Surkhandarya: Flamboyant region of Uzbekistan
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Surkhandarya region is located in the southern part of Uzbekistan, this is a special, wonderful land with a wide variety of landscapes. Thanks to a favorable geographical location the civilization in these places flourished since ancient times and numerous historical changes have left a unique touch to local cities.
The everyday life of Baysun residents strikes tourists with its special color, it is studied by many historians and ethnographers. Houses here are decorated with locally carpets called suzane, national costumes are decorated with unusual ornaments that are embroidered by hand. To serve the tables they also use locally produced and painted dishes.
Local people carefully preserved the folklore traditions in its original form passing them from generation to generation. Weddings, funerals, births and celebrations are accompanied by original and vivid rituals that exist only in this area. Here, any important event in the life of people is accompanied by a complex ritual songs and dances. The Muslim mentality, which displaced from the minds of Uzbeks many pagan traditions, did not affect the local residents that much and who still perform make-it-rain ritual, picking-up mountain tulips celebration and many other rituals.
The value of Baysun's traditions is so great that this region was listed by UNESCO in 2001 in Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, which included only 19 cultural and historical areas around the world.
Not far from Baysun is the Surkhan Reserve, which is aimed to preserve the diversity of the region's fauna and flora. Here, tourists can touch the real fossils left by dinosaurs that lived in this area millions of years ago. Neolithic and Mesolithic drawings of ancient people are found in the local rocks.
Climbing the mountains, tourists can visit Teshik-Tash cave, which is known all over the world thanks to the remains of a Neanderthal child found here in 1938, the reconstruction of which is one of the most recognizable images of an ancient man in the world. For a long time, it was believed that the remains belonged to the boy, but later studies discovered new facts - in fact, the skeleton belongs to the girl 8-10 years old. The animal bones found nearby suggest that it was not just a burial, but a real funeral ritual. According to the reconstruction by Russian anthropologist M. A. Gerasimov, a sculptural portrait was created, which is kept in the Termez Museum.
Nearby is the cave of Amir Temur, but research works are not possible at the moment because of the constantly crumbling rock. Legends say that the saber of one of the greatest commanders of Uzbekistan is buried in this cave.
The mountain ranges around Baysun are a real storehouse of stories and legends. One of them is also related with the cave, which is called Zarautsay. As the rumor says, here are hidden the treasures of the famous navigator and traveler Marco Polo. He was going to save them from robbers who attacked his caravan while following the Silk Road. So far treasures were not found, but the researchers discovered ancient writings on the walls, dated from various periods - from the Paleolithic to the Bronze Age.
Another legend is about saint Omonkhona spring that is visited by pilgrims from all over Uzbekistan to drink its soul-cleansing water, which has medicinal properties. The water of the source heals indeed, since it is mineralized naturally and cures diseases of the liver and kidneys.
Baysun is the beautiful mountainous wild land, the lost world of medieval villages and titanic landscapes. In fact, this is a whole country, where it would be worth spending a few days and will undoubtedly leave one of the strongest impressions of Central Asia.
Tours-TV.com: Arq fortress
Arq fortress is the oldest architectural and historical monument of Bukhara. Today the Museum of Regional Studies is located on its territory . Uzbekistan : Bukhara. See on map .
Travel To Uzbekistan | History And Documentary About Uzbekistan In Urdu & Hindi | ازبکستان کی سیر
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Amazing Facts And Urdu History And Documentary About Uzbekistan
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Asslamo Alaikum Aaj ham aap doston ko sair k lye lay kar jaany waly hen Asia k aik Khobsorat Mulk Uzbekistan ki Aor aaj ham Uzbekistan kay Haseen o jamil nazaaron say Lutaf andooz honnay k saath sath Uzbekistan ky un tamam hqaaiq aor Malomaat say parda uthaany ki koshish karen gay jo Uzbekistan k bary men aaj say pahlay Urdu aor Hindi Zuban men Internet par mojod nahe thi,
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Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
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IICAS (МИЦАИ) - Samarkand 2013
International Institute for Central Asian Studies was established in August 1995 in Samarkand (Uzbekistan) as a direct outcome of the UNESCO Silk Roads Expeditions. The concept of the Institute was conceived during the Steppe Route Expedition in Central Asia organized within framework of UNESCO Project “Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue”, a major project of the World Decade for Cultural Development (1987-1997).
