MIT-Harvard Conference on the Uyghur Human Rights Crisis
This conference aims to present the police state in China, where over one million innocent Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims have been forced into concentration camps since 2016; explore China’s use of technology to escalate the crisis by conducting digital, biological, and cyber surveillance on the Uyghur; introduce the biopolitics of China’s “war on terror” in countering Uyghur people as an ethnicity; and open a dialogue on our role as leaders, educators, and technologists in engaging with China while being aware of its massive human rights violations.
Transcript of the event is available at
AGENDA:
Welcome & Speaker Introductions
Panel 1 Keynote Speakers:
(30:54) Sean R. Roberts, PhD: Associate Professor of the Practice of International Affairs; Director, International Development Studies Program, George Washington University
(50:30) Darren Byler, PhD: Lecturer of Sociocultural Anthropology, University of Washington; Writer for CNN, ChinaFile, Dissent, and SupChina
(01:15:06) Rian Thum, PhD: Associate Professor of History, Loyola University New Orleans; Author of The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History (Harvard University Press, 2014)
(01:41:30) Q&A with speakers
Panel 2 Keynote Speakers:
(01:57:21) Jessica Batke: Senior Editor at ChinaFile in New York City; former foreign affairs research analyst in the US State Department’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research of Uyghurs
(02:12:29) Gene A. Bunin: Independent scholar, freelance journalist, and curator of the Xinjiang Victims Database at shahit.biz
Q&A and discussion with speakers
Co-sponsors: MIT Center for International Studies, Radius at MIT, Harvard University’s Committee on Inner Asian and Altaic Studies, Harvard FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, MIT Student Activities Office, MIT CIS Human Rights and Technology Program
Event held Saturday, April 20, 2019 at 9:30am to 1:30pm at MIT Building 32, Kirsch Auditorium, Room 123 (Stata Center)
32 VASSAR ST, Cambridge, MA 02139
The MIT Center for International Studies (CIS) is a world premier, university-based research and education center. Learn more at
The MIT Starr Forum is a flagship public event series hosted by CIS. Learn more at
Halal Love (and Sex) - trailer
Shapsug's expedition (Part 1)
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Film about the results of the ethnographic blogger’s “Shapsug's Expedition”, held in October-November 2018 in 13 villages (auls) of the Black Sea Circassians-Shapsugs of the Krasnodar Territory in the Tuapse and Lazarevsky Districts. The first part is a story about the Black Sea Shapsugs, their history, life, religion, as well as an overview of the auls of Psebe and Aguy-Shapsug in the Tuapse district.
Contacts:
e-mail: v.shtybin@yandex.ru
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Facebook: facebook.com/vitaliy.shtybin
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Court mulls early release of 17 Uighurs held at Guantanamo bay
Washington, DC - 24 November, 2008
1. Wide view of Federal Appeals Court courthouse
2. Rebiya Kadeer, president of the Uighur American Association, walking toward camera accompanied by man
3. Kader talking to reporters
4. SOUNDBITE (Uighur) Rebiya Kadeer, President of the Uighur American Association:
I think America will release them and they will travel to America as innocent people.
5. Cutaway of press
6. SOUNDBITE: Uighur) Rebiya Kadeer, President of the Uighur American Association:
If they go back to China, for them, it will mean death. There are 20 million Uighur people, we have the same situation as Tibet. And, for all these separatist movements, the Chinese actions are getting more repressive.
7. Wide of news conference on steps of the courthouse
FILE: Guantanamo Bay, Cuba - Date Unknown
8. Military guards checking cells
9. Shackled prisoner being lead into fenced area
10. Prisoner praying
Washington, DC - 24 November 2008
11. Wide of lawyer for the Uighurs, Sabin Willett addressing courthouse news conference
12. SOUNDBITE (English) Sabin Willett, Lawyer for the Uighurs:
Now they're being held because they have no immigration right to come into the US. And, it's true that somebody who tried to get into the US and knocked on the door and doesn't have a visa, isn't entitled to get in. But, somebody who was put in chains, hooded, goggled, put in an airplane, dragged by the military to a prison from which he has no other escape, we say you have to turn him loose. And, that's the clash in the case.
