Royal Kurgan Archaeological heritage
Royal Kurgan Archaeological heritage
Crimean bridge, the city of Kerch and Kerch fortress.
Kerch as a city starts its history in 7th century BC, when Greek colonists from Miletus founded a city-state named Panticapaeum on Mount Mithridat near the mouth of the Melek-Chesme river. Panticapaeum subdued nearby cities and by 480 BC became a capital of the Kingdom of Bosporus. Later, during the rule of Mithradates VI Eupator, Panticapaeum for a short period of time became the capital of the much more powerful and extensive Kingdom of Pontus.
The city was located at the intersection of trade routes between the steppe and Europe. This caused it to grow rapidly. The city's main exports were grain and salted fish; wine-making was also common. Panticapaeum minted its own coins. According to extant documents the Melek-Chesme river (small and shallow nowadays) was navigable in Bosporan times, and sea galleys were able to enter the river. A large portion of the city's population was ethnically Scythian, later Sarmatian, as the large royal barrow (Kurgan) at Kul-Oba testifies.
In the 1st century AD Panticapaeum and the Kingdom of Bosporus suffered from Ostrogoth raids; then the city was devastated by the Huns in AD 375.
Myrmekion was founded in the eastern part of the Kerch, 4 km NE of ancient Panticapaeum. The settlement was founded by Ionians in the first half of the 6th c.
Siberian Kurgan Proves Neoliths Were Global?
Support Our Fight Against Academic Fallacies:
Link To Script:
If You Would Like To Support The Channel You Can Via The Following Avenues; Thank You,
Join Us On Facebook:
Patreon:
PayPal: You Can Send One Off Or Regular Donations To This Email Address Linked To The Channels PayPal Account Via Your PayPal: Mysteryhistory@ctemplar.com
Go Fund Me:
Cryptocurrency Donations:
Bitcoin (BTC): 35A3EcewcJzXLxLe9uanEefXzrH8CjiDJh
Litecoin (LTC): MJnMMn2pxJzATnP7LbLytXHMQp1XJJfsBu
Bitcoin Cash (BCH): qrw4wepj0c0q9vy4vxeyg2csfu7elezdnujn4qnpgd
Ethereum (ETH): 0x5FA37aCfDBa22B70754a80d91642AA9ad125B730
BAT: 0x05E724D08C087e0Bd7DF92c3434eB0D31d018963USDC: 0x30F30C97b755670f0F6e01648A55e97a7F57f8E3
ZEC: t1YTipz5yHgFjedvjPN1bbPSpymieqPVeG3
Bank Transfer : | Santander Acc Name: Mystery History | Sort Code: 09-01-29 | Account Number: 33283898
Also Join Us On Twitter:
Or Steemit:
Narration By Matt Prosser
Kurgan
Video Software we use:
Ad-free videos.
You can support us by purchasing something through our Amazon-Url, thanks :)
A kurgan is a tumulus, a type of burial mound or barrow, heaped over a burial chamber, often of wood.The Russian noun, which is already attested in Old East Slavic, is borrowed from an unidentified Turkic language, compare Modern Turkish kurğan, which means fortress.They are mounds of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.Associated with its use in Soviet archaeology, the word is now widely used for tumuli in the context of Eastern European and Central Asian archaeology.
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
License: Public domain
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision.
Article available under a Creative Commons license
Image source in video
Гробница Царский курган (г.Керчь)
Royal tomb in Kerch, Crimea, Ukraine
Kerch Strait Swim 2018 official video
Видео отчет с заплыва через Керченский пролив 3 июня 2018 года.
Группа из 30 российских спортсменов и 5 км открытой воды с переменчивыми течениями. Судоходство не останавливается. Это одна из самых технически сложных трасс нашей серии. Челлендж не из легких!
Регистрация на 2019 год уже открыта:
Оператор: Екатерина Кузнецова
Монтаж: Илья Тарханов
Музыка: Tchakare Kanyembe
Why Did the Bosporan Kingdom Descend into Civil War?
310 BC and the king is dead. In his lifetime, he had ruled a mighty empire and leaves on his deathbed one of the most lucrative kingdoms in the known world.
