, which were released eight years later, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.The incident was one of the most tense moments of the Cold War and resulted in an escalation of anti-Soviet sentiment, particularly in the United States.
As a result of the incident, the United States altered tracking procedures for aircraft departing from Alaska. The interface of the autopilot used on airliners was redesigned to make it more ergonomic. In addition, the incident was one of the most important events that prompted the Reagan administration to allow worldwide access to the United States Global Positioning System (GPS).
Chittagong | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Chittagong
00:03:04 1 Etymology
00:04:23 2 History
00:04:32 2.1 Early trade
00:04:40 2.1.1 Prehistory
00:05:19 2.1.2 Visitors
00:05:54 2.1.3 Bengal
00:07:04 2.2 Establishment of colonies
00:07:13 2.2.1 Arab and Persian settlers
00:08:08 2.2.2 Portugal
00:09:12 2.2.3 Mughal response
00:10:30 2.2.4 Britain
00:11:19 2.3 British occupation
00:11:28 2.3.1 Rebellions
00:12:01 2.3.2 Industry
00:13:00 2.3.3 World War Two
00:14:12 2.4 Independence
00:14:21 2.4.1 Commerce
00:15:12 2.4.2 Liberation war
00:16:19 2.4.3 Bangladesh
00:17:41 3 Geography
00:17:50 3.1 Topography
00:18:52 3.2 Ecological hinterland
00:19:49 3.3 Climate
00:20:19 4 Government
00:21:44 4.1 Military
00:22:33 5 Economy
00:25:02 6 Culture
00:27:24 7 Demographics
00:29:45 8 Media and communications
00:31:01 9 Utilities
00:32:02 10 Education
00:35:17 11 Health
00:36:07 12 Transport
00:36:38 12.1 Road
00:38:09 12.2 Rail
00:39:00 12.3 Air
00:40:24 13 Sports
00:41:58 14 Twin towns – Brother cities
00:42:14 15 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chittagong (), officially known as Chattogram, is a major coastal city and financial centre in southeastern Bangladesh. The city has a population of more than 2.5 million while the metropolitan area had a population of 4,009,423 in 2011, making it the second-largest city in the country. It is the capital of an eponymous District and Division. The city is located on the banks of the Karnaphuli River between the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal. Much of Chittagong Division is located within the ecological Indo-Burma zone on the boundary of the India Plate and Burma Plate. This makes Chittagong the crossroads of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
The natural harbour of Chittagong is an ancient gateway to the region of Bengal. It was noted as one of the largest Eastern ports by the Roman geographer Ptolemy in the 1st century. As part of the rich seafaring tradition of the Bengali people, coastal Chittagong was settled and ruled by different regional kingdoms. Arab traders saw well-developed currency, banking and shipping in Chittagong during the 9th century. Early cosmopolitan Muslims established dominance over the port as an entrepôt of maritime trade, while Arakan, Bengal and Tripura competed for control of the wider hinterland. Muslim conquest took place in the 14th century. Chittagong became the principal port of the Bengal Sultanate. It was used by several leading medieval global explorers, including Ibn Battuta and Niccolò de' Conti. Later, Mrauk U, with assistance from Portuguese trading posts, gained control of the area. The Mughal conquest of Chittagong reestablished Bengali control and ushered an era of stability and trade. The city was renamed as Islamabad. This diverse history is reflected in the rural Chittagonian dialect of Bengali, which has a nearly 50% Arabic-origin vocabulary, as well as Persian and Portuguese loanwords.Ceded to the British East India Company in 1760, Chittagong became the chief port of Eastern Bengal and Assam under the British Raj, as well as a hub of railways. A notable anti-colonial uprising took place in 1930. It was an important base for Allied forces during the Burma Campaign in World War II. Rapid industrialization followed the war, as Chittagong became part of East Pakistan. During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Chittagong was site of the country’s declaration of independence.