Following the official establishment of the IICAS on the 5th of July, 1995, the General Director of UNESCO Mr. Federico Mayor, during his official visit to Uzbekistan, solemnly opened the Institute on 27 August, 1995 in Samarkand.
The main objectives of IICAS are to bring to the attention of the international community historical and cultural issues on Central Asia and to strengthen collaboration between local scholars and their colleagues abroad through a multidisciplinary study of the region.
To date the following countries have accepted the Agreement of the Institute, and consequently have become the Full Members of IICAS: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan.
Imam al-Bukhari. Documentary film (English) - Khurshid Davron Library
Imam al-Bukhari. Documentary film. Studio of popular science and documentary films Uzkinohronika. 2007.
Screenplay: Ubaidulla Uvatov, Kamol Kholmurodov. Film director: Avaz Bokiev. Operator: Temur Abdullaev.
Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Mughīrah ibn Bardizbah al-Ju‘fī al-Bukhārī (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم بن المغيرة بن بردزبه الجعفي البخاري; 20 July 810 – 1 September 870), or Bukhārī (Persian: بخاری), commonly referred to as Imam al-Bukhari or Imam Bukhari, Islamic scholar who was born in Bukhara (the capital of the Bukhara Region (viloyat) of Uzbekistan). He authored the hadith collection known as Sahih al-Bukhari, regarded by Sunni Muslims as one of the most authentic (sahih) hadith collections. He also wrote other books such as Al-Adab al-Mufrad.
Ремзие Османова. Tamırlar
Ремзие Османова: “Чтобы немного заработать, я решила продавать ветки от хлопчатника на рынке”
Чтобы стать частью проекта, переходи на сайт
История твоих предков важна для будущего нашего народа!
Remziye Osmanova: “Bir qaç kümüş qazanayım dep bazarda qoray sata edim”.
Leyhağa qoşulmaq içün “Tamırlar” saytına keçe bilesiñ.
Sayt:
Seniñ ecdatlarıñnıñ ömür ikâyeleri halqımıznıñ kelecegi içün müim!
Timur - Temür-i Lang - Tamerlane
From the remains of an overindulging and quarrelling territory formerly known as the Ilkhanid Dominion (the Mongol House of Hulagu), came an explosive figure who would ultimately conquer and control most of the Muslim World from Damascus in Syria to Delhi in northwest India.
Timur, whose name in Turkish meant “Iron”, and which through Persian, Timur-i Lang (Timur the Lame), came into English as “Tamerlane”, was born on the 8th of April 1336 in Kish, the modern Shahkr-i Sabz, just to the south of Samarqand. Not exactly a Mongol, but from the Barlas tribe of Turkified Mongols (Tartars) apart of the Chaghatai confederacy who dominated the region known to the Romans as “Transoxania” (Land Beyond the Oxus), to the Arabs as “Mā warāʼ an-Nahr” (Land Beyond the River), and what is now today Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and southwest Kazakhstan.
Considered by many the greatest Asiatic conqueror known in history our most valuable description of this Central Asian warlord, comes from the Syrian writer Ahmad ibn Arabshah, who in his book titled “The Wonders of Destiny of the Ravages of Timur” wrote:
“Timur was tall and lofty of stature as though he belonged to the remnants of the Amalekites, big in brow and head, mighty in strength and courage, wonderful in nature, white in colour, mixed with red, but not dark, stout of limb with broad shoulders, thick fingers, long legs, perfect build, long beard, dry hands, lame on the side with eyes like candles, without brilliance, powerful in voice, he did not fear death; and though he was near his [seventieth] year yet he was firm in mind, strong and robust in body, brave and fearless, like a hard rock.”