But trouble is stirring.
The dead king’s three sons all desire this prize and now prepare to fight it out through blood and battle. Only one will emerge victorious; early graves await the losers. This is the story of a fratricidal struggle for supremacy unlike any other.
Please subscribe!
How a Wealthy Greek Kingdom Descended into Fratricidal Civil War:
Images:
Huge thanks to:
Malay Archer:
Johnny Shumate:
Angel Garcia Pinto:
Radu Oltean:
Scythian defence line 339 BC reconstruction image Credit: Elekes Andor / Commons.
Music:
Music Covered by Epidemic Sound licence.
ES_Conquest - Dragon Tamer
ES_Last Man Standing 2 - Johannes Bornlof
ES_Last Man Standing 1 - Johannes Bornlof
ES_Deeper Than The Ocean - Johannes Bornlof
ES_Choirs of War 3 - Johannes Bornlof
ES_Leonard's Theme - Jon Bjork
ES_In Pursuit - Fredrik Ekstrom
ES_Barbarians - Johannes Bornlof
ES_Intense Thrill 1 - Johannes Bornlof
ES_An Empty Feeling - Gavin Luke
ES_Choirs of War 1 - Johannes Bornlof
Rome Total War Music:
Intro Barbarian
Army of Drums
Melee Cafe
Yes, Scythians Are Us! (EngSubs)
In 2014 Russian TV channel Culture aired a documentary, looking through depth of time, trying to decipher who are Scythians, Sarmatians, Slavs and Russians, if they are one and the same people. The conclusion was mostly positive - yes, they are. The authors looked at the data from the chronicles, archaeology, linguistics and genetics, weighing arguments both for and against.
The film's conclusion is open, and in a typical Russian way advocating peace and cooperation of all peoples, whoever their ancestors may be.
The complete transcripts of the translation, as well as some additional materials can be found at my blog post:
Царський курган. Керч, Крим, Україна.
Scythians ☀️ Sarmatians | Alans | Ancients of Ukraine
Scythians (Sakas) - Sarmatians (Savromatae) - Alans (Allonae) -- ancients north Iranic tribes of Ukraine. Digor (neo-Scythian language) song. Digor is neo-Scytho-Sarmatian (Neo-Alanic) language that is spoken in western part of north Ossetia. It is very archaic form of Ossetian, being the only surviving Scythian language basically, that survived in the Caucasian mountains.
Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak and nearly extinct Upper Lusatian (Sorbian) & Belarusian are all Scytho-Slavic languages characterized by Scytho-Sarmatian-Alan-Digor h (gh) sound that is used instead of Slavic g. For example Hovoryty / hovir instead of Slavic Govorit / gwar. Scythian H sound is unknown to other Slavs (Russians, Poles, Balkan Slavs). This h sound is typical only to eastern Iranian languages (Scythian, Alan, Pashtu, Yaghnobi, Digor-Ossetian)
Хведір Вовк. Стаття. Кавказ і Карпати (деякі проби етнологічних зближень) --
Scyth-Sarmato-Alanic vocabulary in Ukrainian:
Danube (Danub) = Danu (river in Scythian)
Donuzalv (lake in Crimea) = Danu (river) + zlav (?)
Dnieper (Danapr) = Danu (river) + apr (deep water). Ap = water.
Dniester (Danister) = Danu (river) + Ister (old Daco-Tharacian name of this river)
river Styr, city & river Stryi = possibly from Stur, means great in Scythian and Ossetic
Zarvanytsia = from Zurvan, Scythian (Zoroastrian) deity of time
Poltava (Ukr. city) = Partava (Parthian name for Parthia, Scytho-Zoroastrian state near Caspian). Scythians (Ashkuza is Assyrian for Scythian) couldnt pronounce r (like many Ashkenazi Jews cant).
Gorgany (mountain range in Ukrainian Carpathians) is same meaning as Gorgan (city in Golestan, Parthia, north Iran).