Modern Chittagong is an important economic hub in South Asia. It is home to the Chittagong Stock Exchange and many of Bangladesh's oldest and largest companies. The Port of Chittagong is the largest international seaport on the Bay of Bengal. It is the largest base of the Bangladesh Navy. Chittagong is reputed as a relatively clean city, but still confronts substantial logistical and socioeconomic problems. The mountainous hinterland of Chittagong is the most biodiverse region in Bangladesh, with 2000 endemic plants and various critically endangered wildlife.
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:18 1 Aircraft
00:07:06 2 Passengers and crew
00:08:57 3 Background
00:15:39 4 Crash
00:22:02 5 Recovery of bodies
00:28:08 6 Reporting in the mass media
00:29:25 7 Aftermath
00:32:09 8 Investigation
00:33:05 8.1 On-site investigation
00:37:42 8.2 Cause of crash
00:55:35 8.3 Dutch Safety Board reports
00:55:45 8.3.1 Preliminary report
00:57:27 8.3.2 Final report
00:59:51 8.4 Criminal investigation
01:03:49 8.4.1 Findings of the joint investigation team (JIT)
01:10:24 8.4.2 Proposed international tribunal
01:12:30 8.4.3 Criminal prosecution
01:14:09 9 British ISC report
01:15:20 10 Civil cases
01:16:54 11 Reactions
01:17:04 11.1 Countries
01:22:58 11.2 Organisations
01:25:09 12 Russian media coverage
01:26:52 12.1 Initial reactions and An-26 downing version
01:28:03 12.2 Conspiracy theories
01:32:06 12.3 The Ukrainian Buk version
01:37:09 13 Maps
01:37:18 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7255830871149468
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17) was a scheduled passenger flight from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur that was shot down on 17 July 2014 while flying over eastern Ukraine, killing all 283 passengers and 15 crew on board. Contact with the aircraft, a Boeing 777-200ER, was lost when it was about 50 km (31 mi) from the Ukraine–Russia border and wreckage of the aircraft fell near Hrabove in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, 40 km (25 mi) from the border. The shoot-down occurred in the War in Donbass, during the Battle of Shakhtarsk, in an area controlled by pro-Russian rebels. The crash was Malaysia Airlines' second aircraft loss during 2014 after the disappearance of Flight 370 on 8 March.The responsibility for investigation was delegated to the Dutch Safety Board (DSB) and the Dutch-led joint investigation team (JIT), who concluded that the airliner was downed by a Buk surface-to-air missile launched from pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory in Ukraine. According to the JIT, the Buk that was used originated from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian Federation, and had been transported from Russia on the day of the crash, fired from a field in a rebel-controlled area, and the launcher returned to Russia after it was used to shoot down MH17. On the basis of the JIT's conclusions, the governments of the Netherlands and Australia hold Russia responsible for the deployment of the Buk installation and are taking steps to hold Russia formally accountable.The DSB and JIT findings confirmed earlier claims by American and German intelligence sources as to the missile type and launch area. In 2014, the American intelligence had also said that Russia had supplied the Buk missile to pro-Russian insurgents, and that the insurgents most plausibly shot down MH17 in error, after misidentifying it as a military aircraft.Ukrainian Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk laid the blame on professional soldiers who came from Russia, stating that it wasn't drunken militants with Ukrainian passports [who shot down the Malaysian plane], it was done by Russian professionals and coordinated from Russia, adding that the whole world has learned about the Russian lies and Russian propaganda. As of May 2018, the Russian government rejects claims that Russia bears any responsibility for the crash, and denies involvement. The Russian defense ministry said that it had never deployed anti-aircraft missile systems in Ukraine. Several false conspiracy theories about the crash have since appeared in Russian media, including that the aircraft was followed by a Ukrainian military jet. The Russian Government holds Ukraine responsible since the crash happened in the Ukrainian flight information region.The Ukrainian Air Force (UAF) was used extensively in operations against the rebels, and several UAF aircraft had been ...
Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks were a series of rebellions and uprisings against the Bolsheviks by rival left-wing parties that started soon after the October Revolution, continued through the Russian Civil War, and lasted into the first few years of Bolshevik Communist rule and establishment of the Soviet Union. They were led or supported by left-wing groups such as some factions of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and anarchists. The uprisings started in 1918, just as the Armistice of 11 November 1918 was proclaimed, ending the First World War, and continued during and after the Civil War until around 1923. The Bolsheviks increasingly abandoned attempts to invite these groups to join the government and instead later suppressed them with force.
At the same time the Bolshevik provisional government in Petrograd (St Petersburg) and Moscow was also struggling against forces from the conservative right of Romanov monarchists, moderate socialists, former Imperial Army officers and soldiers in the anti-communist White Armies along with several foreign nations sending in post World War expeditionary forces and legions.
World of Warships - Naval Fortress: Reef
With a long history of protecting the bay leading to Saint Petersburg, Kotlin Island has served as the site of several fortresses.
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Diplomatic history of World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:38 1 War aims
00:02:27 1.1 Allied war goals
00:05:18 1.2 German war goals
00:07:33 1.3 Approaches to diplomacy
00:14:27 1.4 Toward a League of Nations
00:15:33 2 Financing the war
00:19:44 3 Allies
00:19:52 3.1 Great Britain
00:20:30 3.1.1 Entry
00:22:02 3.1.2 Balfour Declaration: Palestine and Jewish home land
00:25:39 3.1.3 Blockade of Germany
00:26:32 3.2 France
00:28:05 3.3 Russia
00:28:13 3.3.1 Leadership
00:31:05 3.3.2 Propaganda
00:32:51 3.3.3 February Revolution
00:34:20 3.3.4 Bolshevik versus White
00:36:08 3.4 Belgium
00:38:42 3.5 Japan
00:40:21 3.6 China
00:42:01 3.7 Romania
00:45:48 3.8 Greece
00:48:24 4 American entry in 1917
00:48:44 4.1 American neutrality
00:51:50 4.2 Submarine issue
00:54:32 4.3 Ethnic groups
00:55:57 4.4 National security
00:58:43 4.5 Decision for war
01:01:47 4.6 Wartime diplomacy
01:03:52 5 Central Powers
01:04:01 5.1 Germany
01:04:09 5.1.1 Eastern Front
01:05:03 5.1.2 Russia surrenders: the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
01:06:59 5.1.3 Subversion of enemy states
01:09:23 5.2 Austro-Hungarian Empire
01:14:10 5.3 Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
01:17:30 5.3.1 Armenian Genocide
01:19:29 5.4 Bulgaria
01:22:08 6 New nations
01:22:17 6.1 Poland
01:24:54 6.2 Ukraine
01:27:06 6.3 Three Baltic states
01:28:57 6.4 Czechoslovakia
01:30:23 7 See also
01:30:31 8 Notes
01:30:40 9 Further reading
01:30:48 9.1 Surveys
01:37:24 9.2 Great Britain
01:40:25 9.3 France and other Allies
01:42:57 9.4 Russia
01:45:58 9.5 United States
01:49:42 9.6 Central Powers
01:52:01 9.7 Historiography
01:53:28 9.8 Primary sources and year books
01:56:55 10 External links
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Speaking Rate: 0.9868584612570008
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Diplomatic history of World War I covers the non-military interactions among the major players during World War I. For the domestic histories see Home front during World War I. For a longer-term perspective see International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) and Causes of World War I. For the following era see International relations (1919–1939). The major allied players included Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy (starting in 1915) and the United States (from 1917). The major Central Powers included Germany and the Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). Other countries—and their colonies—were also involved. For a detailed chronology see Timeline of World War I.
The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause, or to undermine support for the enemy. Wartime diplomacy focused on five issues: subversion and propaganda campaigns to weaken the morale of the enemy; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals, or one side or the other; none of them progressed very far. Some were neutral efforts to end the horrors. Others were propaganda ploys to show one side was being reasonable and the other was obstinate.