13. Wide of courthouse news conference
FILE: Guantanamo Bay, Cuba - Date Unknown
14. Prisoners walking to cell block
15. Prisoner walking across yard
STORYLINE:
A federal appeals court in Washington, DC expressed scepticism on Monday about a judge's order releasing 17 Muslim Uighurs from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, into the United States.
Around eight million Turkic-speaking Uighurs live in China's Western Xinjiang province, making up more than half the province's population.
During oral arguments, a three-judge panel of the US Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit indicated that a federal judge might have acted too quickly last month in ordering the immediate release of the 17 men.
The decision in October to release the 17 men had been immediately appealed by the administration of President George W. Bush and the men have remained in detention.
Outside the courthouse, Rebiya Kadeer, president of the Uighur American Association, said that she expected the men to be declared innocent and released.
Kadeer, who calls herself an Uighur spiritual leader, said she believes that if they return to China the men could possibly face death.
China has been accused by human rights groups in recent years of conducting a campaign of repression against Xinjiang Muslims.
At issue in Monday's arguments is whether a federal judge has the authority to order the release of prisoners at Guantanamo who were unlawfully detained by the United States and cannot be sent to their homeland.
The three judges suggested that the detainees might need to formally apply to enter the country via the Homeland Security Department, which administers US immigration laws.
Such a move effectively would push the issue to the administration of President-elect Barack Obama, who has indicated he wants to shut down the military prison on Cuba and release prisoners who have not been charged.
Outside the courthouse, Sabin Willett, a defence attorney for the Uighurs, said the government kept moving the goal post when it comes to the appeals.
A divided DC Circuit court in late October agreed to temporarily halt the Uighurs' release so it could consider the government's full appeal.
That same three-judge panel heard arguments on Monday.
You can license this story through AP Archive:
Find out more about AP Archive:
Kazakhstan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kazakhstan
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан, translit. Qazaqstan, IPA: [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] (listen); Russian: Казахстан, IPA: [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы, translit. Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Russian: Республика Казахстан, tr. Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi). It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018. Given its large land area, its population density is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the country's largest city.
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as Turkic Khaganate etc. In the 13th century, the territory joined the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz (ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union.
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The current President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition. Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry. Human Rights Watch says that Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion, and other human rights organisations regularly describe Kazakhstan's human rights situation as poor.
Kazakhstan's 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs (63% of the population), Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, and Uyghurs. Islam is the religion of about 70% of the population, with Christianity practised by 26%. Kazakhstan officially allows freedom of religion, but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed. The Kazakh language is the state language, and Russian has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes. Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations, WTO, CIS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Eurasian Economic Union, CSTO, OSCE, OIC, and TURKSOY.
The Archaeology of North Africa: State of the Field 2014 - Friday, Nov. 14th
Introduction of the Conference Themes and Rationale (Andrew Dufton, Brown University; Corisande Fenwick, University of Leicester)
Living with/in the Material Past: The Politics of Remains and the Remains of Politics in Berber North Africa (Paul Silverstein, Reed College)
Since 2011, the Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World at Brown University has hosted an annual workshop focused on the state of archaeological research in a given region. Past events have examined the countries of Italy, Turkey, and Greece, as well as the Iberian Peninsula. In November 2014, the Joukowsky Institute will continue this tradition with a two-day workshop on “The Archaeology of North Africa: State of the Field.”
Of necessity, given the huge expanse we intend to ‘cover’, this gathering will differ from its predecessors; in no way can we claim it will be either comprehensive or representative of the archaeology and the archaeological communities of what, after all, was a land mass equivalent to over 4/5ths of the Roman empire at its greatest extent. Nonetheless, our overarching goal remains the same: to foster the exchange of ideas between a select number of primarily North American and European scholars, to consider some common obstacles to the study of the region, and to identify key questions for future collaboration and research.