Timur acquired his nickname “the Lame” from an injury he received in his youth which resulted in one leg being rigid and shorter than the other causing him to walk with a limp for the remainder of his life.
A keen military strategist and a natural in power politics, Timur quickly captured the attention of his superiors as well as gaining the attention of his adversaries. In his book, “A Literary History of Persia”, the British Orientalist Edward G. Browne mentions:
“The character of Timur has been differently appraised by those who are dazzled by his military achievements on the one hand and those who are disgusted by his cruelty and utter disregard of human life on the other.”
In his early 20s Timur already had a personal following of 300 horsemen. Furthermore in 1361, after taking advantage of a civil war within the Chaghatai confederacy between his uncle Hajji Beg and the newly appointed Khan Tughlaq Timur, he was granted recognition from the Khan as the leader of the Barlas tribe.
Over the next seven years Timur periodically allied with the other leading Chaghatai tribal leader, Amir Husayn. It's unlikely either of them considered the alliance to be something permanent. In 1365, in the Battle of Tashkent, Timur suffered his first major reversal. After having a early success, his ally Amir Husayn fled the battlefield when the fighting was at its most precarious. Growing resentment and rivalry was already evident between the two men, but was exacerbated during the Battle of Tashkent.
In the year following the Battle of Tashkent, Husayn and Timur established themselves as the new rulers of Samarkand. After their brutal overthrow of its leadership known as the Sarbadars, who were a mixture of religious Dervishes and secular rulers, Husayn assumed the position as the senior man while on the other hand Timur won a personal following of dedicated soldiers. The two men could not have been any more different. Timur was generous in disturbing plundered treasure to his men which gained their loyalty; while Husayn levied heavy taxes on Timur and his men and was likewise uncooperative. Husayn's extreme greed for wealth did not go unnoticed. According to Islamic Studies Academic, Marshall G.S. Hodgson, in his “The Ventures of Islam Vol. 2”:
“The career of Timur presents in exaggerated form ways of acting and of reacting that were prevailing throughout the period, if usually in less spectacular form.”
Timur's marriage to Husayn's sister, Aljai, was one of the main factors which sealed the alliance between the two warlords. At her death in 1370, all family ties were severed leaving Timur free to attack his former ally. With the aspiration of resolving their rivalry he marched on Husayn's capital of Balkh. Husayn, who was laying in wait behind the walls of his fortified citadel, watched Timur's army surround the city as they started to advance.
Faced with the reality of his own demise, Husayn begged his former ally to spare his life while promising to immigrate from the region. Lacking confidence in Timur's promise Husayn ran and hid inside a minaret until he was discovered by one of Timur's soldiers looking to recover his lost horse. In desperation, Husayn began to bribe the soldier, but instead he went to report his discovery.
The Muslims of the Former Soviet Union in Exile
Start at 15:28
In the last 25 years, a significant portion of the intellectual elite from Muslim communities of the former Soviet Union has left their home countries for Europe, Turkey, and Ukraine, among other countries. This elite, many of whom can be considered political migrants, is now, together and separately, positioned to play important roles in determining the political directions of both the countries they have left and those in which they have settled. Denis Sokolov, Visiting Fellow with the CSIS Russia and Eurasia Program, will discuss his research into this group of emigres, their social and political activities, and the implications of this migration for the region and beyond.
Сеит-Вели Сеитмеметов. Tamırlar
Сеит-Вели Сейтмеметов: “Коменданты срывали погоны с офицеров-крымских татар”
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Seit-Veli Seitmemetov: Komendnantlar qırımtatar ofitserleriniñ omuzlıqlarını qoparıp ala ediler
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Seniñ ecdatlarıñnıñ ömür ikâyeleri halqımıznıñ kelecegi içün müim!