Korean Air Flight 007 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:47 1 Details of the flight
00:02:57 1.1 Passengers and crew
00:05:52 1.2 Flight deviation from assigned route
00:15:07 1.3 Shootdown
00:22:13 1.3.1 Soviet pilot's recollection of shootdown
00:25:18 1.3.2 Soviet command hierarchy of shootdown
00:28:03 1.3.3 Post-attack flight
00:33:36 1.3.4 Soviet command response to post-detonation flight
00:34:40 1.3.5 Missile damage to plane
00:34:59 1.3.5.1 Hydraulics
00:37:18 1.3.5.2 Left wing
00:38:45 1.3.5.3 Engines
00:39:02 1.3.5.4 Tail section
00:39:49 1.3.5.5 Fuselage
00:40:33 2 Aircraft
00:41:23 3 Search and rescue
00:42:22 3.1 Soviet search and rescue mission to Moneron Island
00:44:36 3.2 Search for KAL 007 in international waters
00:53:00 4 Human remains and artifacts
00:53:10 4.1 Surface finds
00:56:06 4.2 Hokkaido finds
00:58:14 4.3 Russian diver reports
01:02:14 5 Political events
01:02:23 5.1 Initial Soviet denial
01:04:13 5.2 U.S. reaction and further developments
01:10:22 6 Investigations
01:10:32 6.1 NTSB
01:12:07 6.2 Initial ICAO investigation (1983)
01:16:42 6.3 U.S. Air Force radar data
01:17:51 6.4 Interim developments
01:21:53 6.4.1 Soviet memoranda
01:24:16 6.5 Revised ICAO report (1993)
01:28:42 6.6 Passenger pain and suffering
01:30:41 7 Alternative hypotheses
01:31:36 8 Aftermath
01:39:01 9 Popular culture
01:43:46 10 Maps
01:43:54 11 See also
01:44:55 12 Footnotes
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Speaking Rate: 0.72563859435728
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, Alaska. On 1 September 1983, the South Korean airliner serving the flight was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor. The Boeing 747 airliner was en route from Anchorage to Seoul, but deviated from its original planned route and flew through Soviet prohibited airspace about the time of a U.S. aerial reconnaissance mission. The Soviet Air Forces treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding U.S. spy plane, and proceeded to destroy it with air-to-air missiles, after firing warning shots which were likely not seen by the KAL pilots. The Korean airliner eventually crashed in the sea near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including Larry McDonald, a United States Representative from Georgia. The Soviets found the wreckage under the sea on September 15, and found the flight recorders in October, but this information was kept secret until 1993.
The Soviet Union initially denied knowledge of the incident, but later admitted shooting down the aircraft, claiming that it was on a MASINT spy mission. The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union said it was a deliberate provocation by the United States to probe the Soviet Union's military preparedness, or even to provoke a war. The White House accused the Soviet Union of obstructing search and rescue operations. The Soviet Armed Forces suppressed evidence sought by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) investigation, such as the flight recorders, which were released eight years later, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.The incident was one of the most tense moments of the Cold War and resulted in an escalation of anti-Soviet sentiment, particularly in the United States.
As a result of the incident, the United States altered tracking procedures for aircraft departing from Alaska. The interface of the autopilot used on airliners was redesigned to make it more ergonomic. In addition, the incident was one of the most important events that prompted the Reagan administration to allow worldwide access to the United States Global Positioning System (GPS).
Российская империя. Серия 13. Александр III
Российская империя. Проект Леонида Парфёнова
Александр III
Самый русский царь.
Антилиберализм при Александре.
Александр-миротворец.
Экономический подъём при Александре.
Земства, эпоха «малых дел».
Железнодорожный бум в России, крушение царского поезда, строительство Транссиба.
Художественные и музыкальные пристрастия Александра.
Смерть в Ливадии.
Modern era | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Modern era
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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SUMMARY
=======
Modern history, the modern period or the modern era, is the linear, global, historiographical approach to the time frame after post-classical history. Modern history can be further broken down into periods:
The early modern period began approximately in the early 16th century; notable historical milestones included the European Renaissance, the Age of Discovery, and the Protestant Reformation.