The Archaeology of North Africa: State of the Field will be split into four broad themes, each featuring 2-3 short papers (15 minutes) intended to begin a conversation on where things stand on certain key topics. The first session will focus on current debates on urbanism and urbanization, and the importance of cities to our understanding of the North African past. This urban focus will be offset in the second session by a discussion of the mobility of peoples and materials across this broad landscape landscapes. In the afternoon, the workshop will explore the potential for new interpretations and research using available legacy data sets. Finally, participants will consider the place of archaeology in North Africa within its wider communities, with a particular focus on working for the protection of cultural heritage. The event will conclude with a wide-ranging dialogue around key ideas or themes emerging throughout the day, opening the door to future cooperative ventures and providing participants with new ideas to shape the trajectory of scholarship in the region in the years to come.
Kazakhstan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kazakhstan
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан, translit. Qazaqstan, IPA: [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] ( listen); Russian: Казахстан, IPA: [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы, translit. Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Russian: Республика Казахстан, tr. Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi). It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018. Given its large land area, its population density is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the country's largest city.
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as Turkic Khaganate etc. In the 13th century, the territory joined the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz (ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union.
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The current President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition. Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry. Human Rights Watch says that Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion, and other human rights organisations regularly describe Kazakhstan's human rights situation as poor.
Kazakhstan's 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs (63% of the population), Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, and Uyghurs. Islam is the religion of about 70% of the population, with Christianity practised by 26%. Kazakhstan officially allows freedom of religion, but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed. The Kazakh language is the state language, and Russian has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes. Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations, WTO, CIS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Eurasian Economic Union, CSTO, OSCE, OIC, and TURKSOY.
Kazakhstan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kazakhstan
00:03:52 1 Etymology
00:04:40 2 History
00:05:17 2.1 Kazakh Khanate
00:08:07 2.2 Russian Empire
00:11:21 2.3 Soviet Union
00:15:54 2.4 Independence
00:17:05 3 Geography
00:20:13 3.1 Natural resources
00:22:48 3.2 Climate
00:23:14 3.3 Wildlife
00:24:15 3.4 Administrative divisions
00:25:26 3.5 Municipal divisions
00:26:18 3.6 Urban centres
00:26:27 4 Politics
00:26:35 4.1 Political system
00:27:49 4.2 Elections
00:30:09 4.3 Foreign relations
00:34:46 4.4 Military
00:37:21 4.5 Human rights
00:41:01 5 Economy
00:51:37 5.1 Agriculture
00:53:38 5.2 Infrastructure
00:58:45 5.3 Tourism
01:01:28 5.4 Green economy
01:02:17 5.5 Foreign direct investment
01:04:52 5.6 Banking
01:06:18 5.7 Bond market
01:07:00 5.8 Housing market
01:08:05 5.9 Nurly Jol economic policy
01:09:17 5.10 Economic competitiveness
01:10:16 5.11 Corruption
01:11:33 6 Science and technology
01:16:02 7 Demographics
01:17:17 7.1 Ethnic groups
01:19:14 7.2 Languages
01:20:15 7.3 Religion
01:23:16 7.4 Education
01:25:43 8 Culture
01:27:13 8.1 Literature
01:30:55 8.2 Music
01:35:33 8.3 Cuisine
01:36:11 8.4 Sport
01:41:32 8.5 Film
01:42:30 8.6 Media
01:43:35 8.7 UNESCO World Heritage sites
01:43:59 8.8 Public holidays
01:44:08 9 Membership of international organisations
01:45:14 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан, translit. Qazaqstan, IPA: [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] (listen); Russian: Казахстан, IPA: [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы, translit. Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Russian: Республика Казахстан, tr. Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi). It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018. Given its large land area, its population density is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the country's largest city.
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as Turkic Khaganate etc. In the 13th century, the territory joined the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz (ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union.
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The current President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition. Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry. Human Rights Watch says that Kazakhsta ...