Pantikapey (Scythian for Kerch, city in Crimea) = Way of fish: Panta (way) - kapa (fish)
Samara (placename in Ukraine) = Semrau (Turkic name for Simurgh, griffin, Scythian mythological bird that features on Ukraine´s state coat of arms (two winged simurghs guarding tree of life / or maybe its Scandianvian preying eagle, one of two for sure)
Ukrainian Scytho-Sarmatian last names Perederiy (from Saka Paradriya, Scythian from beyond the sea), Dron (droen, Zoroastrian ritual bread), Samaryk / Semerak / Semeruk = simurgh, Scythian griffin
Digor song: Алла Хадикова и Олег Тайсаев - Зардайы сагъас (сл. Индира Гаглоева, муз. Белла Золоева)
Lyrics in Digor (neo-Scythian):
Цъитийы сыгъдг дон азгъоры хъазг, гъей
Вййы й рухс фндаг айнгыл зарг, гъей
Д иу фкастй та, о рсугъд чызгай, гъей
Рох уарзты цхрт м риуы ссыгътай, гъей хсрдзны бын донхаун зары, гъей
Йхим кддрау мн ногй сайы, гъей
Рох уарзты буц фндыр, дардм цй ахсс, гъей
М зрдйы катай, зрдйы сагъс, гъей Базард
рдгыл куы баззад н уарзты фндаг, гъей
Уыдт мын фсрмдзст - Ды та нундаг, гъей
ргомй, цй, абон згъм н фндон, гъей
Уарзтон д тынг бир - з др д уарзтон, гъей М ивгъуыды цинт дуыл фбарын, гъей
Д сурт алкддр м зрдыл дарын, гъей
Д флмн мидбылхудт, сусг кстыт, гъей
Арх дын фмысын д сау цстыт, гъей Уалдзыгон изрт, мйдар хсвт, гъей
мбхсын алкддр м сусг фндт, гъей
Зыдтон й, фцыдт мнй ндрм, гъей
Уддр-ма дм кастн, м хур, нхълм, гъей Базард Цасфнды куы цуой, куы згъорой азт, гъей
Уддр нй рохгнн хсидг уарзтн, гъей
Мах иум н бонт рвыстам хълдзг, гъей
Куыд тагъд нм фзынди, рлууыд фззг, гъей Фззыгон дымг та ахссдзн сыфт, гъей
Н ферох уыдзысты мнй д дзырдт, гъей
взонг удыл кд фтых и хъысмт, гъей
дзухдр кндзни уддр дуыл мт, гъей Базард
Керчь. Царский курган построен 2400 лет назад
Единственное в мире прекрасно сохранившееся сооружение подобного типа. Смотрите и восхищайтесь.
History of Russia (PARTS 1-5) - Rurik to Revolution
From Prince Rurik to the Russian Revolution, this is a compilation of the first 5 episodes of Epic History TV's History of Russia.
Visit our merch shop:
Help me make more videos at Patreon:
Recommended general histories of Russia (as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases):
Martin Sixsmith, Russia: A 1000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
Orlando Figes, Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia
Robert Service, The Penguin History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century
#EpicHistoryTV #HistoryofRussia
Music:
Johnny de'Ath lemonadedrinkers.com
Filmstro
Audio Blocks
Premium Beat
Kevin MacLeod
'The Pyre'; 'Intrepid'; 'String Impromptu Number 1'; 'Brandenburg No.4'; 'All This'; 'Satiate Percussion'; 'The Descent';
Licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution CC BY-SA 3.0
A note on 'Ivan the Terrible' - in Russia, Ivan IV has the epithet 'Гро́зный' meaning 'Great' or 'Formidable'. So why is he known as Ivan 'the Terrible' in English? Because he was evil or useless or because of anti-Russian bias? No, because 'Terrible' in English also means awesome or formidable - this was well understood when 'Гро́зный' was first translated into English centuries ago, but now fewer people understand this. (see definitions 3 & 4 here: The name stuck, and Ivan IV has been known as Ivan the Terrible ever since.