The late modern period began approximately in the mid-18th century; notable historical milestones included the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Great Divergence, and the Russian Revolution. It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world's population to reach 1 billion; the next billion came just over a century later, in 1927.
Contemporary history is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time.This article primarily covers the 1800–1950 time period with a brief summary of 1500–1800. For a more in depth article on modern times before 1800, see Early Modern period.
History of the United States Marine Corps | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:13 1 Background
00:11:42 1.1 Colonial era
00:16:49 2 Continental era
00:45:42 3 Establishment of the modern Marine Corps
00:50:42 3.1 Henderson's era
00:55:17 4 Civil War
00:59:24 4.1 Confederate Marines
00:59:42 5 Latter 19th century
01:02:50 5.1 Spanish– & Philippine–American Wars
01:04:52 6 Early 1900s
01:08:18 6.1 Banana Wars
01:14:35 7 World War I
01:18:19 7.1 A new amphibious mission
01:23:54 8 World War II
01:27:32 8.1 Interim: WWII-Korea
01:33:24 9 Korean War
01:35:07 9.1 Interim: Korea-Vietnam
01:36:31 10 Vietnam War
01:37:30 10.1 Interim: post-Vietnam War
01:41:24 11 The 1990s
01:41:33 11.1 Gulf War
01:42:11 11.2 Bosnian War
01:43:26 11.3 Other
01:45:34 12 Twenty-first century
01:46:42 12.1 War in Afghanistan
01:47:51 12.2 Iraq War
01:49:26 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9459519294267857
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) begins with the founding of the Continental Marines on 10 November 1775 to conduct ship-to-ship fighting, provide shipboard security and discipline enforcement, and assist in landing forces. Its mission evolved with changing military doctrine and foreign policy of the United States. Owing to the availability of Marine forces at sea, the United States Marine Corps has served in nearly every conflict in United States history. It attained prominence when its theories and practice of amphibious warfare proved prescient, and ultimately formed a cornerstone of the Pacific Theater of World War II. By the early 20th century, the Marine Corps would become one of the dominant theorists and practitioners of amphibious warfare. Its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises has made and continues to make it an important tool for U.S. foreign policy.In February 1776, the Continental Marines embarked on their maiden expedition. The Continental Marines were disbanded at the end of the war, along with the Continental Navy. In preparation for the Quasi-War with France, Congress created the United States Navy and the Marine Corps. The Marines' most famous action of this period occurred in the First Barbary War (1801–1805) against the Barbary pirates. In the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed assault on Chapultepec Palace, which overlooked Mexico City, their first major expeditionary venture. In the 1850s, the Marines would see service in Panama, and in Asia. During the U.S. Civil War (1861–1865) the Marine Corps played only a minor role after their participation in the Union defeat at the first battle of First Bull Run/Manassas. Their most important task was blockade duty and other ship-board battles, but they were mobilized for a handful of operations as the war progressed. The remainder of the 19th century would be a period of declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. Under Commandant Jacob Zeilin's term (1864–1876), many Marine customs and traditions took shape. During the Spanish–American War (1898), Marines would lead U.S. forces ashore in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. Between 1900 and 1916, the Marine Corps continued its record of participation in foreign expeditions, especially in the Caribbean and Central and South America, which included Panama, Cuba, Veracruz, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Nicaragua.
In World War I, battle-tested, veteran Marines served a central role in the United States' entry into the conflict. Between the world wars, the Marine Corps was headed by Major General John A. Lejeune, another popular commandant. In World War II, the Marines played a central role, under Admiral Nimitz, in the Pacific War, participating in nearly every significant battle. The Corps also ...
Foreign relations of India | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Foreign relations of India
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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SUMMARY
=======
The Ministry of External Affairs of India (MEA), also known as the Foreign Ministry, is the government agency responsible for the conduct of foreign relations of India. With the world's fifth largest military expenditure, second largest armed force, sixth largest economy by nominal rates and third largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, India is a regional power, a nascent global power and a potential superpower. India has a growing international influence and a prominent voice in global affairs.