Breaking News - China detains one million Uighurs, UN told
China Uighurs: One million held in political camps, UN told A UN human rights committee has heard there are credible reports that China is holding a million Uighurs in counter-extremism centres.Gay McDougall, a member of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, raised the claims at a two-day UN meeting on China.She said she was concerned by reports that Beijing had turned the Uighur autonomous region into something that resembles a massive internment camp.China did not immediately respond.Its 50-strong delegation said it would address questions on Monday, when the session in Geneva continues. It has previously denied the existence of such camps. Who are the Uighurs? The Uighurs are a Muslim ethnic minority mostly based in the Xinjiang province of China.Xinjiang is officially designated an autonomous region within the country, like Tibet to its south. Reports of increasing detentions of Uighurs and other Muslim minorities there have been circulating for some months.What is Beijing accused of?Human rights groups including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have submitted reports to the UN committee documenting claims of mass imprisonment, in camps where inmates are forced to swear loyalty to China's President Xi Jinping. The World Uyghur Congress said in its report that detainees are held indefinitely without charge, and forced to shout Communist Party slogans.It said they are poorly fed, and reports of torture are widespread. Most inmates have never been charged with a crime, it is claimed, and do not receive legal representation.China is said to carry out the detentions under the guise of combating religious extremism.What does China say?The Chinese government denies the existence of these camps. In April, Laura Stone, a senior diplomat in the US State Department, said tens of thousands of people had been detained in re-education centres amid a government crackdown.In response, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying stated
A million ethnic Uighurs are being held in re-education centres, a UN rights panel has heard.
News Today, Breaking News, Breaking news today, US News, UK News, trump news, World news
Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan timelapse hyperlapse. Astana, Kazakhstan
Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan timelapse hyperlapse. Astana, Kazakhstan. the highest judicial body of the Republic of Kazakhstan on civil, criminal and other cases
You can check my portfolio and download stock footage (4K, 1080p) here:
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Kazakhstan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kazakhstan
00:03:53 1 Etymology
00:04:41 2 History
00:05:18 2.1 Kazakh Khanate
00:08:08 2.2 Russian Empire
00:11:23 2.3 Soviet Union
00:15:57 2.4 Independence
00:17:07 3 Geography
00:20:17 3.1 Natural resources
00:22:52 3.2 Climate
00:23:18 3.3 Wildlife
00:24:19 3.4 Administrative divisions
00:25:30 3.5 Municipal divisions
00:26:22 3.6 Urban centres
00:26:31 4 Politics
00:26:40 4.1 Political system
00:27:53 4.2 Elections
00:30:14 4.3 Foreign relations
00:34:50 4.4 Military
00:37:25 4.5 Human rights
00:41:06 5 Economy
00:51:44 5.1 Agriculture
00:53:45 5.2 Infrastructure
00:58:53 5.3 Tourism
01:01:36 5.4 Green economy
01:02:25 5.5 Foreign direct investment
01:05:00 5.6 Banking
01:06:26 5.7 Bond market
01:07:09 5.8 Housing market
01:08:13 5.9 Nurly Jol economic policy
01:09:26 5.10 Economic competitiveness
01:10:24 5.11 Corruption
01:11:42 6 Science and technology
01:16:11 7 Demographics
01:17:26 7.1 Ethnic groups
01:19:24 7.2 Languages
01:20:25 7.3 Religion
01:23:26 7.4 Education
01:25:55 8 Culture
01:27:25 8.1 Literature
01:31:06 8.2 Music
01:35:45 8.3 Cuisine
01:36:23 8.4 Sport
01:41:45 8.5 Film
01:42:43 8.6 Media
01:43:48 8.7 UNESCO World Heritage sites
01:44:12 8.8 Public holidays
01:44:21 9 Membership of international organisations
01:45:27 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан, translit. Qazaqstan, IPA: [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] (listen); Russian: Казахстан, IPA: [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы, translit. Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Russian: Республика Казахстан, tr. Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi). It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are located in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018. Given its large land area, its population density is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the country's largest city.