Images:
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
State Tretyakov Gallery
Russian State Historical Museum
National Art Museum of Ukraine
Herodotus: Marie-Lan Nguyen, CC BY 2.5
St.Volodymr: Dar Veter, CC BY-SA 3.0
Polish-Lithuanian Flag: Olek Remesz, CC BY 2.5
Kremlin.ru
New York Public Library
Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library
Stenka Razin with kind permission of Sergei Kirrilov
Winter Palace: Alex Florstein Fedorov CC BY-SA 4.0
Imperial Academy of Fine Arts: Alex Florstein Fedorov CC BY-SA 4.0
Ipatievsky Monastery: Michael Clarke CC BY-SA 4.0
Trans-Alaska Pipeline: Frank Kovalchek CC BY 2.0
Gallows: Adam Clarke CC BY-SA 2.0
Church of the Saviour exterior: NoPlayerUfa CC BY-SA 3.0
Church of the Saviour interior: Mannat Kaur CC BY-SA 3.0
Audio Mix and SFX:
Chris Whiteside
Rene Bridgman
Thanks to Mahdi for Persian captions.
The Crimean War - The Battle of Malakoff
The Battle of Malakoff was a major battle during the Crimean War, fought between French-British forces against Russia on 7 September 1855 as a part of the Siege of Sevastopol. The French army under General MacMahon successfully stormed the Malakoff redoubt, whereas a simultaneous British attack on the Redan to the south of the Malakoff was repulsed. In one of the war's defining moments, the French zouave Eugène Libaut raised the French flag on the top of the Russian redoubt. The Battle of Malakoff resulted in the fall of Sevastopol on 9 September, bringing the 11-month siege to an end.
Until 1784 most of the fortifications around Sevastopol were dedicated to the protection of the harbour entrance, the city itself and its naval base and were positioned close to these features. The construction of fortifications in the surrounding hills had been planned as early as 1837, but at the time of the battle only basic facilities and roadways had been completed on the north side of the long bay. To the south the central anchor of the defence system was the Malakoff-Kurgan ridge. Situated about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) southeast of the city, it consisted of a two-story stone tower of limestone on which the Russians had placed five heavy 18-pounder cannons at the beginning of the siege.
There is some mystery surrounding this tower. Although it is known that the tower was built some time before the start of the war, the historical records do not show exactly when this occurred, and no mention of this is made in the contemporary descriptions of the siege itself. Additionally, there are different spellings and translations into or from Russian, including Малахова башня. What is known is that the tower was originally built or expanded by Sevastopol merchants and then later taken over by the Russian Navy. The tower had a diameter of about 14–15 metres (46–49 ft) and a height of 8 metres (26 ft). In its centre the battery known as Lunette Kamchatka was placed. This was a smaller fortification that was designed to protect several artillery pieces.
At this time the Russian cartographers marked all landmarks in and around this ridge as Fort Malakoff. This included several large grave mounds and the same ridge lying in front known as Mamelon (vert Mamelon). The name Fortmortal Malakoff (or French Fort Malakoff) was retained after the war in Western literature covering the Crimean War.
The harbour of Sevastopol, formed by the estuary of the Chernaya, was protected against attack by sea not only by the Russian war-vessels, afloat and sunken, but also by heavy granite forts on the south side and by the defensive works. For the town itself and the Karabelnaya suburb the plans for the works had been laid down for years. The Malakoff Tower covered the suburb, flanked on either side by the Redan and the Little Redan. The town was covered by a line of works marked by a flagstaff and central bastions, and separated from the Redan by the inner harbour.
Lieutenant Colonel Eduard Totleben, the Russian chief engineer, had began work on these sites early in the war. Through daily efforts to rebuild, re-arm and improve the fortifications, he was able to finally connect them with a continuous defence system enceinte. Yet early in October 1854, Sevastopol was not the towering fortress it later became, and Totleben himself maintained that had the allies assaulted it immediately, they would have succeeded in taking the city. There were, however, many reasons against them doing so at the time, and it was not until 17 October that the first attack took place.