India is a newly industrialised country, has a history of collaboration with several countries, is a component of the BRICS and a major part of developing world. India was one of the founding members of several international organisations—the United Nations, the Asian Development Bank, New Development BRICS Bank, and G-20—and the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement.
India has also played an important and influential role in other international organisations like East Asia Summit, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund (IMF), G8+5 and IBSA Dialogue Forum. India is also a member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
Regionally, India is a part of SAARC and BIMSTEC. India has taken part in several UN peacekeeping missions and in 2007, it was the second-largest troop contributor to the United Nations. India is currently seeking a permanent seat in the UN Security Council, along with the other G4 nations.
First World War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
First World War
00:06:48 1 Names
00:09:48 2 Background
00:09:57 2.1 Political and military alliances
00:12:25 2.2 Arms race
00:14:34 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans
00:15:54 3 Prelude
00:16:03 3.1 Sarajevo assassination
00:18:08 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:19:05 3.3 July Crisis
00:23:12 4 Progress of the war
00:23:21 4.1 Opening hostilities
00:23:30 4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers
00:24:17 4.1.2 Serbian campaign
00:24:59 4.1.3 German Offensive in Belgium and France
00:28:12 4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific
00:29:18 4.1.5 African campaigns
00:30:01 4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies
00:31:30 4.2 Western Front
00:31:39 4.2.1 Trench warfare begins
00:33:54 4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare
00:37:33 4.3 Naval war
00:42:15 4.4 Southern theatres
00:42:24 4.4.1 War in the Balkans
00:46:00 4.4.2 Ottoman Empire
00:50:36 4.4.3 Italian participation
00:54:43 4.4.4 Romanian participation
00:57:39 4.5 Eastern Front
00:57:47 4.5.1 Initial actions
00:58:39 4.5.2 Russian Revolution
01:01:18 4.5.3 Czechoslovak Legion
01:02:43 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures
01:04:27 4.7 1917–1918
01:04:45 4.7.1 Developments in 1917
01:07:48 4.7.2 Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917–1918
01:10:53 4.7.3 15 August 1917: Peace offer by the Pope
01:11:55 4.7.4 Entry of the United States
01:15:30 4.7.5 German Spring Offensive of 1918
01:19:05 4.7.6 New states enter the war
01:20:23 4.8 Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards
01:20:34 4.8.1 Hundred Days Offensive
01:22:42 4.8.1.1 Battle of Albert
01:24:15 4.8.2 Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line
01:26:05 4.8.3 German Revolution 1918-1919
01:27:04 4.8.4 New German government surrenders
01:28:03 4.8.5 Armistices and capitulations
01:31:30 5 Aftermath
01:32:11 5.1 Formal end of the war
01:34:02 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries
01:38:33 5.3 National identities
01:41:52 5.4 Health effects
01:45:21 6 Technology
01:45:30 6.1 Ground warfare
01:50:58 6.1.1 Areas taken in major attacks
01:52:34 6.2 Naval
01:53:29 6.3 Aviation
01:55:35 7 War crimes
01:55:44 7.1 Baralong incidents
01:56:40 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS iLlandovery Castle/i
01:57:27 7.3 Blockade of Germany
01:58:16 7.4 Chemical weapons in warfare
02:00:16 7.5 Genocide and ethnic cleansing
02:00:25 7.5.1 Ottoman Empire
02:02:04 7.5.2 Russian Empire
02:02:29 7.6 Rape of Belgium
02:03:54 8 Soldiers' experiences
02:04:30 8.1 Prisoners of war
02:08:11 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents
02:08:37 9 Support for and opposition to the war
02:08:48 9.1 Support
02:12:19 9.2 Opposition
02:18:01 9.3 Conscription
02:18:27 9.3.1 Conscription in Canada
02:18:54 9.3.2 Conscription in Australia
02:19:25 9.3.3 Conscription in Britain
02:20:55 9.3.4 United States
02:22:56 9.3.5 Austria-Hungary
02:23:38 9.4 Diplomacy
02:24:29 10 Legacy and memory
02:24:53 10.1 Historiography
02:25:36 10.2 Memorials
02:27:16 10.3 Cultural memory
02:30:08 10.4 Social trauma
02:31:17 10.5 Discontent in Germany
02:33:15 10.6 Economic effects
02:39:28 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries ...