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as Turkic Khaganate etc. In the 13th century, the territory joined the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz (ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union.
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The current President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition. Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry. Human Rights Watch says that Kazakhsta ...
Early Muslim conquests | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Early Muslim conquests
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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SUMMARY
=======
The early Muslim conquests (Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Arab conquests and early Islamic conquests began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion.
The resulting empire stretched from the borders of China and the Indian subcontinent, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe (Sicily and the Iberian Peninsula to the Pyrenees). Edward Gibbon writes in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:
Under the last of the Umayyads, the Arabian empire extended two hundred days journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean ... We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines; but the progress of Islam diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Quran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville: the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris.
The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire. The reasons for the Muslim success are hard to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived. Most historians agree that the Sassanid Persian and Byzantine Roman empires were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of fighting one another.It has been suggested that some Jews and Christians in the Sassanid Empire and Jews and Monophysites in Syria were dissatisfied and welcomed the Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires. However, this is not universally accepted. It has also been suggested that later Syriac Christians reinterpreted the events of the conquest to serve a political or religious interest. At other times, such as in the Battle of Firaz, Arab Christians allied themselves with the Persians and Byzantines against the invaders. In the case of Byzantine Egypt, Palestine and Syria, these lands had been reclaimed from the Persians only a few years before.
Fred McGraw Donner, however, suggests that formation of a state in the Arabian peninsula and ideological (i.e. religious) coherence and mobilization was a primary reason why the Muslim armies in the space of a hundred years were able to establish the largest pre-modern empire until that time. The estimates for the size of the Islamic Caliphate suggest it was more than thirteen million square kilometers (five million square miles).
Islam | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Islam
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Islam () is an Abrahamic monotheistic religious group teaching that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion and with over 1.8 billion followers (or 24.1% of the world's population), most commonly known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 50 countries. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, unique and has guided mankind through prophets, revealed scriptures and natural signs. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 CE).
Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Muslims consider the Quran to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous punished in hell. Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law (sharia), which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.Aside from the theological viewpoint, Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca, and by the 8th century the Umayyad Islamic caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during the Abbasid Caliphate, when much of the historically Muslim world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities (dawah).Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni (75–90%) or Shia (10–20%). About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country, 23% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion, 31% in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, the Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Europe, Mainland Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Russia. Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world.
Islamic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Islamic
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Islam () is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which teaches that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. Its adherents are known as Muslims. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, unique and has guided humankind through prophets, revealed scriptures and natural signs. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 CE).
Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Muslims consider the Quran to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous punished in hell. Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law (sharia), which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.Aside from the theological viewpoint, Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca, and by the 8th century the Umayyad Islamic caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during the Abbasid Caliphate, when much of the historically Muslim world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities (dawah).Islam is the fastest-growing major religion in the world. It is the world's second-largest religion with over 1.8 billion followers (or 24.1% of the world's population). Muslims make up a majority of the population in 51 countries which are located in the Old World. Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni (1.6 billion) or Shia (200 million).
NYSTV - Watchers Channeling Entities Fallen Angel Aliens UFOs and Universal Mind - Multi Language
Were the Nazis in communication with entities that revealed technological secrets, allowing them to become a world super-power in a few years? The short answer is, you bet!
How else did a bankrupt nation after World War 1 almost conquer the world in a decade?
Join Jon Pounders of NYSTV (Now You See TV) and David Carrico (FOJC Radio) as they review ancient texts and retrace the rise of power in the Fallen Angelic Empire and how these entities have been nudging the development of the technological world and controlling society from behind the scenes.
Channeling, was also a big part of the Nazi Agenda. The Thule Society, headed by Henriech Himmler, Godson of the Duke of Bavaria as in the Bavarian Illuminati) went all over the world in search of the occult. We see glimpses of this in The Raiders of the Lost Ark: Indiana Jones Movie.