Керчь Царский курган , Храм Иоана Предтечи
Путешествуем по Крыму Керчь Царский курган , Храм Иоанна Предтечи
History of chemical warfare | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:14 1 Definition
00:04:08 2 History
00:04:17 2.1 Ancient and medieval times
00:08:45 2.2 Early modern era
00:10:29 2.3 Industrial era
00:13:22 2.4 World War I
00:17:06 2.5 Interwar years
00:18:35 2.5.1 Use by Italians in Libya and Ethiopia
00:22:35 2.5.1.1 Nerve agents
00:24:44 2.6 World War II
00:24:53 2.6.1 Imperial Japanese Army
00:27:51 2.6.2 Nazi Germany
00:33:08 2.6.3 Western Allies
00:36:34 2.6.3.1 Accidental release
00:38:51 2.7 Post-World War II
00:39:31 2.7.1 Britain
00:43:10 2.7.2 United States
00:47:47 2.7.3 Soviet Union
00:50:23 2.8 Use in conflicts after World War II
00:50:34 2.8.1 North Yemen
00:53:01 2.8.2 Rhodesian Bush War
00:53:37 2.8.3 Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
00:54:03 2.8.4 Iran–Iraq War
00:55:45 2.8.5 Halabja
00:56:31 2.8.6 Persian Gulf War
01:00:29 2.8.7 Angola
01:03:43 2.8.8 Falklands War
01:04:28 2.8.9 Syrian Civil War
01:06:36 2.9 Terrorism and anti-terrorism
01:10:38 2.10 Chemical weapons treaties
01:11:24 2.10.1 Chemical Weapons Convention
01:12:03 3 Technology
01:13:42 3.1 Chemical warfare agents
01:15:15 3.1.1 Persistency
01:18:29 3.1.2 Classes
01:20:30 3.1.3 Designations
01:21:11 3.2 Delivery
01:22:16 3.2.1 Dispersion
01:27:26 3.2.2 Thermal dissemination
01:29:27 3.2.3 Aerodynamic dissemination
01:31:14 3.3 Protection against chemical warfare
01:34:44 3.3.1 Decontamination
01:37:13 4 Sociopolitical climate
01:39:49 4.1 Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons
01:41:32 4.2 Chemical weapon proliferation
01:43:34 5 Chemical weapons destruction
01:43:44 5.1 India
01:45:04 5.2 Iraq
01:46:05 5.3 Japan
01:46:44 5.4 Russia
01:49:16 5.5 United States
01:53:59 6 Herbicidal warfare
01:54:50 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8710731510969839
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. In theory, with proper protective equipment, training, and decontamination measures, the primary effects of chemical weapons can be overcome. In practice, they continue to cause much suffering, as most victims are defenceless civilians. Many nations possess vast stockpiles of weaponized agents in preparation for wartime use. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic tools in planning both measures and counter-measures.
The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law.
Chemical warfare | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:09 1 Definition
00:03:49 2 History
00:03:58 2.1 Ancient and medieval times
00:08:07 2.2 Early modern era
00:09:44 2.3 Industrial era
00:12:23 2.4 World War I
00:15:49 2.5 Interwar years
00:17:12 2.5.1 Use by Italians in Libya and Ethiopia
00:20:54 2.5.1.1 Nerve agents
00:22:53 2.6 World War II
00:23:02 2.6.1 Imperial Japanese Army
00:25:47 2.6.2 Nazi Germany
00:30:41 2.6.3 Western Allies
00:33:52 2.6.3.1 Accidental release
00:35:59 2.7 Post-World War II
00:36:37 2.7.1 Britain
00:40:00 2.7.2 United States
00:44:21 2.7.3 Soviet Union
00:46:44 2.8 Use in conflicts after World War II
00:46:55 2.8.1 North Yemen
00:49:11 2.8.2 Rhodesian Bush War
00:49:45 2.8.3 Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
00:50:10 2.8.4 Iran–Iraq War
00:51:45 2.8.5 Halabja
00:52:28 2.8.6 Persian Gulf War
00:56:10 2.8.7 Angola
00:59:08 2.8.8 Falklands War
00:59:50 2.8.9 Syrian Civil War
01:01:50 2.9 Terrorism and anti-terrorism
01:05:36 2.10 Chemical weapons treaties
01:06:19 2.10.1 Chemical Weapons Convention
01:06:56 3 Technology
01:08:27 3.1 Chemical warfare agents