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World War I
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World War I
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...
World War One | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:08:36 1 Names
00:10:12 2 Background
00:10:21 2.1 Political and military alliances
00:13:25 2.2 Arms race
00:16:07 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans
00:17:46 3 Prelude
00:17:55 3.1 Sarajevo assassination
00:20:29 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:21:39 3.3 July Crisis
00:26:43 4 Progress of the war
00:26:53 4.1 Opening hostilities
00:27:02 4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers
00:28:01 4.1.2 Serbian campaign
00:28:52 4.1.3 German Offensive in Belgium and France
00:32:51 4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific
00:34:13 4.1.5 African campaigns
00:35:05 4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies
00:36:55 4.2 Western Front
00:37:04 4.2.1 Trench warfare begins
00:39:54 4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare
00:44:28 4.3 Naval war
00:50:22 4.4 Southern theatres
00:50:32 4.4.1 War in the Balkans
00:55:02 4.4.2 Ottoman Empire
01:00:45 4.4.3 Italian participation
01:06:13 4.4.4 Romanian participation
01:09:43 4.5 Eastern Front
01:09:52 4.5.1 Initial actions
01:10:55 4.5.2 Russian Revolution
01:14:02 4.5.3 Czechoslovak Legion
01:15:48 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures
01:17:58 4.7 1917–1918
01:18:20 4.7.1 Developments in 1917
01:22:09 4.7.2 Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917–1918
01:26:02 4.7.3 15 August 1917: Peace offer by the Pope
01:27:15 4.7.4 Entry of the United States
01:31:47 4.7.5 German Spring Offensive of 1918
01:36:17 4.7.6 New states enter the war
01:37:52 4.8 Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards
01:38:05 4.8.1 Hundred Days Offensive
01:40:45 4.8.1.1 Battle of Albert
01:42:41 4.8.2 Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line
01:45:02 4.8.3 German Revolution 1918–1919
01:46:15 4.8.4 New German government surrenders
01:47:28 4.8.5 Armistices and capitulations
01:51:47 5 Aftermath
01:52:36 5.1 Formal end of the war
01:54:56 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries
02:00:40 5.3 National identities
02:05:13 5.4 Health effects
02:09:40 6 Technology
02:09:49 6.1 Ground warfare
02:16:41 6.1.1 Areas taken in major attacks
02:18:41 6.2 Naval
02:19:48 6.3 Aviation
02:22:27 7 War crimes
02:22:37 7.1 Baralong incidents
02:23:44 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS iLlandovery Castle/i
02:24:42 7.3 Blockade of Germany
02:25:42 7.4 Chemical weapons in warfare
02:28:12 7.5 Genocide and ethnic cleansing
02:28:22 7.5.1 Ottoman Empire
02:30:24 7.5.2 Russian Empire
02:30:54 7.6 Rape of Belgium
02:32:38 8 Soldiers' experiences
02:33:22 8.1 Prisoners of war
02:37:58 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents
02:38:29 9 Support for the war
02:43:19 10 Opposition to the war
02:50:31 11 Conscription
02:51:01 11.1 Canada
02:51:33 11.2 Australia
02:52:56 11.3 Britain
02:54:49 11.4 United States
02:57:19 11.5 Austria-Hungary
02:58:11 12 Diplomacy
02:59:13 13 Legacy and memory
02:59:41 13.1 Historiography
03:00:33 13.2 Memorials
03:02:37 13.3 Cultural memory
03:06:18 13.4 Social trauma
03:07:43 13.5 Discontent in Germany
03:10:10 13.6 Economic effects
03:18:01 14 See also
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SUMMARY
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World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 ...