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Islam | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Islam
00:02:45 1 Etymology and meaning
00:04:37 2 Articles of faith
00:04:56 2.1 Concept of God
00:06:44 2.2 Angels
00:07:57 2.3 Revelations
00:09:54 2.4 Prophets and sunnah
00:12:07 2.5 Resurrection and judgment
00:14:13 2.6 Divine will
00:14:34 3 Acts of worship
00:15:27 3.1 Testimony
00:16:10 3.2 Prayer
00:17:33 3.3 Charity
00:19:12 3.4 Fasting
00:19:53 3.5 Pilgrimage
00:21:00 3.6 Quranic recitation and memorisation
00:21:45 4 Law
00:24:04 4.1 Scholars
00:25:05 4.2 Schools of jurisprudence
00:25:51 4.3 Economics
00:27:12 4.4 Jihad
00:28:53 5 Society
00:29:02 5.1 Family life
00:31:28 5.2 Etiquette and diet
00:32:35 5.3 Social responsibilities
00:34:03 5.4 Character
00:36:08 5.5 Government
00:36:35 6 History
00:36:44 6.1 Muhammad (610–632)
00:40:26 6.2 Caliphate and civil strife (632–750)
00:43:41 6.3 Classical era (750–1258)
00:48:22 6.4 Pre-Modern era (1258–18th century)
00:52:37 6.5 Modern era (18th - 20th)
00:56:11 6.6 Postmodern times (20th century–present)
00:59:27 7 Denominations
00:59:37 7.1 Sunni
01:01:16 7.2 Shia
01:03:04 7.3 Sufism
01:04:49 7.4 Other denominations
01:05:42 7.5 Non-denominational Muslims
01:06:45 7.6 Derived religions
01:07:41 8 Demographics
01:10:44 9 Culture
01:11:20 9.1 Architecture
01:11:52 9.2 Art
01:13:06 9.3 Music
01:13:14 9.4 Poetry
01:13:22 9.5 Calendar
01:14:09 10 Criticism
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Islam () is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which teaches that there is only one God (Allah), and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the world's population, most commonly known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 50 countries. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, unique and has guided humankind through prophets, revealed scriptures and natural signs. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 CE).
Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Muslims consider the Quran to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous punished in hell. Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law (sharia), which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.Aside from the theological viewpoint, Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca, and by the 8th century the Umayyad Islamic caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during the Abbasid Caliphate, when much of the historically Muslim world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities (dawah).Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni (75–90%) or Shia (10–20%). About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country, 23% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion, 31% in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world, and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, the Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Europe, Mainland Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Russia. Islam is the fastest-growing ma ...
Maut ka kua (60 feet deep)
This is a Well near my relatives house its more than 60 feet deep.
The Well is in Sawantwadi.
While i was shooting it i accidentally crushed a plastic bottle under my feet gave a really strange effect. I felt funny after watching the video , i had a recollection of the cheap horror movies.
Islam | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Islam
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Islam () is an Abrahamic monotheistic religious group teaching that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion and with over 1.8 billion followers (or 24.1% of the world's population), most commonly known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 50 countries. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, unique and has guided mankind through prophets, revealed scriptures and natural signs. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 CE).
Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Muslims consider the Quran to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous punished in hell. Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law (sharia), which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.Aside from the theological viewpoint, Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca, and by the 8th century the Umayyad Islamic caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during the Abbasid Caliphate, when much of the historically Muslim world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities (dawah).Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni (75–90%) or Shia (10–20%). About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country, 23% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion, 31% in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, the Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Europe, Mainland Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Russia. Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world.