B-Roll - Brita Just Tap
Despite the popularity of the BBC’s recent War on Waste series, a quarter of Brits (23%) have no plans to reduce how much single-use plastic they buy, research reveals in a new campaign aimed at putting a stop to Brits’ shocking levels of bottled water consumption.
BRITA ambassadors Joanna Lumley and Gethin Jones are heading up the new initiative, ‘Just Tap. Filtered’, working with BRITA in a bid to convince the British public to ditch bottled water for good and opt for filtered tap water instead.
We’re a nation of taste snobs with 39% of consumers buying bottled water because ‘it tastes better than tap’ and a third (32%) wanting to avoid limescale and ‘nasties’. Yet a fifth (18%) of the population haven’t even tried the more eco and purse-friendly alternative, filtered tap water.
When asked why they weren’t reducing their SUP habits further, a surprising one in 10 (9%) said they did not care enough about the environment to change their shopping habits, and more than half blamed a lack of SUP alternatives. Promisingly, nearly half (45%) of Brits want single-use plastic water bottles banned entirely, and 80% of the population are demanding that the government take action by introducing new laws to tackle the problem and place a ban on SUP.
Xuanzang | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:25 1 Nomenclature, orthography and etymology
00:04:39 2 Early life
00:08:51 3 Pilgrimage
00:13:30 4 Arrival in India
00:24:24 5 Return to China
00:25:47 6 Chinese Buddhism (influence)
00:28:53 6.1 The perfection of Wisdom Sutra
00:29:48 7 Autobiography and biography
00:30:59 8 Legacy
00:33:18 8.1 In fiction
00:34:28 9 Relics
00:35:29 10 Works
00:35:39 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7659724456746017
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Xuanzang (; Chinese: 玄奘; pinyin: Xuánzàng; Wade–Giles: Hsüan-tsang [ɕɥɛ̌ntsâŋ]; fl. c. 602 – 664) was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who travelled to India in the seventh century and described the interaction between Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism during the early Tang dynasty. He is also known as Hiuen Tsang in history books of India.
During the journey he visited many sacred Buddhist sites in what are now Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh. He was born in what is now Henan province around 602, from boyhood he took to reading religious books, including the Chinese classics and the writings of ancient sages.
While residing in the city of Luoyang (in Henan in Central China), Xuanzang was ordained as a śrāmaṇera (novice monk) at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the Sui dynasty, he went to Chengdu in Sichuan, where he was ordained as a bhikṣu (full monk) at the age of twenty. He later travelled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to Chang'an, then under the peaceful rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang, where Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the Buddhist texts that had reached China.He became famous for his seventeen-year overland journey to India (including Nalanda), which is recorded in detail in the classic Chinese text Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, which in turn provided the inspiration for the novel Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng'en during the Ming dynasty, around nine centuries after Xuanzang's death.
Tashkent | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:28 1 History
00:01:49 1.1 Early history
00:02:41 1.2 History as Chach
00:03:53 1.3 Islamic history
00:05:00 1.4 Mongol conquest and aftermath
00:05:35 1.5 Kokand khanate
00:06:15 1.6 Tsarist period
00:08:30 1.7 Effect of the Russian revolution
00:10:32 1.8 Soviet period
00:13:48 1.9 Capital of Uzbekistan
00:15:29 2 Origin of television
00:16:52 3 Geography and climate
00:17:02 3.1 Geography
00:17:41 3.2 Climate
00:18:53 4 Demographics
00:20:20 5 Districts
00:21:41 6 Main sights
00:26:14 7 Education
00:27:50 8 Media
00:28:20 9 Transportation
00:28:54 10 Entertainment and shopping
00:29:16 11 Sport
00:30:57 12 Notable people
00:32:21 13 Twin towns – sister cities
00:32:35 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.897173516931611
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Tashkent (; Uzbek: Toshkent, Тошкент, تاشكینت, [tɒʃˈkent]) is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan, as well as the most populated city in ex-Soviet Central Asia with a population in 2018 of 2,485,900. It is located in the north-east of the country close to the Kazakhstan border. Much of the city was destroyed in the 1966 Tashkent earthquake, though it was rebuilt afterwards as a model Soviet city.