01:09:54 3.1.1 Persistency
01:12:54 3.1.2 Classes
01:14:47 3.1.3 Designations
01:15:25 3.2 Delivery
01:16:25 3.2.1 Dispersion
01:21:13 3.2.2 Thermal dissemination
01:23:06 3.2.3 Aerodynamic dissemination
01:24:44 3.3 Protection against chemical warfare
01:28:00 3.3.1 Decontamination
01:30:16 4 Sociopolitical climate
01:32:40 4.1 Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons
01:34:18 4.2 Chemical weapon proliferation
01:36:12 5 Chemical weapons destruction
01:36:22 5.1 India
01:37:36 5.2 Iraq
01:38:33 5.3 Japan
01:39:10 5.4 Russia
01:41:33 5.5 United States
01:45:58 6 Herbicidal warfare
01:46:45 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9058726992538413
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. In theory, with proper protective equipment, training, and decontamination measures, the primary effects of chemical weapons can be overcome. In practice, they continue to cause much suffering, as most victims are defenceless civilians. Many nations possess vast stockpiles of weaponized agents in preparation for wartime use. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic tools in planning both measures and counter-measures.
The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law.
Chemical attack | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:14 1 Definition
00:04:06 2 History
00:04:15 2.1 Ancient and medieval times
00:08:39 2.2 Early modern era
00:10:22 2.3 Industrial era
00:13:11 2.4 World War I
00:16:52 2.5 Interwar years
00:18:21 2.5.1 Use by Italians in Libya and Ethiopia
00:22:14 2.5.1.1 Nerve agents
00:24:20 2.6 World War II
00:24:29 2.6.1 Imperial Japanese Army
00:27:24 2.6.2 Nazi Germany
00:32:35 2.6.3 Western Allies
00:35:58 2.6.3.1 Accidental release
00:38:13 2.7 Post-World War II
00:38:53 2.7.1 Britain
00:42:32 2.7.2 United States
00:47:01 2.7.3 Soviet Union
00:49:37 2.8 Use in conflicts after World War II
00:49:48 2.8.1 North Yemen
00:52:14 2.8.2 Rhodesian Bush War
00:52:51 2.8.3 Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
00:53:17 2.8.4 Iran–Iraq War
00:54:59 2.8.5 Halabja
00:55:45 2.8.6 Persian Gulf War
00:59:38 2.8.7 Angola
01:02:48 2.8.8 Falklands War
01:03:33 2.8.9 Syrian Civil War
01:05:40 2.9 Terrorism and anti-terrorism
01:09:38 2.10 Chemical weapons treaties
01:10:24 2.10.1 Chemical Weapons Convention
01:11:04 3 Technology
01:12:41 3.1 Chemical warfare agents
01:14:16 3.1.1 Persistency
01:17:30 3.1.2 Classes
01:19:33 3.1.3 Designations
01:20:14 3.2 Delivery
01:21:19 3.2.1 Dispersion
01:26:27 3.2.2 Thermal dissemination
01:28:29 3.2.3 Aerodynamic dissemination
01:30:13 3.3 Protection against chemical warfare
01:33:41 3.3.1 Decontamination
01:36:06 4 Sociopolitical climate
01:38:37 4.1 Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons
01:40:21 4.2 Chemical weapon proliferation
01:42:25 5 Chemical weapons destruction
01:42:35 5.1 India
01:43:56 5.2 Iraq
01:44:57 5.3 Japan
01:45:36 5.4 Russia
01:48:09 5.5 United States
01:52:47 6 Herbicidal warfare
01:53:38 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.817780640096751
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. In theory, with proper protective equipment, training, and decontamination measures, the primary effects of chemical weapons can be overcome. In practice, they continue to cause much suffering, as most victims are defenceless civilians. Many nations possess vast stockpiles of weaponized agents in preparation for wartime use. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic tools in planning both measures and counter-measures.
The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law.