Islamic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:23 1 Etymology and meaning
00:05:41 2 Articles of faith
00:06:02 2.1 Concept of God
00:08:18 2.2 Angels
00:10:59 2.3 Revelations
00:13:21 2.4 Prophets and sunnah
00:16:13 2.5 Resurrection and judgment
00:18:18 2.6 Divine will
00:18:42 3 Acts of worship
00:19:47 3.1 Testimony
00:20:34 3.2 Prayer
00:22:15 3.3 Charity
00:24:16 3.4 Fasting
00:25:05 3.5 Pilgrimage
00:26:26 3.6 Quranic recitation and memorisation
00:27:21 4 Law
00:30:21 4.1 Scholars
00:31:34 4.2 Schools of jurisprudence
00:32:34 4.3 Economics
00:34:12 4.4 Jihad
00:36:14 5 Mysticism
00:39:05 6 Society
00:39:15 6.1 Family life
00:42:10 6.2 Etiquette and diet
00:43:32 6.3 Social responsibilities
00:45:20 6.4 Character
00:47:53 6.5 Government
00:48:34 7 History
00:48:43 7.1 Muhammad (610–632)
00:53:12 7.2 Caliphate and civil strife (632–750)
00:57:23 7.3 Classical era (750–1258)
01:05:04 7.4 Pre-Modern era (1258–18th century)
01:10:32 7.5 Modern era (18th – 20th centuries)
01:14:52 7.6 Postmodern times (20th century–present)
01:18:53 8 Denominations
01:19:02 8.1 Sunni
01:23:54 8.2 Shia
01:26:06 8.3 Other denominations
01:27:34 8.4 Non-denominational Muslims
01:28:50 8.5 Derived religions
01:29:57 9 Demographics
01:33:40 10 Culture
01:34:22 10.1 Architecture
01:35:00 10.2 Art
01:36:28 10.3 Music
01:36:36 10.4 Poetry
01:36:45 10.5 Calendar
01:37:40 11 Criticism
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.872929186227102
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Islam (; Arabic: ٱلْإِسْلَام, romanized: al-Islām [alʔɪsˈlaːm] (listen)) is an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Allah), and that Muhammad is a messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with over 1.9 billion followers or 24.4% of the world's population, commonly known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 50 countries. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and has guided mankind through prophets, revealed scriptures and natural signs. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, believed to be the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative examples (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad (c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE).Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, and the Quran in its Arabic to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded in paradise and unrighteous punished in hell. Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law (sharia), which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.Aside from the theological narrative, Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca, and by the 8th century the Umayyad Caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during the Abbasid Caliphate, when much of the historically Muslim world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various states and dynasties such as the Ottoman Empire, trade and conversion to Islam by missionary activities (dawah).Most Muslims are of one of two denominations; Sunni (75–90%) or Shia (10-20%). About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Musl ...
Muslim conquests | Wikipedia audio article
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Muslim conquests
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SUMMARY
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The early Muslim conquests (Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Arab conquests and early Islamic conquests began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion.
The resulting empire stretched from the borders of China and the Indian subcontinent, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe (Sicily and the Iberian Peninsula to the Pyrenees). Edward Gibbon writes in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:
Under the last of the Umayyads, the Arabian empire extended two hundred days journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean ... We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines; but the progress of Islam diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Quran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville: the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris.
The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire. The reasons for the Muslim success are hard to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived. Most historians agree that the Sassanid Persian and Byzantine Roman empires were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of fighting one another.It has been suggested that some Jews and Christians in the Sassanid Empire and Jews and Monophysites in Syria were dissatisfied and welcomed the Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires. However, this is not universally accepted. It has also been suggested that later Syriac Christians reinterpreted the events of the conquest to serve a political or religious interest. At other times, such as in the Battle of Firaz, Arab Christians allied themselves with the Persians and Byzantines against the invaders. In the case of Byzantine Egypt, Palestine and Syria, these lands had been reclaimed from the Persians only a few years before.
Fred McGraw Donner, however, suggests that formation of a state in the Arabian peninsula and ideological (i.e. religious) coherence and mobilization was a primary reason why the Muslim armies in the space of a hundred years were able to establish the largest pre-modern empire until that time. The estimates for the size of the Islamic Caliphate suggest it was more than thirteen million square kilometers (five million square miles).