Tashkent was influenced by the Sogdian and Turkic cultures in its early history, before Islam in the 8th century AD. After its destruction by Genghis Khan in 1219, the city was rebuilt and profited from the Silk Road. From 18th to 19th century, the city became an independent city-state, before being re-conquered by the Khanate of Kokand. In 1865, it fell to the Russian Empire, and became the capital of Russian Turkestan. In Soviet times, Tashkent witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout the Soviet Union.
Today, as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan, Tashkent retains a multi-ethnic population, with ethnic Uzbeks as the majority. In 2009, the city celebrated its 2,200 years of written history.
History of Mongolia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Mongolia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu (3rd century BCE to 1st century CE), the Xianbei state (c. 93 to 234 CE), the Rouran Khaganate (330-555), the Turkic Khaganate (552-744) and others, ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people, who used a para-Mongolic language,
founded a state known as the Liao dynasty (907-1125) in Central Asia and ruled Mongolia and portions of the present-day Russian Far East, northern Korea, and North China.
In 1206 Genghis Khan was able to unite and conquer the Mongols, forging them into a fighting force which went on to establish the largest contiguous empire in world history, the Mongol Empire (1206-1368). Buddhism in Mongolia began with the Yuan emperors' conversion to Tibetan Buddhism.
After the collapse of the Mongol-led China-based Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Mongols returned to their earlier patterns of internal strife. The Mongols also returned to their old shamanist ways after the collapse of their empire and only in the 16th and 17th centuries did Buddhism reemerge.
At the end of the 17th century, present-day Mongolia became part of the area ruled by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. During the collapse of the Qing in 1911, Mongolia declared independence but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence and until 1945 to gain international recognition. As a consequence, Mongolia came under strong Soviet influence: in 1924 the Mongolian People's Republic was declared, and Mongolian politics began to follow the same patterns as Soviet politics of the time. After the revolutions of 1989, the Mongolian Revolution of 1990 led to a multi-party system, a new constitution in 1992, and a transition to a market economy.
Uzbeks | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Uzbeks
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek/Ўзбек, pl. Oʻzbeklar/Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group; the largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan but are also found as a minority group in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Russia and China. Uzbek diaspora communities also exist in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.
Kazakhstan to increase meat export
The main importers of the meat products are Russia, Azerbaijan, and Iran.
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Xuanzang | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Xuanzang
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Xuanzang (; Chinese: 玄奘; pinyin: Xuánzàng; Wade–Giles: Hsüan-tsang [ɕɥɛ̌ntsâŋ]; fl. c. 602 – 664) was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who travelled to India in the seventh century and described the interaction between Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism during the early Tang dynasty.During the journey he visited many sacred Buddhist sites in what are now Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh. He was born in what is now Henan province around 602, from boyhood he took to reading religious books, including the Chinese classics and the writings of ancient sages.
While residing in the city of Luoyang (in Henan in Central China), Xuanzang was ordained as a śrāmaṇera (novice monk) at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the Sui dynasty, he went to Chengdu in Sichuan, where he was ordained as a bhikṣu (full monk) at the age of twenty. He later travelled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to Chang'an, then under the peaceful rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang, where Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the Buddhist texts that had reached China.He became famous for his seventeen-year overland journey to India (including Nalanda), which is recorded in detail in the classic Chinese text Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, which in turn provided the inspiration for the novel Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng'en during the Ming dynasty, around nine centuries after Xuanzang's death.
Sheikh ul Wazaif Ka Termez Me Museum ka visit | Ubqari Dars
Sheikh ul Wazaif Ka Termez Me Museum ka visit | Ubqari Dars
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History of Mongolia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Mongolia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu (3rd century BCE to 1st century CE), the Xianbei state (c. 93 to 234 CE), the Rouran Khaganate (330-555), the Turkic Khaganate (552-744) and others, ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people, who used a para-Mongolic language,
founded a state known as the Liao dynasty (907-1125) in Central Asia and ruled Mongolia and portions of the present-day Russian Far East, northern Korea, and North China.
In 1206 Genghis Khan was able to unite and conquer the Mongols, forging them into a fighting force which went on to establish the largest contiguous empire in world history, the Mongol Empire (1206-1368). Buddhism in Mongolia began with the Yuan emperors' conversion to Tibetan Buddhism.
After the collapse of the Mongol-led China-based Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Mongols returned to their earlier patterns of internal strife. The Mongols also returned to their old shamanist ways after the collapse of their empire and only in the 16th and 17th centuries did Buddhism reemerge.
At the end of the 17th century, present-day Mongolia became part of the area ruled by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. During the collapse of the Qing in 1911, Mongolia declared independence but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence and until 1945 to gain international recognition. As a consequence, Mongolia came under strong Soviet influence: in 1924 the Mongolian People's Republic was declared, and Mongolian politics began to follow the same patterns as Soviet politics of the time. After the revolutions of 1989, the Mongolian Revolution of 1990 led to a multi-party system, a new constitution in 1992, and a transition to a market economy.
Islamic pottery | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Islamic pottery
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Medieval Islamic pottery occupied a geographical position between Chinese ceramics, then the unchallenged leaders of Eurasian production, and the pottery of the Byzantine Empire and Europe. For most of the period it can fairly be said to have been between the two in terms of aesthetic achievement and influence as well, borrowing from China and exporting to and influencing Byzantium and Europe. The use of drinking and eating vessels in gold and silver, the ideal in ancient Rome and Persia as well as medieval Christian societies, is prohibited by the Hadiths, with the result that pottery and glass were used for tableware by Muslim elites, as pottery (but less often glass) also was in China, but was much rarer in Europe and Byzantium. In the same way Islamic restrictions greatly discouraged figurative wall-painting, encouraging the architectural use of schemes of decorative and often geometrically-patterned tiles, which are the most distinctive and original speciality of Islamic ceramics.
The era of Islamic pottery started around 622. From 633, Muslim armies moved rapidly towards Persia, Byzantium, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Egypt and later Andalusia. The early history of Islamic pottery remains somewhat obscure and speculative as little evidence has survived. Apart from tiles which escaped destruction due to their use in architectural decoration of buildings and mosques, much early medieval pottery vanished.
The Muslim world inherited significant pottery industries in Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, North Africa (African Red Slip) and later other regions. Indeed, the origin of glazed pottery has been traced to Egypt where it was first introduced during the fourth millennium BCE. However most of these traditions made heavy use of figurative decoration, which was greatly reduced, though not entirely removed, under Islam. Instead Islamic pottery developed geometric and plant-based decoration to a very high level, and made more use of decorative schemes made up of many tiles than any previous culture.
Nizam of Hyderabad
The Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad, popularly known as the Nizam of Hyderabad, was a former monarch of the Hyderabad State, now divided into the states of Telangana, Karnataka and Maharashtra . Nizam, shortened from Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning Administrator of the Realm, was the title of the sovereigns of Hyderabad State, since 1724, belonging to the Asaf Jah dynasty,
The Asaf Jah dynasty was of Turkic origin from the region around Samarkand in modern-day Uzbekistan, The dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi, a viceroy of the Deccan under the Mughal Empire from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently ruled after Aurangzeb's death in 1707. In 1724, Mughal control lapsed, and Asaf Jah declared himself independent in Hyderabad.
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